Synanthropes is a term applied to species

Species

In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...

 of wild animal

Animal

Animals are a major group of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia or Metazoa. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their life. Most animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and...

s and plant

Plant

Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Precise definitions of the kingdom vary, but as the term is used here, plants include familiar organisms such as trees, flowers, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. The group is also called green plants or...

s of various kinds that live near, and benefit from, an association with human

Human

Humans are the only living species in the Homo genus...

s and the somewhat artificial habitats that humans create around them (see Anthropophily

Anthropophily

Anthropophily[Gr. anthropos, man; philein, to love] Substantive used to describe wild animal species that thrive close to humans. Most usage refers to hematophagous insects that prefer human blood over animal blood...

). Those habitats include houses, gardens, farms, roadsides, garbage dumps, and so on. The term is used in studies of ecology

Ecology

Ecology is the scientific study of the relations that living organisms have with respect to each other and their natural environment. Variables of interest to ecologists include the composition, distribution, amount , number, and changing states of organisms within and among ecosystems...

.

The category of synanthrope includes a large number of what humans regard as pest species. It does not include domesticated animals.

Examples of synanthropes would be rodent

Rodent

Rodentia is an order of mammals also known as rodents, characterised by two continuously growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws which must be kept short by gnawing....

s, sparrows

House Sparrow

The House Sparrow is a bird of the sparrow family Passeridae, found in most parts of the world. One of about 25 species in the genus Passer, the House Sparrow occurs naturally in most of Europe, the Mediterranean region, and much of Asia...

, pigeons

Rock Pigeon

The Rock Dove or Rock Pigeon, is a member of the bird family Columbidae . In common usage, this bird is often simply referred to as the "pigeon"....

, lice, and other urban

Urban area

An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities, towns or conurbations, but the term is not commonly extended to rural settlements such as villages and hamlets.Urban areas are created and further...

 animals. Domesticated animals such as cows, goats and dogs are not described in this way.

Botany

In plants, synanthropes are classified into two main types - apophytes and anthropophytes.

Apophytes are synanthropic species that are native in origin. They can be subdivided into the following:

• Cultigen apophytes - spread by cultivation methods
• Ruderal apophytes - spread by development of marginal areas
• Pyrophyte apophytes - spread by fires
• Zoogen apophytes - spread by grazing animals
• Substitution apophytes - spread by logging or voluntary extension

Anthropophytes are synanthropic species of foreign origin, whether introduced voluntarily or involuntarily. They can be subdivided into the following:

• Archaeophytes - introduced before the end of the 15th century
• Kenophytes - introduced after the 15th century
• Ephemerophytes - anthropophytic plants that appear episodically
• Subspontaneous - voluntarily introduced plants that have escaped cultivation and survived in the wild without further human intervention for a certain period.
• Adventive - involuntarily introduced plants that have escaped cultivation and survived in the wild without further human intervention for a certain period.
• Naturalized or Neophytes - involuntarily introduced plants that now appears to thrive along with the native flora indefinitely.