Sulfatase
Encyclopedia
Sulfatases are enzyme
s of the esterase
class that catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate
esters. These may be found on a range of substrates, including steroids, carbohydrates and proteins. Sulfate esters may be formed from various alcohols and amines. In the latter case the resultant N-sulfates can also be termed sulfamates.
Sulfatases play important roles in the cycling of sulfur in the environment, in the degradation of sulfated glycosaminoglycans and glycolipids in the lysosome, and in remodelling sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular space. Together with sulfotransferase
s, sulfatases form the major catalytic machinery for the synthesis and breakage of sulfate esters.
, an acidic digestive organelle found within the cell. Lysosomal sulfatases cleave a range of sulfated carbohydrates including sulfated glycosaminoglycans and glycolipids. Genetic defects in sulfatase activity can arise through mutations in individual sulfatases and result in certain lysosomal storage disorders with a spectrum of phenotype
s ranging from defects in physical and intellectual development.
; ARSB; ARSD; ARSE
; ARSF; ARSG; ARSH; ARSI
;
ARSJ; ARSK
; GALNS; GNS; IDS; PIGG; SGSH
; STS;
SULF1
; SULF2
;
Enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process, called substrates, are converted into different molecules, called products. Almost all chemical reactions in a biological cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates...
s of the esterase
Esterase
An esterase is a hydrolase enzyme that splits esters into an acid and an alcohol in a chemical reaction with water called hydrolysis.A wide range of different esterases exist that differ in their substrate specificity, their protein structure, and their biological function.- EC classification/list...
class that catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate
Sulfate
In inorganic chemistry, a sulfate is a salt of sulfuric acid.-Chemical properties:...
esters. These may be found on a range of substrates, including steroids, carbohydrates and proteins. Sulfate esters may be formed from various alcohols and amines. In the latter case the resultant N-sulfates can also be termed sulfamates.
Sulfatases play important roles in the cycling of sulfur in the environment, in the degradation of sulfated glycosaminoglycans and glycolipids in the lysosome, and in remodelling sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular space. Together with sulfotransferase
Sulfotransferase
Sulfotransferases are transferase enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a sulfate group from a donor molecule to an acceptor alcohol or amine. The most common sulfate donor is 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate...
s, sulfatases form the major catalytic machinery for the synthesis and breakage of sulfate esters.
Occurrence and importance
Sulfatases are found in lower and higher organisms. In higher organisms they are found in intracellular and extracellular spaces. A large number of sulfatases are localized in the lysosomeLysosome
thumb|350px|Schematic of typical animal cell, showing subcellular components. [[Organelle]]s: [[nucleoli]] [[cell nucleus|nucleus]] [[ribosomes]] [[vesicle |vesicle]] rough [[endoplasmic reticulum]]...
, an acidic digestive organelle found within the cell. Lysosomal sulfatases cleave a range of sulfated carbohydrates including sulfated glycosaminoglycans and glycolipids. Genetic defects in sulfatase activity can arise through mutations in individual sulfatases and result in certain lysosomal storage disorders with a spectrum of phenotype
Phenotype
A phenotype is an organism's observable characteristics or traits: such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, behavior, and products of behavior...
s ranging from defects in physical and intellectual development.
Three-dimensional structure
The following sulfatases have been shown to be structurally related based on their sequence homology:- cerebroside-sulfatase
- steryl-sulfatase
- arylsulfatase AArylsulfatase AArylsulfatase A is an enzyme that breaks down cerebroside 3-sulfate into cerebroside and sulfate. In humans, arylsulfatase A is encoded by the ARSA gene.-External links:* *...
(ASA), a lysosomalLysosomethumb|350px|Schematic of typical animal cell, showing subcellular components. [[Organelle]]s: [[nucleoli]] [[cell nucleus|nucleus]] [[ribosomes]] [[vesicle |vesicle]] rough [[endoplasmic reticulum]]...
enzyme which hydrolyzes cerebroside sulfate; - arylsulfatase BArylsulfatase BArylsulfatase B is an enzyme associated with mucopolysaccharidosis VI.Arylsulfatase B is among a group of arylsulfatase enzymes present in the lysosomes of the liver, pancreas, and kidneys of animals. The purpose of the enzyme is to hydrolyze sulfates in the body. ARSB does this by breaking down...
(ASB) which hydrolyzes the sulfate ester group from N-acetylgalactosamineN-AcetylgalactosamineN-Acetylgalactosamine , is an amino sugar derivative of galactose.-Function:In humans it is the terminal carbohydrate forming the antigen of blood group A....
4-sulfate residues of dermatan sulfateDermatan sulfateDermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan found mostly in skin, but also in blood vessels, heart valves, tendons, and lungs....
; - arylsulfatase C (ASD) and E (ASE); steryl-sulfatase (STS), a membrane bound enzyme which hydrolyzes 3-beta-hydroxy steroid sulfates;
- iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS), a lysosomal enzyme that hydrolyzes the 2-sulfate groups from iduronic acidIduronic acidL-Iduronic acid is the major uronic acid component of the glycosaminoglycans dermatan sulfate, and heparin. It is also present in heparan sulfate although here in a minor amount relative to its carbon-5 epimer glucuronic acid....
s in dermatan sulfateDermatan sulfateDermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan found mostly in skin, but also in blood vessels, heart valves, tendons, and lungs....
and heparan sulfateHeparan sulfateHeparan sulfate is a linear polysaccharide found in all animal tissues. It occurs as a proteoglycan in which two or three HS chains are attached in close proximity to cell surface or extracellular matrix proteins...
; - N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfataseN-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfataseIn enzymology, a N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction of cleaving off the 6-sulfate groups of the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 6-sulfate units of the macromolecule chondroitin sulfate and, similarly, of the D-galactose 6-sulfate units of the macromolecule...
, which hydrolyzes the 6-sulfate groups of the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine of chondroitin sulfateChondroitin sulfateChondroitin sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan composed of a chain of alternating sugars . It is usually found attached to proteins as part of a proteoglycan. A chondroitin chain can have over 100 individual sugars, each of which can be sulfated in variable positions and quantities...
and D-galactose 6-sulfate units of keratan sulfateKeratan sulfateKeratan sulfate , also called keratosulfate, is any of several sulfated glycosaminoglycans that have been found especially in the cornea, cartilage, and bone. It is also synthesized in the central nervous system where it participates both in development and in the glial scar formation following an...
; - N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolaseN-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolaseIn enzymology, a N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reactionThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are N-sulfo-D-glucosamine and H2O, whereas its two products are D-glucosamine and sulfate....
, the lysosomal enzyme that hydrolyses N-sulfo-D-glucosamine into glucosamineGlucosamineGlucosamine is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Glucosamine is part of the structure of the polysaccharides chitosan and chitin, which compose the exoskeletons of crustaceans and other arthropods, cell walls in fungi and...
and sulfateSulfateIn inorganic chemistry, a sulfate is a salt of sulfuric acid.-Chemical properties:...
; - glucosamine-6-sulfatase (G6S), which hydrolyzes the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate units of heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate;
- N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolaseN-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolaseIn enzymology, a N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reactionThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are N-sulfo-D-glucosamine and H2O, whereas its two products are D-glucosamine and sulfate....
, the lysosomal enzyme that hydrolyses N-sulfo-D-glucosamine into glucosamineGlucosamineGlucosamine is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Glucosamine is part of the structure of the polysaccharides chitosan and chitin, which compose the exoskeletons of crustaceans and other arthropods, cell walls in fungi and...
and sulfateSulfateIn inorganic chemistry, a sulfate is a salt of sulfuric acid.-Chemical properties:...
; - sea urchin embryo arylsulfataseArylsulfataseArylsulfatase is a type of sulfatase enzyme.Types include:*Arylsulfatase A *Arylsulfatase B *Steroid sulfatase *ARSC2*ARSD*ARSE...
; - green algae arylsulfataseArylsulfataseArylsulfatase is a type of sulfatase enzyme.Types include:*Arylsulfatase A *Arylsulfatase B *Steroid sulfatase *ARSC2*ARSD*ARSE...
, which plays a role in the mineralizationMineralizationMineralization may refer to:* Mineralization , the process through which an organic substance becomes impregnated by inorganic substances...
of sulfates; and - arylsulfataseArylsulfataseArylsulfatase is a type of sulfatase enzyme.Types include:*Arylsulfatase A *Arylsulfatase B *Steroid sulfatase *ARSC2*ARSD*ARSE...
from Escherichia coliEscherichia coliEscherichia coli is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms . Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in humans, and are occasionally responsible for product recalls...
, Klebsiella aerogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosaPseudomonas aeruginosaPseudomonas aeruginosa is a common bacterium that can cause disease in animals, including humans. It is found in soil, water, skin flora, and most man-made environments throughout the world. It thrives not only in normal atmospheres, but also in hypoxic atmospheres, and has, thus, colonized many...
.
Human proteins containing this domain
ARSAArylsulfatase A
Arylsulfatase A is an enzyme that breaks down cerebroside 3-sulfate into cerebroside and sulfate. In humans, arylsulfatase A is encoded by the ARSA gene.-External links:* *...
; ARSB; ARSD; ARSE
Arylsulfatase E
Arylsulfatase E also known as ARSE is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the ARSE gene.- Function :Arylsulfatase E is a member of the arylsulfatase subfamily of sulfatase enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate esters. It is glycosylated postranslationally and localized to the golgi...
; ARSF; ARSG; ARSH; ARSI
Arsi
* Arsi Province, a former province of Ethiopia* Arsi Zone, a zone within the Oromia region of Ethiopia* Arsi Oromo, an Ethiopian clan of the Oromo people* Arsi language, a dialect of Oromo language* Arsi language, an extinct Tocharian language...
;
ARSJ; ARSK
Arsk
Arsk is a town and the administrative center of Arsky District of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, located on the banks of the Kazanka River, from Kazan, the republic's capital. Arsk is also a station on the Kazan-Agryz railroad. Population:...
; GALNS; GNS; IDS; PIGG; SGSH
SGSH
N-sulphoglucosamine sulphohydrolase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SGSH gene.-Further reading:...
; STS;
SULF1
SULF1
Sulfatase 1, also known as SULF1, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the SULF1 gene.Heparan sulfate proteoglycans act as co-receptors for numerous heparin-binding growth factors and cytokines and are involved in cell signaling. Heparan sulfate 6-O-endo-sulfatases, such as SULF1,...
; SULF2
SULF2
Extracellular sulfatase Sulf-2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SULF2 gene.-Further reading:...
;