Slackwater darter
Encyclopedia
The Slackwater Darter, (Etheostoma boschungi) is a small fish of the stippled darter
group. The slackwater darter has a conspicuous dark subocular bar and three prominent saddles. It is rather drab in color, the dorsum being dusky, olivaceous, or brownish. The lateral blotches are dark brown to blue-black. The venter is slightly dusky and may have some orange and yellow pigments, which are more intense in males than in females. Maximum size is approximately 55 millimeters standard length.
of the slackwater darter is five tributaries to the southern bend of the Tennessee River
in northern Alabama
and southwestern Tennessee
. The species is known from: one locality in the headwaters of the Buffalo River in Lawrence County, Tennessee; 19 localities in the Cypress Creek drainage in Wayne County, Tennessee
, and Lauderdale County, Alabama
; three localities in Swan Creek, Limestone County, Alabama
; three localities in the Flint River
drainage in Madison County, Alabama
; and, one specimen was found in Shoal Creek, Lawrence County, Tennessee. Nothing is known of this darter's past distribution and abundance.
Periodic sampling in the headwaters of the Buffalo River in Lawrence County, Tennessee, has indicated that its population of slackwater darters is extremely small and limited. In this area the species is confined to a short segment of a very small stream, and the number of individuals is apparently quite low. The population in the Flint River drainage in Madison County, Alabama, is similarly small and limited. The largest population and the stronghold of the species is in the Cypress Creek drainage system, Wayne County, Tennessee, and Lauderdale County, Alabama.
CRITICAL HABITAT: Alabama, Lauderdale County: All permanent and intermittent streams with flowing water from December to June; tributary to Cypress Creek and its tributaries upstream from the junction of Burcham Creek, including Burcham Creek, excluding Threet Creek and its tributaries. Tennessee. Wayne County. All permanent and intermittent streams with flowing water from December to June, tributary to Cypress and Middle Cypress Creek drainage. Lawrence County, Buffalo River and its tributaries.
, is threatened by changing land use patterns associated with the growth of the city of Huntsville, Alabama
.
This species' existence is dependent upon adjacent and suitable breeding and nonbreeding habitats. If either of these habitats becomes unsuitable, darters will be extirpated from that location. A declining ground water table has eliminated darter breeding sites in some areas. Slackwater darter breeding areas are also potential sites for farm fish ponds, which would innundate the habitat.
The above goals will be achieved by researching and providing this fish's survival needs. Some strategies, listed in the recovery plan, include: 3- to 5-year censuses near and in selected breeding habitats to determine and monitor populations; analyses of water quality and other characteristics in breeding and nonbreeding habitats; and research on the darter's reproductive and life cycles. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is also continuing to coordinate with the Soil Conservation Service to protect slackwater darter habitat in the Cypress Creek drainage, Tennessee.
Etheostoma
Etheostoma is a diverse genus of small freshwater fish in the family Percidae. It contains nearly 140 member species. Most are native to North America. They are commonly known as darters although the term "darter" is shared by several other genera...
group. The slackwater darter has a conspicuous dark subocular bar and three prominent saddles. It is rather drab in color, the dorsum being dusky, olivaceous, or brownish. The lateral blotches are dark brown to blue-black. The venter is slightly dusky and may have some orange and yellow pigments, which are more intense in males than in females. Maximum size is approximately 55 millimeters standard length.
Reproduction
The reproductive behavior of the slackwater darter varies with the temperature of the breeding habitat and the amount of rainfall. Spawning has not been recorded in water less than 14 °C. In addition, heavy rainfall must cause enough flooding to lift the darters into the breeding area. Usually, adult darters begin their migration to the breeding area in mid-January. They reach the breeding habitat in February, and spawning occurs in March. By April, the darter progeny are developing, and will leave the breeding area in May. Young darters double in size between April and June. Evidence suggests that the slackwater darter is a short-lived species with a life span of only 3 years.Range and population level
The geographic rangeRange (biology)
In biology, the range or distribution of a species is the geographical area within which that species can be found. Within that range, dispersion is variation in local density.The term is often qualified:...
of the slackwater darter is five tributaries to the southern bend of the Tennessee River
Tennessee River
The Tennessee River is the largest tributary of the Ohio River. It is approximately 652 miles long and is located in the southeastern United States in the Tennessee Valley. The river was once popularly known as the Cherokee River, among other names...
in northern Alabama
Alabama
Alabama is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama ranks 30th in total land area and ranks second in the size of its inland...
and southwestern Tennessee
Tennessee
Tennessee is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. It has a population of 6,346,105, making it the nation's 17th-largest state by population, and covers , making it the 36th-largest by total land area...
. The species is known from: one locality in the headwaters of the Buffalo River in Lawrence County, Tennessee; 19 localities in the Cypress Creek drainage in Wayne County, Tennessee
Wayne County, Tennessee
As of the census of 2010, there were 17,021 people, 5,822 households, and 4,321 families residing in the county. The population density was 23 people per square mile . There were 6,701 housing units at an average density of 9 per square mile...
, and Lauderdale County, Alabama
Lauderdale County, Alabama
-2010:Whereas according to the 2010 U.S. Census Bureau:*86.4% White*10.0% Black*0.4% Native American*0.7% Asian*0.0% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander*1.4% Two or more races*2.2% Hispanic or Latino -2000:...
; three localities in Swan Creek, Limestone County, Alabama
Limestone County, Alabama
Limestone County is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama, and is included in the Huntsville Metropolitan Area.It is also included in the merged Huntsville-Decatur Metro Area. Its name comes from Limestone Creek, a local stream. In 2000, the population was 65,676. As of 2010 the county's...
; three localities in the Flint River
Flint River (Alabama)
The Flint River, long and draining an area of , is a tributary to the Tennessee River. The river rises in Lincoln County, Tennessee, and flows south into Madison County, Alabama, where most of the river'swatershed is located. The land within this watershed is predominantly agricultural and has...
drainage in Madison County, Alabama
Madison County, Alabama
Madison County is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama, and is a major part of the Huntsville Metropolitan Area.It is also included in the merged Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. The county is named in honor of James Madison, fourth President of the United States of America, and the...
; and, one specimen was found in Shoal Creek, Lawrence County, Tennessee. Nothing is known of this darter's past distribution and abundance.
Periodic sampling in the headwaters of the Buffalo River in Lawrence County, Tennessee, has indicated that its population of slackwater darters is extremely small and limited. In this area the species is confined to a short segment of a very small stream, and the number of individuals is apparently quite low. The population in the Flint River drainage in Madison County, Alabama, is similarly small and limited. The largest population and the stronghold of the species is in the Cypress Creek drainage system, Wayne County, Tennessee, and Lauderdale County, Alabama.
Habitat
The slackwater darter uses two different, but adjacent, breeding and nonbreeding habitats. Its nonbreeding habitat is small to moderately large streams with a moderate to slow current. The slackwater darter seems to prefer bottom conditions characterized by an accumulation of leaves and detritus, but in some areas it has been found in association with clean silt, sand, and small gravel substrates. Breeding habitat is seepage water in open fields or woods. The water in the breeding area, about 4 to 8 centimeters deep, flows slowly into an adjacent stream (the nonbreeding habitat). Since the breeding habitat is usually 30 to 45 centimeters above the stream, the stream water must periodically rise (as it does during heavy rains) to give darters access to the breeding grounds.CRITICAL HABITAT: Alabama, Lauderdale County: All permanent and intermittent streams with flowing water from December to June; tributary to Cypress Creek and its tributaries upstream from the junction of Burcham Creek, including Burcham Creek, excluding Threet Creek and its tributaries. Tennessee. Wayne County. All permanent and intermittent streams with flowing water from December to June, tributary to Cypress and Middle Cypress Creek drainage. Lawrence County, Buffalo River and its tributaries.
Threatened species
The restricted range of this species increases its vulnerability to the detrimental effects of human activity. Urbanization, ditching to drain areas with shallow groundwater, and degradation of ground and surface water from pesticides and waste are all serious threats. For example, the population in the Flint River drainage in Madison County, AlabamaMadison County, Alabama
Madison County is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama, and is a major part of the Huntsville Metropolitan Area.It is also included in the merged Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. The county is named in honor of James Madison, fourth President of the United States of America, and the...
, is threatened by changing land use patterns associated with the growth of the city of Huntsville, Alabama
Huntsville, Alabama
Huntsville is a city located primarily in Madison County in the central part of the far northern region of the U.S. state of Alabama. Huntsville is the county seat of Madison County. The city extends west into neighboring Limestone County. Huntsville's population was 180,105 as of the 2010 Census....
.
This species' existence is dependent upon adjacent and suitable breeding and nonbreeding habitats. If either of these habitats becomes unsuitable, darters will be extirpated from that location. A declining ground water table has eliminated darter breeding sites in some areas. Slackwater darter breeding areas are also potential sites for farm fish ponds, which would innundate the habitat.
Management and protection
The future well-being of the slackwater darter will depend upon wise use of the land and the general adoption of policies which will assure preservation of essential habitat needs. This species' recovery plan, approved in 1984, provides the following guidelines for its recovery: (1) establishment and protection of one or more specific habitat areas in at least three different tributaries to the Tennessee River System, with spawning areas protected by purchase or cooperative agreement; (2) data to show that populations are stable or increasing; and, (3) water quality and ecological data to indicate that the environment is suitable and stable or improving.The above goals will be achieved by researching and providing this fish's survival needs. Some strategies, listed in the recovery plan, include: 3- to 5-year censuses near and in selected breeding habitats to determine and monitor populations; analyses of water quality and other characteristics in breeding and nonbreeding habitats; and research on the darter's reproductive and life cycles. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is also continuing to coordinate with the Soil Conservation Service to protect slackwater darter habitat in the Cypress Creek drainage, Tennessee.