Sailing/Yachting

Sailing

Sailing is the propulsion of a vehicle and the control of its movement with large foils called sails. By changing the rigging, rudder, and sometimes the keel or centre board, a sailor manages the force of the wind on the sails in order to move the boat relative to its surrounding medium and...

is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad

Olympiad

An Olympiad is a period of four years, associated with the Olympic Games of Classical Greece. In the Hellenistic period, beginning with Ephorus, Olympiads were used as calendar epoch....

 (1896 Olympics in Athens ). With the exception of the 1904

1904 Summer Olympics

The 1904 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the III Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event which was celebrated in St. Louis, Missouri, in the United States from 1 July 1904, to November 23, 1904, at what is now known as Francis Field on the campus of Washington University...

 and possibly the 1916

1916 Summer Olympics

The anticipated 1916 Summer Olympics, which were to be officially known as the Games of the VI Olympiad, were to have been held in Berlin, Germany. However, due to the outbreak of World War I, the games were cancelled.-History:...

 sailing was always a part of the Olympic program.
The Sailing program of 1936 consisted of a total of four sailing classes (disciplines). For each class seven races were scheduled from 4–12 August in the Firth of Kiel

Kiel Fjord

Kiel Fjord is an approximately long fjord or firth of the Baltic Sea along the shores of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Formed by glacial movement during the last Ice Age, it lies between the Danish Wold and Wagria. It originates at the Hörn in centre-city Kiel and merges into the Bay of Kiel.The...

.

Venue

For the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics

1936 Summer Olympics

The 1936 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event which was held in 1936 in Berlin, Germany. Berlin won the bid to host the Games over Barcelona, Spain on April 26, 1931, at the 29th IOC Session in Barcelona...

 a choice had to be made between the Berliner Müggel Lake district or the Kiel area. Finally the Organizing committee made the decision in favour of the big boats and picked Kiel.

As a result of the distance between Berlin to Kiel, a special committee for Yachting sprung to life to assist the Organizing Committee for the XIth Olympiad. Since Kiel was mainly a military port this Committee had to cooperate not only with the local authorities but also with the Commander of the German Fleet in Kiel to ensure the success of the races.

One race area was created to the East of Schielksee and two in the harbor area more into the fjord.

The start was made in the center of a set of 8 numbered marks that were places in a circle. During the starting procedure the sequence of the marks was communicated to the sailors. By picking the mark that was most upwind the start could always be made upwind. This system is, at least in certain German lakes, still in use.

Overview

Continents	Countries	Classes	Boats	Male	Female
4	26	4	59	167	2

Countries

>

Classes (equipment)

Class	Type	Event	Sailors	Trapeze	Mainsail	Jib/Genoa	Spinnaker	First OG	Olympics so far
O-Jolle O-Jolle The O-Jolle – – was created as the Monotype class for the 1936 Olympic Games by designer Hellmut Wilhelm E. Stauch . The boat is a Bermuda rig and the hull was originally carvel - later GRP and cold moulded plywood construction were allowed...	Dinghy Dinghy A dinghy is a type of small boat, often carried or towed for use as a ship's boat by a larger vessel. It is a loanword from either Bengali or Urdu. The term can also refer to small racing yachts or recreational open sailing boats. Utility dinghies are usually rowboats or have an outboard motor,...		1	0	+	–	–	1936	1
Star Star (sailboat) The International Star is a 6.9 m one-design racing keelboat for two people.The boat must weigh at least 671 kg with a maximum total sail area of 26.5 m . It is sloop-rigged, with a mainsail larger in proportional size than any other boat of its length...	Keelboat Keelboat Keelboat has two distinct meanings related to two different types of boats: one a riverine cargo-capable working boat, and the other a classification for small- to mid-sized recreational sailing yachts.-Historical keel-boats:...		2	1	+	+	–	1932	2
6 Metre 6 Metre (keelboat) The International Six Metre Class is a class of racing yachts. Six Metre boats are a construction class, meaning that the boats are not identical but are all designed to meet specific measurement formula, in this case International Rule...	Keelboat		4	0	+	+	+	1908	7
8 Metre	Keelboat		6	0	+	+	+	1908	7

= Male, = Female, = Open

Medal summary

O-Jolle:
Star:	Peter Bischoff Peter Bischoff Peter Bischoff was a German competitive sailor and Olympic champion. He won a gold medal in the Star class at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, together with Hans-Joachim Weise.-References:... Hans-Joachim Weise Hans-Joachim Weise Hans-Joachim Weise is a German competitive sailor and Olympic champion. He won a gold medal in the Star class at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, together with Peter Bischoff.-References:...	Arvid Laurin Arvid Laurin Arvid Laurin was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.In 1936 he was a crew member of the Swedish boat Sunshine which won the silver medal in the Star class.-External links:*... Uno Wallentin Uno Wallentin Uno Wallentin was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.In 1936 he was a crew member of the Swedish boat Sunshine which won the silver medal in the Star class.-External links:*...	Bob Maas Willem de Vries Lentsch Willem de Vries Lentsch Willem de Vries Lentsch was a Dutch sailor who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics.In 1928 he finished fourth in the 12 foot dinghy competition....
6 Metre:	Christopher Boardman Christopher Boardman 100pxChristopher Alan Boardman was a British sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.In 1936 he was a crew member of the British boat Lalage which won the gold medal in the 6 metre class.... Miles Bellville Miles Bellville Miles Aubrey Bellville was a British sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.In 1936 he was a crew member of the British boat Lalage which won the gold medal in the 6 metre class.-External links:*... Russell Harmer Russell Harmer Captain Russell Thomas Harmer was a British sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.In 1936 he was a crew member of the British boat Lalage which won the gold medal in the 6 metre class.... Charles Leaf Charles Leaf Charles Symonds Leaf was a British sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.In 1936 he was a crew member of the British boat Lalage which won the gold medal in the 6 metre class.-External links:*... Leonard Martin Leonard Martin Leonard Jack Martin was a British sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.In 1936 he was a crew member of the British boat Lalage which won the gold medal in the 6 metre class.-External links:...	Magnus Konow Magnus Konow Magnus Andreas Thulstrup Clasen Konow was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics, in the 1912 Summer Olympics, in the 1920 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, in the 1936 Summer Olympics, and in the 1948 Summer Olympics.In 1908 he was a crew member of the Norwegian... Karsten Konow Karsten Konow Karsten Magnus Konow was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.In 1936 he won the silver medal as crew member of the Norwegian boat Lully II in the 6 metre class event. His father Magnus Konow was captain.-External links:*... Fredrik Meyer Fredrik Meyer Fredrik Meyer was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics, and an officer in the Royal Norwegian Air Force.... Vaadjuv Nyqvist Vaadjuv Nyqvist Vaadjuv Dag Nyqvist was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.In 1936 he won the silver medal as crew member of the Norwegian boat Lully II in the 6 metre class event.-External links:*... Alf Tveten Alf Tveten Alf Christian Tveten was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.In 1936 he won the silver medal as crew member of the Norwegian boat Lully II in the 6 metre class event.-External links:*...	Sven Salén Sven Salén Sven Gustaf Salén was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics and in the 1952 Summer Olympics... Lennart Ekdahl Lennart Ekdahl Lennart Ekdahl was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.In 1936 he was a crew member of the Swedish boat May Be which won the bronze medal in the 6 metre class.-External links:*... Martin Hindorff Martin Hindorff Martin Leonard Hindorff was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics, in the 1936 Summer Olympics, in the 1948 Summer Olympics, and in the 1952 Summer Olympics... Torsten Lord Torsten Lord Torsten Hjalmar Lord was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics, in the 1948 Summer Olympics, and in the 1952 Summer Olympics. He was born in Nacka and died in Lidingö.... Dagmar Salén Dagmar Salén Dagmar Salén was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.In 1936 she was a crew member of the Swedish boat May Be which won the bronze medal in the 6 metre class.-External links:*...
8 Metre:	Giovanni Reggio Giovanni Reggio 100pxGiovanni Leone Reggio was an Italian sailor who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics, in the 1936 Summer Olympics, and in the 1948 Summer Olympics.... Bruno Bianchi Luigi De Manincor Luigi De Manincor Luigi De Manincor was an Italian sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics and in the 1948 Summer Olympics.... Domenico Mordini Domenico Mordini Domenico Mordini was an Italian sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.In 1936 he was a crew member of the Italian boat Italia which won the gold medal in the 8 metre class competition.-External links:*... Luigi Poggi Luigi Poggi (sailor) Luigi Mino Poggi was an Italian sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics and in the 1948 Summer Olympics.... Enrico Poggi Enrico Poggi Enrico Massimo Poggi was an Italian sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics, in the 1948 Summer Olympics, and in the 1952 Summer Olympics...	Olaf Ditlev-Simonsen Olaf Ditlev-Simonsen Olaf Christian "Tit" Ditlev-Simonsen, Jr. was a Norwegian bandy player, footballer, sailor, sports administrator and businessperson.-Early and personal life:... Hans Struksnæs Hans Struksnæs Hans Sølberg Struksnæs was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.In 1936 he won the silver medal as crew member of the Norwegian boat Silja in the 8 metre class event.-External links:*... Lauritz Schmidt Lauritz Schmidt Lauritz Thure Thrap Schmidt was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics.... Nordahl Wallem Nordahl Wallem Nordahl L. Wallem was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.In 1936 he won the silver medal as crew member of the Norwegian boat Silja in the 8 metre class event.-External links:*... Jacob Thams John Ditlev-Simonsen John Ditlev-Simonsen John Peder Ditlev-Simonsen was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. In 1936 he won the silver medal as crew member of the Norwegian boat Silja in the 8 metre class event.-References:...	Hans Howaldt Hans Howaldt Hans Howaldt was a successful and highly decorated German U-boat commander in the Kaiserliche Marine during World War I and also active in World War II... Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Alfried Felix Alwyn Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach , often referred to as Alfried Krupp, was a convicted war criminal, an industrialist, a competitor in Olympic yacht races and a member of the Krupp family, which has been prominent in Germany since the early 19th century.The family company, known... Felix Scheder-Bieschin Felix Scheder-Bieschin Felix Scheder-Bieschin was a German sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.During World War II he served in Kriegsmarine and was killed in action off the coast of Norway.... Eduard Mohr Otto Wachs Fritz Bischoff

Medal table

1		1	1	1	3
2		1	0	1	2
		1	0	1	2
4		1	0	0	1
5		0	2	0	2
6		0	1	1	2
Total		4	4	4	12

Sailing 1896–1936

1		12	7	1	20
2		10	3	3	16
3		5	7	7	19
4		5	5	4	14
5		3	3	2	8
6		2	2	1	5
7	USA	2	1	1	4
8		1	2	1	4
9		1	0	0	1
		1	0	0	1
		1	0	0	1
12		0	3	0	3
13		0	1	4	5
14		0	1	1	2
15		0	0	1	1
		0	0	1	1
		0	0	1	1
Total	17	43	35	28	106

Sailing

• This Summer Olympics established Sailing as a full mature Olympic sport after a long struggle to get a unified International standard set of rules.
• Each Olympic Gold medalist was also given a plant during the prize giving ceremony.
• Spain withdrew from sailing before the opening ceremony, as part of its boycott of the 1936 Summer Olympics.
• The Swiss 6 Metre was eliminated for all races since the helmsmen turned out not to be an amateur.
• Many protests in the Metre classes were filed. Speculations were made about whether this was due to the scoring system. One of the reasons was probably the close racing.
• The Olympic flame was burning on a Hanseatic
  Hanseatic League
  The Hanseatic League was an economic alliance of trading cities and their merchant guilds that dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe...
  
   galleon
  Galleon
  A galleon was a large, multi-decked sailing ship used primarily by European states from the 16th to 18th centuries. Whether used for war or commerce, they were generally armed with the demi-culverin type of cannon.-Etymology:...
  
   in the harbor of Kiel.
• In total a number of 257 participants were entered. 169 of them competed, the others were reserves or team managers and so on.

Media

• A floating transmission station was used for reporting the race events to shore.
• New media was also used in the protest room. On the footage made from a Zeppelin
  Zeppelin
  A Zeppelin is a type of rigid airship pioneered by the German Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin in the early 20th century. It was based on designs he had outlined in 1874 and detailed in 1893. His plans were reviewed by committee in 1894 and patented in the United States on 14 March 1899...
  
  , for the film Olympia
  Olympia (1938 film)
  Olympia is a 1938 Nazi propaganda film by Leni Riefenstahl documenting the 1936 Summer Olympics, held in the Olympic Stadium in Berlin, Germany. The film was released in two parts: Olympia 1. Teil — Fest der Völker and Olympia 2. Teil — Fest der Schönheit . It was the first documentary feature...
  
   of Leni Riefenstahl
  Leni Riefenstahl
  Helene Bertha Amalie "Leni" Riefenstahl was a German film director, actress and dancer widely noted for her aesthetics and innovations as a filmmaker. Her most famous film was Triumph des Willens , a propaganda film made at the 1934 Nuremberg congress of the Nazi Party...
  
  , an incident was observed by the jury between Sweden and Finland in race No. VI of the 8 Metre. As result both teams were disqualified.

Sailors

During the Sailing regatta's at the 1936 Summer Olympics among others the following persons were competing in the various classes:, Daan Kagchelland

Daan Kagchelland

Danièl "Daan" Marinus Johannes Kagchelland was a sailor from the Netherlands, who represented his native country at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany. There he won the gold medal in the Monotype Class .-References:*...

 in the O-Jolle is among the first sailors that did physical exercises on structural basis. Therefore he was able to compensate his light body weight during heavy air races., Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach

Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach

Alfried Felix Alwyn Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach , often referred to as Alfried Krupp, was a convicted war criminal, an industrialist, a competitor in Olympic yacht races and a member of the Krupp family, which has been prominent in Germany since the early 19th century.The family company, known...

 in the 8 Metre, Played an important role for Germany in World War II., Peter Scott

Peter Scott

Sir Peter Markham Scott, CH, CBE, DSC and Bar, MID, FRS, FZS, was a British ornithologist, conservationist, painter, naval officer and sportsman....

 in the O-Jolle became later one of the presidents of the IYRU. He also was the one who advised to put the trapeze on the Flying Dutchman

Flying Dutchman (dinghy)

thumbthumbThe Flying Dutchman is a 20-foot one-design high-performance two-person monohull racing dinghy. Developed in the early 1950s, its large sail area per unit weight allow it to plane easily when sailing upwind. The boat utilizes a trapeze harness for the crew and hiking straps for the...

.