SM91
Encyclopedia
SM91 is the Norwegian designation for a tram type which operated on the Oslo Tramway until 2002. The trams were imported from Sweden
, where they had originally run on the Gothenburg Tramway under the designation M25. The trams were originally delivered to the Gothenburg Tramway between 1958 and 1961. A total of 36 trams were eventually exported to Oslo
, Norway
, numbered 264 to 299.
in 125 copies for Göteborgs Spårvägar, where they were designated M25 and given the serial numbers 501–625. The trams were built between 1958 and 1962. Following the decision to change from left to right-side driving on Dagen H
on 3 September 1967, the tram company ordered additional 130 trams in the M28 and M29 series. The M25s were then sent back to Hägglunds to be converted to right-hand driving, with doors on both sides. Two trams were then driven back-to-back, and the direction of the trams could simply be reversed on Dagen H.
bypass highway was being upgraded, and this caused a disruption to the Grünerløkka–Torshov Line at Storo
where it crosses this highway. To continue operating the line, trams had to turn without a turning loop, but the company did not have enough trams which could run this way. However, Gothenburg had a number of surplus M25 trams capable of running back to back trains. The trams were therefore purchased by Oslo at the token price of NOK
1 each, although upgrading the trams for Oslo use cost NOK 200,000. The rear car in a back-to-back set had to be closed since its door were facing the wrong way.
The trams were phased out as they were replaced with the new Italian articulated trams (SL95
).
caught her foot by the tram doors as she was entering, and was dragged behind the tram when it started to move. The wounds she sustained were fatal.
It was later found that the tram driver had reported trouble with the tram's doors several times in the hours before the accident. Four minutes before the accident, she had requested a new tram, but was denied one because there were no more trams available. Prior to the fatality, there had been several incidents with passengers getting caught in the doors as they were carrying in and out strollers, although in the previous incidents the tram had been able to stop before the situation became more serious.
In the aftermath of the accident, Oslo Sporveier stopped coupling the trams together in two-car trains and ran them only individually. The safeguards against people getting trapped in the doors were also replaced, and emergency handles were installed. Both the tram company and the female 30-year-old tram driver were charged for negligent homicide
. In the Oslo District Court
, both the company and the driver were acquitted on the homicide charge, but found guilty on lesser counts. On appeal, the tram company was finally convicted in Borgarting Court of Appeal
and sentenced to pay a fine of NOK 5 million; this was the first time a company had been found guilty of homicide in Norway. The conviction against tram driver on the lesser counts regarding failure to demonstrate due care in the traffic were upheld, and she received a 30 day suspended
jail sentence.
as 125 single-car tram from 1958 to 1962. The standard gauge
trams are 15.132 metre long, 2.65 metre wide and weighted 18.2 tonnes (17.9 LT). They are equipped with two bogie
s, each with two axle
s, giving a Bo'Bo'
wheel arrangement. The axle distance is 1.8 metre, the bogie-center distance is 7 metre and the wheel diameter is 680 millimetre.
Each tram had a motor with 200 kW power output, giving a maximum speed of 60 kilometres per hour (37.3 mph). The trams could seat 38 people and have 38 more standing.
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
, where they had originally run on the Gothenburg Tramway under the designation M25. The trams were originally delivered to the Gothenburg Tramway between 1958 and 1961. A total of 36 trams were eventually exported to Oslo
Oslo
Oslo is a municipality, as well as the capital and most populous city in Norway. As a municipality , it was established on 1 January 1838. Founded around 1048 by King Harald III of Norway, the city was largely destroyed by fire in 1624. The city was moved under the reign of Denmark–Norway's King...
, Norway
Norway
Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million...
, numbered 264 to 299.
History
The trams were built by HägglundHägglund
-People:* Alvar Hägglund, Swedish cross-country skiier* Göran Hägglund, Swedish politician* Gustav Hägglund, Finnish general* Joel Emmanuel Hägglund, original name of Swedish-born American labor organiser Joe Hill* Jöran Hägglund, Swedish politician...
in 125 copies for Göteborgs Spårvägar, where they were designated M25 and given the serial numbers 501–625. The trams were built between 1958 and 1962. Following the decision to change from left to right-side driving on Dagen H
Dagen H
Dagen H , today mostly called "Högertrafikomläggningen" , was the day, 3 September 1967, on which traffic in Sweden switched from driving on the left-hand side of the road to the right...
on 3 September 1967, the tram company ordered additional 130 trams in the M28 and M29 series. The M25s were then sent back to Hägglunds to be converted to right-hand driving, with doors on both sides. Two trams were then driven back-to-back, and the direction of the trams could simply be reversed on Dagen H.
Oslo
In the early 1990s, the Ring 3Ring 3 (Oslo)
Norwegian National Road 150, also known as Ring 3 and formerly Store Ringvei is a beltway limited-access road which circumnavigates Oslo, Norway. It runs from Ryen, through the Sinsen Interchange to Lysaker in Bærum.-History:...
bypass highway was being upgraded, and this caused a disruption to the Grünerløkka–Torshov Line at Storo
Storo, Norway
Storo is a neighborhood in the borough of Nordre Aker in Oslo, Norway. It is located east of Nydalen, south-west of Grefsen and north of Sandaker. In addition to block housing, it hosts the Storo Storsenter shopping center. There are also many car dealerships in the area...
where it crosses this highway. To continue operating the line, trams had to turn without a turning loop, but the company did not have enough trams which could run this way. However, Gothenburg had a number of surplus M25 trams capable of running back to back trains. The trams were therefore purchased by Oslo at the token price of NOK
Norwegian krone
The krone is the currency of Norway and its dependent territories. The plural form is kroner . It is subdivided into 100 øre. The ISO 4217 code is NOK, although the common local abbreviation is kr. The name translates into English as "crown"...
1 each, although upgrading the trams for Oslo use cost NOK 200,000. The rear car in a back-to-back set had to be closed since its door were facing the wrong way.
The trams were phased out as they were replaced with the new Italian articulated trams (SL95
SL95
SL95 is a series of 32 low-floor, articulated trams operated on the Oslo Tramway. The series is built by Ansaldo/Firema of Italy and delivered between 1999 and 2004. Capacity for the eight-axle, three-section vehicles is 212 passengers, of which 88 can be seated. The name derives from being ordered...
).
2001 accident
Safety concerns regarding the SM91 were raised after a fatal accident during the evening rush hour at Holbergs plass on 16 January 2001. A mother with a strollerBaby transport
Baby transport consists of devices for transporting and carrying infants. A "child carrier" or "baby carrier" is a device used to carry an infant or small child on the body of an adult...
caught her foot by the tram doors as she was entering, and was dragged behind the tram when it started to move. The wounds she sustained were fatal.
It was later found that the tram driver had reported trouble with the tram's doors several times in the hours before the accident. Four minutes before the accident, she had requested a new tram, but was denied one because there were no more trams available. Prior to the fatality, there had been several incidents with passengers getting caught in the doors as they were carrying in and out strollers, although in the previous incidents the tram had been able to stop before the situation became more serious.
In the aftermath of the accident, Oslo Sporveier stopped coupling the trams together in two-car trains and ran them only individually. The safeguards against people getting trapped in the doors were also replaced, and emergency handles were installed. Both the tram company and the female 30-year-old tram driver were charged for negligent homicide
Negligent homicide
Negligent homicide is a criminal charge brought against people who, through criminal negligence, allow others to die.Negligent Homicide is a lesser included offense to first and second degree murder, in the sense that someone guilty of this offense can expect a more lenient sentence, often with...
. In the Oslo District Court
Oslo District Court
Oslo District Court is the district court serving Oslo, Norway. Cases may be appealed to Borgarting Court of Appeal. As the largest district court in Norway, it handles about 20% of all cases in the country...
, both the company and the driver were acquitted on the homicide charge, but found guilty on lesser counts. On appeal, the tram company was finally convicted in Borgarting Court of Appeal
Borgarting Court of Appeal
Borgarting Court of Appeal is the court of appeal located in Oslo, Norway. It serves the counties of Oslo, Buskerud, Østfold and southern Akershus. The court has 62 judges and 45 administrative staff...
and sentenced to pay a fine of NOK 5 million; this was the first time a company had been found guilty of homicide in Norway. The conviction against tram driver on the lesser counts regarding failure to demonstrate due care in the traffic were upheld, and she received a 30 day suspended
Suspended sentence
A suspended sentence is a legal term for a judge's delaying of a defendant's serving of a sentence after they have been found guilty, in order to allow the defendant to perform a period of probation...
jail sentence.
Specifications
The M25 Class was built by HägglundHägglund
-People:* Alvar Hägglund, Swedish cross-country skiier* Göran Hägglund, Swedish politician* Gustav Hägglund, Finnish general* Joel Emmanuel Hägglund, original name of Swedish-born American labor organiser Joe Hill* Jöran Hägglund, Swedish politician...
as 125 single-car tram from 1958 to 1962. The standard gauge
Standard gauge
The standard gauge is a widely-used track gauge . Approximately 60% of the world's existing railway lines are built to this gauge...
trams are 15.132 metre long, 2.65 metre wide and weighted 18.2 tonnes (17.9 LT). They are equipped with two bogie
Bogie
A bogie is a wheeled wagon or trolley. In mechanics terms, a bogie is a chassis or framework carrying wheels, attached to a vehicle. It can be fixed in place, as on a cargo truck, mounted on a swivel, as on a railway carriage/car or locomotive, or sprung as in the suspension of a caterpillar...
s, each with two axle
Axle
An axle is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear. On wheeled vehicles, the axle may be fixed to the wheels, rotating with them, or fixed to its surroundings, with the wheels rotating around the axle. In the former case, bearings or bushings are provided at the mounting points where the axle...
s, giving a Bo'Bo'
Bo-Bo
A Bo-Bo or Bo′Bo′ is a locomotive with two independent four-wheeled bogies with all axles powered by individual traction motors...
wheel arrangement. The axle distance is 1.8 metre, the bogie-center distance is 7 metre and the wheel diameter is 680 millimetre.
Each tram had a motor with 200 kW power output, giving a maximum speed of 60 kilometres per hour (37.3 mph). The trams could seat 38 people and have 38 more standing.