Historical Fact

Maharana Sangram Singh (commonly known as Rana Sangha) (April 12, 1484 – March 17, 1527) was the ruler of Mewar

Mewar

Mewar is a region of south-central Rajasthan state in western India. It includes the present-day districts of Pratapgarh, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Rajsamand, Udaipur, Dungarpur, Banswara and some of the part of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. The region was for centuries a Rajput kingdom that later...

 state, a region lying within the present-day India

India

India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...

n state of Rajasthan

Rajasthan

Rājasthān the land of Rajasthanis, , is the largest state of the Republic of India by area. It is located in the northwest of India. It encompasses most of the area of the large, inhospitable Great Indian Desert , which has an edge paralleling the Sutlej-Indus river valley along its border with...

, a desert region, between 1509 and 1527. He was a scion of the Sisodia

Sisodia

The Sisodia are Chattari Rajputs of the Suryavanshi lineage who ruled the kingdom of Mewar in Rajasthan. Prior to Rana Hamir the clan was known as Gehlot or Guhilot. In 1303 CE Alla-ud-din Khilji attacked Chittor...

 clan of Suryavanshi Rajput

Rajput

A Rajput is a member of one of the patrilineal clans of western, central, northern India and in some parts of Pakistan. Rajputs are descendants of one of the major ruling warrior classes in the Indian subcontinent, particularly North India...

s. Rana Sanga succeeded his father Rana Raimal as the king of the Mewar in 1509.

Early life

Rana Sangram Singh was the first son of Rana Raimal. His other two brothers were Prithviraj and Jaimal. Prithviraj was jealous of Sanga because he could not be the ruler of Mewar while Sanga was alive. There is an interesting story regarding this. One day they all reached to the raj-guru. Prithvi wanted to know about his future, whether or not he will be the heir of Mewar. The Raj guru understood his(prithvi's) desire that he wanted to be the Rana of Mewar. Guru didn't answer. Prithvi became very angry. He pressured him to tell about his own future. Guru tells that the king will be Rana Sanga and Jaimal will be his adviser but nothing about Prithviraj. Prithvi was furious and wanted to kill Sanga in that temple infront of the Raj guru. Jaimal saved Sanga but Sanga was blinded in one eye. Sanga left Mewar for Prithvi, saddened by the fact that his own brother wanted to kill him. Prithvi searched every where for him but he could not find him. With some trusted friends Sanga roamed the forest for few years. In that time he was married to Rani Karnavati, daughter of Karim Chand who was a famous robber around those areas. He arrenged the wedding believing the words of Raj Guru.
After being the ruler of Mewar Sanga employed Karim chand to a rank.
Prithvi and his five friends went to Toratanka. Raja Surtan and his brave daughter Tarabai was derived from his throne. Prithviraj rescued the state from the enemies and married to Tarabai who fell in love of Prithviraj. Prithviraj died afterwards and Tarabai commited Sati.
After the death of Prithviraj, Sanga became the ruler of Mewar. The words of Raj Guru became truth.

Local Legends

He became king after slaying all his brothers and who stood up against the invaders and was able to unite many Rajput states to fight against the foreigners. He was a Rajput in a true sense, a valiant fighter and a king who is legendary for his chivalry and generosity. He defended his kingdom bravely from repeated invasions from the Muslim rulers of Delhi, Gujarat and Malwa. He was the most powerful of the Hindu kings of that time. During his rule, Mewar touched the pinnacle of prosperity and as an exemplary king he protected and developed his empire.

He was a man with indomitable spirit and allegedly lost one arm, one eye and received numerous other injuries in battle. His chivalry is reflected when he treated Sultan Mahmud of Mandu with generosity and restored his kingdom even when he was defeated and taken as a prisoner by Rana.

Battle of Khanwa

Sanga had to face a new and powerful invader in the Moghul Babur

Babur

Babur was a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty of South Asia. He was a direct descendant of Timur through his father, and a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his mother...

, a descendant of Timur

Timur

Timur , historically known as Tamerlane in English , was a 14th-century conqueror of West, South and Central Asia, and the founder of the Timurid dynasty in Central Asia, and great-great-grandfather of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Dynasty, which survived as the Mughal Empire in India until...

 the Turk. In 1526 Babar invaded India and defeated Ibrahim Lodhi

Ibrahim Lodhi

Ibrahim Lodi was one of the ruler of the Lodi dynasty who became the last Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate in India. He was an Afghan who ruled over much of northern India from 1517 to 1526, when he was defeated by Babur's army.Lodi attained the throne upon the death of his father, Sikandar Lodi,...

, Sultan of Delhi. In the face of this threat the Rajput clans united under Rana Sanga in a Rajput confederacy but the superior artillery of the Moghul prevailed against the cavalry charges of the Rajputs. At the battle of Khanwa

Battle of Khanwa

The Battle of Khanwa, was fought near the village of Khanwa, about 60 km west of Agra on March 17, 1527. The second major battle fought in modern day India, by the first Mughal Emperor Babur after the Battle of Panipat . As the Mughal Empire expanded it faced new opponents especially in the...

, near Bharatpur

Bharatpur, India

Bharatpur is a city in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It was founded by Maharaja Suraj Mal in 1733. Located in the Brij region, Bharatpur was once an impregnable, well-planned and well-fortified city, and the capital of Jat kingdom ruled by Sinsinwar Maharajas.The trio of Bharatpur, Deeg and...

 in 1527, Babur

Babur

Babur was a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty of South Asia. He was a direct descendant of Timur through his father, and a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his mother...

 defeated Sanga and the Rajput confederacy, and this victory established a new era in the history of India. Sanga sustained serious injuries in the battle and died shortly afterwards. He was succeeded by his son Ratan Singh. He was married to Rani Karnavati

Rani Karnavati

Rani Karnavati was a princess and temporary ruler from Bundi, India. She was married to Rana Sangram Singh of Chittorgarh, the capital of Mewar Kingdom...

.

Early years

Mewar was a small kingdom in Rajasthan in North India. Chittore was its capital. In India, the Rajput kings were famous for their bravery, love of the country and attachment to dharma

Dharma

Dharma means Law or Natural Law and is a concept of central importance in Indian philosophy and religion. In the context of Hinduism, it refers to one's personal obligations, calling and duties, and a Hindu's dharma is affected by the person's age, caste, class, occupation, and gender...

.

Sanga was one of the three sons of Raimal, ruler of Mewar. He had two brothers, Prithviraj and Jaimal. Legend had it that while they were all young, they used to go to a mountain cave near Mewar. In that cave lived a witch. The three brothers one day asked the woman, "Who will become the next king of Mewar?" The witch closed her eyes, uttered some mantra and said to them, " Rana Sanga!" On hearing this, the other two brothers became jealous. He and his brothers quarreled incessantly with each other, causing much grief to their father. The main villain of their fights according to local folklore, was Surajmal(Sang's cousine brother).

Once tired of their quarelling Rana Sanga's father Raimal decided to crown one of his sons as the king. He sent his three sons to temple of the Goddess Durga, where their maternal uncle waited. He asked them to sit in front of the Mother Durga and a woman would come choose one of them as the king.There lay a tiger skin on the floor and Rana Sanga sat in the centre of his brothers on the Tiger skin.Soon a maid came and selected Rana Sanga as the king.Then his brothers understood the game and attacked his maternal uncle.

Prithviraj decided to take care of Rana. Meanwhile Sanga was asked to flee as fast as he could. However as Sanga mounted his horse and was speeding fast Prithviraj took aim with his bow and shot an arrow which hit his eye, blinding him.

Sanga then came across a merchant's house where he took shelter for sometime.But as his life was in danger there he decided not to stay further and lived his life as a sheperd and a nomad without revealing his true identity. It was then that a group of robber band approached whom Rana understood as Rajput rebels. Seeing his physique they asked him to join their band. He accepted to join as it was better than to get killed by them. There he fell in love with the chief's daughter. The story also goes that as he slept under a banyan tree, a Hooded Cobra snake came out from a hole in the tree. It held its hood like a regal umbrella over his head. It remained in that position for a long time. Some shepherds were passing by. They saw the man and the hood over-head, and cried, "Look, he must be a prince!" So they took him to their chief. The chief asked him, "'Who are you?" Rana Sanga told him the truth about himself. The chief gave him his daughter in marriage.

Exile & Return

It is also said that as Sanga had lost his one eye while fighting with Prithviraj, Sanga had to go into exile following a particularly bad fracas with his brothers. He spent this period incognito, working as a shepherd

Shepherd

A shepherd is a person who tends, feeds or guards flocks of sheep.- Origins :Shepherding is one of the oldest occupations, beginning some 6,000 years ago in Asia Minor. Sheep were kept for their milk, meat and especially their wool...

 in a remote village in the Aravalli hills.

Meanwhile, both his brothers met their end fighting amon themselves. Following their deaths, Sanga returned to his father's court to succour his parents in their bereavement and to secure his patrimony

Property

Property is any physical or intangible entity that is owned by a person or jointly by a group of people or a legal entity like a corporation...

. He succeeded his father as ruler of Mewar upon the death of the latter in 1509.

Rule

Sanga's reign was marked by a series of continual battles. He was engaged at least eighteen times in battle with Muslim forces, fighting the forces of the rulers of Delhi, Gujarat and Malwa on various occasions. In the course of these battles, he is said to have sustained eighty wounds on his body, losing one arm and being crippled in one leg.

Despite all this, Sanga was magnanimous in victory: In 1519, after Sultan Mahmud of Mandu was trounced and taken prisoner, Rana Sanga extended traditional chivalry and benevolence to him. Sultan Mahmud was treated like a guest and his kingdom was restored to him by the Rana.

Sanga brought Mewar to the zenith of its prosperity and prominence, establishing it as the foremost Rajput state. Under Sanga, Mewar reached its zenith, controlling (directly and indirectly) a large part of Rajputana. More importantly, he succeeded in uniting several Rajput states and motivating them to make a united bid for control of northern India. This is Sanga's enduring claim to fame, and it is this that rendered the battle of Khanwa the seminal event it became in the history of north India.

Antecedents of the Battle of Khanwa

Some noted historians aver that Sanga invited Babur

Babur

Babur was a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty of South Asia. He was a direct descendant of Timur through his father, and a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his mother...

 to attack Ibrahim Lodi and that is true, promising his support for the undertaking. In April 1526, Babur defeated Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat

First battle of Panipat

The first battle of Panipat took place in Northern India, and marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire. This was one of the earliest battles involving gunpowder firearms and field artillery.-Details:...

. However, instead of following the expected pattern of gathering booty and then returning home, thereby leaving the field open for local warlords, Babur chose to stay in India. Several other leading historians quash this notion giving justifiable reasons.

Babur sent a small cavalry to test the mettle of the Rana's army which was routed. This further angered Babur. It is said that Babur left wine in the name of God so as to defeat the Rana.

A peace talk was initiated by the moghuls which was attended by Shiladitya(Silhadi

Silhadi

Raja Shiladitya, also called Silhadi was a Tomar Rajput chieftain of northeast Malwa in the early decades of 16th century India. He commanded a mercenary force of Purabiya soldiers and for that reason is himself occasionally referred to as a Purabiya Rajput by contemporary sources...

) who represented the Rajputs. Babur bribed Silhadi with the throne of Mewar as a result he planned to desert the Rana. Finally Silhadi returned stating that the peace talks have failed leading to the battle of Khanwa.

Strategy of the Battle

On March 17, Rana Sanga launched a furious attack on the centre and right wing of the Mughal force; the conflict lasted several hours. Mughal

Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire ,‎ or Mogul Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from the Indian Subcontinent. The Mughal emperors were descendants of the Timurids...

 artillery wreaked havoc in the Rajputs closed ranks. Their cannon fire (which was new to the Rajputs) caused the elephants in the Rajput army to stampede. It is said that the Rajputs went ahead & showed great valour by stuffing themselves in the mouth of the cannons to silence them. Mughal cavalry archers made repeated flanking charges from the left and right of their fortified position. These mounted archers seem to have inflicted maximum losses on Rajput ranks, as the latter were not accustomed to these tactics.

Despite sustaining heavy losses because of superior Mughal tactics, the Rajputs initially appeared to have an advantage due to their sheer numbers and their frenzied charges at the Mughal position. Yet after many hours, the Rajputs failed to overrun the strongly defended central "fortress" of the Mughal army.

During the battle the Maharana hurled his legendary Spear on Babur which missed his head by just AN INCH. And hence it is rightly said that the Future of India was missed by an Inch. Further Rana Sanga sustained more wounds, at one time being felled by an arrow; nevertheless, he fought on. For a while, the battle's outcome hung in balance. Then, sensing that Rana Sanga’s ship was sinking, Silhadi decamped to Babur with his entire force. The defection of a significant portion of the army fatally weakened the Rajputs. Mughal flanks finally rolled back the Rajputs flanks. The Rajput army disintegrated rapidly.

In wounded condition,he was carried away from the battlefield by Maldeo Rathod and his aides.
It is recorded in local poetic tradition that Rana Sanga vowed that unless he defeats Babur he will not return Chittore. He started preparation to attack Babur second time.

He got news that Babur was to attack Medinirai of Chanderi. In order to help Medinirai,he advanced but near Kalpi at a village named Irich, he died. It was believed that he was poisoned by his own knights, who were fearing that Sanga was pushing them in another war. do or die

Achievements and ideals

The mantle of Rana Kumbha's greatness passed onto Maharana Sangram Singh. Rana Sanga, also known as Sangram Singh, was the rana (king) of Mewar, in present-day Rajasthan state of western India, from 1509 to 1527. The Rajputs did not have a notion of the Nation-State, and were primarily territorial chieftains. There was no consolidated vision of India as motherland, or a demarcated country with definite borders, which were to be secured.

He brought Mewar to the peak of its prosperity and prominence, establishing it as the premier Rajput state.

With the collapse of power in Delhi, Rana Sanga emerged as the most powerful Hindu King in North India with a direct or indirect sway over the whole of Rajputana. His battles against the Lodhis and the Muslim rulers of Gujarat and Malwa are legendary.

Like the illustrious Kshatriya Kings of ancient Bharat-varsha, the Maharanas exemplified the finest Hindu values and traditions in war and in peace: Honour and chivalry; selflessness and respect for humanity.

The pinnacle of prosperity, the heights of valour. Under the Mighty Sanga, Mewar reached its apex of prosperity and controlled, directly and indirectly, a large part of Rajputana.

Though the power of Delhi was on the decline, Rana Sanga faced repeated invasions from the Muslim rulers of Delhi, Gujarat and Malwa. His powerful army engaged in battle over eighteen times with Muslim forces and the Maharana himself was battle-scarred : having lost an arm and eye, been crippled in one leg and suffered innumerable wounds. In 1519 after Sultan Mahmud of Mandu was defeated and taken prisoner, Rana Sanga displayed the same chivalry and generosity which Rana Kumbha had demonstrated towards a defeated enemy. Mahmud was treated like a guest and his kingdom was restored by the Maharana who could have easily annexed it.

He too upon himself to unite the Rajput states into a confederacy. On February 1527 Rana Sanga led a combined Rajput force of over 200,000 men to drive Babur away. Rana Sanga's army engaged the much smaller Mughal force at the Battle of Khanwa.

In the Battle of Khanua in 1527, Rana Sanga's armies gained an initial advantage against Babur's forces. But the tides turned against the valiant Rajputs and Rana Sanga was himself wounded on the battlefield.

Babur's victory was his stepping stone to founding the Mughal Empire in India.

External links

• Rana Sanga profile
• Chittorgarh history
• Rana-Sanga at Britannica.com
• Meera
  Meera
  Meerabai was an aristocratic Hindu mystical singer and devotee of Lord Krishna from Rajasthan and one of the most significant figures of the Sant tradition of the Vaishnava bhakti movement...