Purinergic receptor
Encyclopedia
Purinergic receptors, also known as purinoceptors, are a family of newly characterized plasma membrane molecules involved in several cellular functions such as vascular reactivity, apoptosis
and cytokine
secretion. These functions have not been well characterized and the effect of the extracellular microenvironment on their function is also poorly understood.
Fibroblasts share several features with smooth muscle
cells and are an important constituent of the atherosclerotic plaque.
These receptors have their effect of high glucose
concentration on ATP
-mediated responses in human fibroblasts.
The members of the family include the following:
, prasugrel
and ticlopidine
, as well as the investigational drug ticagrelor
. All of these are antiplatelet agents that block P2Y12
receptors.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death that may occur in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation...
and cytokine
Cytokine
Cytokines are small cell-signaling protein molecules that are secreted by the glial cells of the nervous system and by numerous cells of the immune system and are a category of signaling molecules used extensively in intercellular communication...
secretion. These functions have not been well characterized and the effect of the extracellular microenvironment on their function is also poorly understood.
Fibroblasts share several features with smooth muscle
Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle is an involuntary non-striated muscle. It is divided into two sub-groups; the single-unit and multiunit smooth muscle. Within single-unit smooth muscle tissues, the autonomic nervous system innervates a single cell within a sheet or bundle and the action potential is propagated by...
cells and are an important constituent of the atherosclerotic plaque.
These receptors have their effect of high glucose
Glucose
Glucose is a simple sugar and an important carbohydrate in biology. Cells use it as the primary source of energy and a metabolic intermediate...
concentration on ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme. It is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism...
-mediated responses in human fibroblasts.
The members of the family include the following:
| Name | Activation | Class >- | P1 receptors |
adenosine | G protein-coupled receptor G protein-coupled receptor G protein-coupled receptors , also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein-linked receptors , comprise a large protein family of transmembrane receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal... s >- | P2Y receptors |
nucleotide Nucleotide Nucleotides are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA. In addition, nucleotides participate in cellular signaling , and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions... s
|
G protein-coupled receptor G protein-coupled receptor G protein-coupled receptors , also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein-linked receptors , comprise a large protein family of transmembrane receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal... s >- | P2X receptors |
ATP Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme. It is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism... |
ligand-gated ion channel Ligand-gated ion channel Ligand-gated ion channels are one type of ionotropic receptor or channel-linked receptor. They are a group of transmembrane ion channels that are opened or closed in response to the binding of a chemical messenger , such as a neurotransmitter.The binding site of endogenous ligands on LGICs... |
Inhibitors
Inhibitors of purinergic receptors include clopidogrelClopidogrel
Clopidogrel is an oral, thienopyridine class antiplatelet agent used to inhibit blood clots in coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease. It is marketed by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Sanofi-Aventis under the trade name Plavix. The drug works by irreversibly...
, prasugrel
Prasugrel
Prasugrel is a novel platelet inhibitor developed by Daiichi Sankyo Co. and produced by Ube and currently marketed in the United States in cooperation with Eli Lilly and Company for acute coronary syndromes planned for percutaneous coronary intervention...
and ticlopidine
Ticlopidine
Ticlopidine is an antiplatelet drug in the thienopyridine family. Like clopidogrel, it is an adenosine diphosphate receptor inhibitor. It is used in patients in whom aspirin is not tolerated, or in whom dual antiplatelet therapy is desirable...
, as well as the investigational drug ticagrelor
Ticagrelor
Ticagrelor is a platelet aggregation inhibitor produced by AstraZeneca. The drug was approved for use in the European Union by the European Commission on December 3, 2010...
. All of these are antiplatelet agents that block P2Y12
P2Y12
In the field of molecular biology, the P2Y12 protein is found mainly but not only on the surface of blood platelet cells and is an important regulator in blood clotting....
receptors.