Portuguese verb conjugation
Encyclopedia
Portuguese verbs display a high degree of inflection
. A typical regular verb has over fifty different forms, expressing up to six different grammatical tense
s and three moods
. Two forms are peculiar to Portuguese
within the Romance languages
:
It has also several verbal periphrases
.
Classes with an asterisk are entirely periphrastic
. The passive voice can be constructed in two different ways. The pluperfect and the future of the indicative mood, as well as the conditional form, are often replaced with other verbal constructions or verbal periphrases
in the spoken language.
fazer "to do". The Portuguese names of the tenses (tempos) and moods (moods) are given along with their English translations.
Or in English
(escrever, "to write"):
The five non-finite forms
generally correspond to:
The moods are used roughly as follows:
For the Portuguese personal pronouns (which are omitted whenever they can be inferred from the form of the conjugated verb or the context), see Portuguese personal pronouns and possessives.
, distinguished by the ending of their infinitive
forms (which is also their citation form):
The verb pôr is conventionally placed in the second conjugation by many authors, since it is derived from Old Portuguese poer (Latin ponere). In any event, this is an irregular verb
whose conjugation must be learned on its own. Other verbs with infinitives ending in -or, such as depor, compor, and propor are derivatives of pôr, and are conjugated in the same way.
s in various periphrastic constructions.
(only dizer, fazer, trazer, and their compounds - also
haver, ter, ser, ir, pôr, estar, etc. - for the Subjunctive Future Imperfect).
The Indicative Future Imperfect, Conditional and Subjunctive
Future Imperfects are formed by
adding to the infinitive of the verb the Indicative Present inflections of the
auxiliary verb
haver (dropping the h and av), the
2nd/3rd conjugation endings of the Preterit Imperfect and the Personal
Infinitive endings, respectively. Thus, for the majority
of the verbs, the Simple Personal Infinitive coincides with Subjunctive Future
Imperfect.
Example: Consider the conjugation of correr (analogous to comer, presented above) in the Indicative Present Simple. The first-person singular corro has [o] in the stressed vowel, while other forms corres, corre, correm have [ɔ].
In Portugal, all verbs with /o/ or /e/ in the stem vowel alternate similarly (/e/ alternates between [e] in the first-person singular and [ɛ] elsewhere). In the forms where the stem vowel is unstressed, the /e/ is pronounced [ɨ] and the /o/ is pronounced /u/ in some verbs (e.g. comer) and /ɔ/ in others (e.g. absorver, below).
The difference is probably due to whether the stem syllable is open (followed by at most one consonant) or closed (followed by at least consonants).
In Brazil, the following difference apply:
Example, absorver "to absorb" ([ɔ] in Portugal, [o] in Brazil).
It will be conjugated in Portugal as
[ɐpˈsoɾvu],
[ɐpˈsɔɾvɨʃ],
[ɐpˈsɔɾvɨ],
[ɐpsɔɾˈvemuʃ],
[ɐpsɔɾˈvɐjʃ],
[ɐpˈsɔɾvɐ̃j].
In Brazil, it is pronounced approximately as
[abiˈsoxvu],
[abiˈsɔxvis],
[abiˈsɔxvi],
[abisoxˈvemus],
[abisoxˈvejs],
[abiˈsɔxvẽj]. ("Approximately" because some dialects don't have the "i" sound after b, and some substitute different sounds for the [x] and the final [s].)
This also has repercussions in the Imperative, for its inflections are constructed from the Indicative Present Simple.
Inflection
In grammar, inflection or inflexion is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, grammatical mood, grammatical voice, aspect, person, number, gender and case...
. A typical regular verb has over fifty different forms, expressing up to six different grammatical tense
Grammatical tense
A tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation in time, to indicate when the situation takes place.Bernard Comrie, Aspect, 1976:6:...
s and three moods
Grammatical mood
In linguistics, grammatical mood is a grammatical feature of verbs, used to signal modality. That is, it is the use of verbal inflections that allow speakers to express their attitude toward what they are saying...
. Two forms are peculiar to Portuguese
Portuguese language
Portuguese is a Romance language that arose in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, nowadays Galicia and Northern Portugal. The southern part of the Kingdom of Galicia became independent as the County of Portugal in 1095...
within the Romance languages
Romance languages
The Romance languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family, more precisely of the Italic languages subfamily, comprising all the languages that descend from Vulgar Latin, the language of ancient Rome...
:
- The personal infinitiveInfinitiveIn grammar, infinitive is the name for certain verb forms that exist in many languages. In the usual description of English, the infinitive of a verb is its basic form with or without the particle to: therefore, do and to do, be and to be, and so on are infinitives...
, a non-finite formNon-finite verbIn linguistics, a non-finite verb is a verb form that is not limited by a subject and, more generally, is not fully inflected by categories that are marked inflectionally in language, such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender, and person...
which does not show tense, but is inflected for personGrammatical personGrammatical person, in linguistics, is deictic reference to a participant in an event; such as the speaker, the addressee, or others. Grammatical person typically defines a language's set of personal pronouns...
and numberGrammatical numberIn linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions ....
. - The future subjunctiveSubjunctive moodIn grammar, the subjunctive mood is a verb mood typically used in subordinate clauses to express various states of irreality such as wish, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or action that has not yet occurred....
, now archaic in related languages such as SpanishSpanish languageSpanish , also known as Castilian , is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several languages and dialects in central-northern Iberia around the 9th century and gradually spread with the expansion of the Kingdom of Castile into central and southern Iberia during the...
, but still active in Portuguese.
It has also several verbal periphrases
Periphrasis
In linguistics, periphrasis is a device by which a grammatical category or grammatical relationship is expressed by a free morpheme , instead of being shown by inflection or derivation...
.
Overview
Portuguese verbs have the following properties.- 1. Two numbersGrammatical numberIn linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions ....
—singular, plural - 2. Three personsGrammatical personGrammatical person, in linguistics, is deictic reference to a participant in an event; such as the speaker, the addressee, or others. Grammatical person typically defines a language's set of personal pronouns...
—first, second, third - 3. Three aspectsGrammatical aspectIn linguistics, the grammatical aspect of a verb is a grammatical category that defines the temporal flow in a given action, event, or state, from the point of view of the speaker...
—perfective, imperfective, progressive* - 4. Two voices—active, passive*
- 5. Six morphological formsMorphology (linguistics)In linguistics, morphology is the identification, analysis and description, in a language, of the structure of morphemes and other linguistic units, such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context...
for tensesGrammatical tenseA tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation in time, to indicate when the situation takes place.Bernard Comrie, Aspect, 1976:6:...
, aspects, and/or moods — present, preterite, imperfect, pluperfect, future, and conditional. - 6. Three (or four) moodsGrammatical moodIn linguistics, grammatical mood is a grammatical feature of verbs, used to signal modality. That is, it is the use of verbal inflections that allow speakers to express their attitude toward what they are saying...
—indicative, subjunctive, imperative (and conditional, according to some authors)
Classes with an asterisk are entirely periphrastic
Periphrasis
In linguistics, periphrasis is a device by which a grammatical category or grammatical relationship is expressed by a free morpheme , instead of being shown by inflection or derivation...
. The passive voice can be constructed in two different ways. The pluperfect and the future of the indicative mood, as well as the conditional form, are often replaced with other verbal constructions or verbal periphrases
Periphrasis
In linguistics, periphrasis is a device by which a grammatical category or grammatical relationship is expressed by a free morpheme , instead of being shown by inflection or derivation...
in the spoken language.
Basic tenses and moods
Conjugation is demonstrated here with the important irregular verbIrregular verb
In contrast to regular verbs, irregular verbs are those verbs that fall outside the standard patterns of conjugation in the languages in which they occur. The idea of an irregular verb is important in second language acquisition, where the verb paradigms of a foreign language are learned...
fazer "to do". The Portuguese names of the tenses (tempos) and moods (moods) are given along with their English translations.
| number | person | Indicative mood | Conditional(3) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Preterite | Imperfect | Pluperfect(1) | Future(2) | |||
| singular | 1st | faço | fiz | fazia | fizera | farei | faria |
| 2nd | fazes | fizeste | fazias | fizeras | farás | farias | |
| 3rd | faz | fez | fazia | fizera | fará | faria | |
| plural | 1st | fazemos | fizemos | fazíamos | fizéramos | faremos | faríamos |
| 2nd | fazeis | fizestes | fazíeis | fizéreis | fareis | faríeis | |
| 3rd | fazem | fizeram | faziam | fizeram | farão | fariam | |
| number | person | Subjunctive mood | Personal infinitive(4) |
||||
| Present | Preterite | Imperfect | Pluperfect | Future(4) | |||
| singular | 1st | faça | tenha feito | fizesse | tivesse feito | fizer | fazer |
| 2nd | faças | tenhas feito | fizesses | tivesses feito | fizeres | fazeres | |
| 3rd | faça | tenha feito | fizesse | tivesse feito | fizer | fazer | |
| plural | 1st | façamos | tenhamos feito | fizéssemos | tivéssemos feito | fizermos | fazermos |
| 2nd | façais | tenhais feito | fizésseis | tivésseis feito | fizerdes | fazerdes | |
| 3rd | façam | tenham feito | fizessem | tivessem feito | fizerem | fazerem | |
| Imperative mood(5) | Infinitive | fazer | |||||
| 2nd pers. sing. | faz/ faze | Past participle | feito | ||||
| 3rd pers. sing. | faça | Present participle | fazente | ||||
| 2nd pers. plur. | fazei | Gerund | fazendo | ||||
Or in English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
(escrever, "to write"):
| (Eu) | Basic | Progressive | Perfect | Perfect progressive |
| Present Present tense The present tense is a grammatical tense that locates a situation or event in present time. This linguistic definition refers to a concept that indicates a feature of the meaning of a verb... |
Escrevo | Estou escrevendo | Tenho escrito | Tenho estado escrevendo |
| Past Past tense The past tense is a grammatical tense that places an action or situation in the past of the current moment , or prior to some specified time that may be in the speaker's past, present, or future... |
Escrevi | Estava escrevendo | Tinha escrito | Tinha estado escrevendo |
| Future Future tense In grammar, a future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future , or to happen subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future .-Expressions of future tense:The concept of the future,... |
Escreverei | Estarei escrevendo | Terei escrito | Terei estado escrevendo |
Description
The tenses correspond to:- Present (presente): "I do" or "I am doing".
- Preterite (pretérito, or pretérito perfeito): "I did" or "I have done".
- Imperfect (imperfeito, or pretérito imperfeito): "I did", "I used to do", "I was doing".
- Pluperfect (mais-que-perfeito, or pretérito mais-que-perfeito): "I had done".
- Future (futuro, or futuro do presente in Brazilian PortugueseBrazilian PortugueseBrazilian Portuguese is a group of Portuguese dialects written and spoken by most of the 190 million inhabitants of Brazil and by a few million Brazilian emigrants, mainly in the United States, United Kingdom, Portugal, Canada, Japan and Paraguay....
): "I will do", "I am going to do". - Conditional (condicional, or futuro do pretérito in Brazilian PortugueseBrazilian PortugueseBrazilian Portuguese is a group of Portuguese dialects written and spoken by most of the 190 million inhabitants of Brazil and by a few million Brazilian emigrants, mainly in the United States, United Kingdom, Portugal, Canada, Japan and Paraguay....
): "I would do". Used in some types of conditional sentenceConditional sentenceIn grammar, conditional sentences are sentences discussing factual implications or hypothetical situations and their consequences. Languages use a variety of conditional constructions and verb forms to form such sentences....
s, as a form of courtesy, or as a future-in-the-past.
The five non-finite forms
Non-finite verb
In linguistics, a non-finite verb is a verb form that is not limited by a subject and, more generally, is not fully inflected by categories that are marked inflectionally in language, such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender, and person...
generally correspond to:
- (Impersonal) infinitive (infinitivo, or infinitivo impessoal): equivalent to English "to do".
- Past participle (particípio, or particípio passado): equivalent to English "done".
- Present participle (particípio presente): equivalent to English "doing".
- Gerund (gerúndio): equivalent to English "doing".
- Personal infinitive (infinitivo pessoal): "(for me) to do", an infinitive which inflectsInflectionIn grammar, inflection or inflexion is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, grammatical mood, grammatical voice, aspect, person, number, gender and case...
according to its subjectSubject (grammar)The subject is one of the two main constituents of a clause, according to a tradition that can be tracked back to Aristotle and that is associated with phrase structure grammars; the other constituent is the predicate. According to another tradition, i.e...
; a rare feature that Portuguese shares with GalicianGalician languageGalician is a language of the Western Ibero-Romance branch, spoken in Galicia, an autonomous community located in northwestern Spain, where it is co-official with Castilian Spanish, as well as in border zones of the neighbouring territories of Asturias and Castile and León.Modern Galician and...
.
The moods are used roughly as follows:
- Indicative (indicativo): for factual statements or positive beliefs. Example of an English equivalent: "I have done".
- Subjunctive (subjuntivo, or conjuntivo): mostly used when speaking of unreal, uncertain, or unassumed conditions: "Were I to do".
- Imperative (imperativo): for direct commands or requests; equivalent to the English "Do!"
For the Portuguese personal pronouns (which are omitted whenever they can be inferred from the form of the conjugated verb or the context), see Portuguese personal pronouns and possessives.
Conjugations
Regular verbs belong to one of three conjugation classesGrammatical conjugation
In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection . Conjugation may be affected by person, number, gender, tense, aspect, mood, voice, or other grammatical categories...
, distinguished by the ending of their infinitive
Infinitive
In grammar, infinitive is the name for certain verb forms that exist in many languages. In the usual description of English, the infinitive of a verb is its basic form with or without the particle to: therefore, do and to do, be and to be, and so on are infinitives...
forms (which is also their citation form):
- Those whose infinitive ends in -ar belong to the first conjugation (e.g. lavar, matar, ladrar);
- Those whose infinitive ends in -er belong to the second conjugation (e.g. correr, comer, colher);
- Those whose infinitive ends in -ir belong to the third conjugation (e.g. partir, destruir, urdir);
The verb pôr is conventionally placed in the second conjugation by many authors, since it is derived from Old Portuguese poer (Latin ponere). In any event, this is an irregular verb
Irregular verb
In contrast to regular verbs, irregular verbs are those verbs that fall outside the standard patterns of conjugation in the languages in which they occur. The idea of an irregular verb is important in second language acquisition, where the verb paradigms of a foreign language are learned...
whose conjugation must be learned on its own. Other verbs with infinitives ending in -or, such as depor, compor, and propor are derivatives of pôr, and are conjugated in the same way.
First conjugation (cantar)
- Non-finite forms
- Infinitive: cantar
- Gerund: cantando
- Past participle: cantado
- Present participle: cantante
- Personal infinitives: cantar, cantares, cantar, cantarmos, cantardes, cantarem
- Indicative
- Present: canto, cantas, canta, cantamos, cantais, cantam
- Imperfect: cantava, cantavas, cantava, cantávamos, cantáveis, cantavam
- Preterite: cantei, cantaste, cantou, cantámos (EPEuropean PortugueseEuropean Portuguese refers to the variety of Portuguese spoken in continental Portugal, as well as the Azores and Madeira islands...
) or cantamos (BPBrazilian PortugueseBrazilian Portuguese is a group of Portuguese dialects written and spoken by most of the 190 million inhabitants of Brazil and by a few million Brazilian emigrants, mainly in the United States, United Kingdom, Portugal, Canada, Japan and Paraguay....
), cantastes, cantaram - Pluperfect: cantara, cantaras, cantara, cantáramos, cantáreis, cantaram
- Future: cantarei, cantarás, cantará, cantaremos, cantareis, cantarão
- Conditional (Preterite Future): cantaria, cantarias, cantaria, cantaríamos, cantaríeis, cantariam
- Subjunctive
- Present: cante, cantes, cante, cantemos, canteis, cantem
- Imperfect: cantasse, cantasses, cantasse, cantássemos, cantásseis, cantassem
- Future: cantar, cantares, cantar, cantarmos, cantardes, cantarem
- Imperative
- canta (tu), cante (você), cantemos (nós), cantai (vós), cantem (vocês)
Second conjugation (comer)
- Non-finite forms
- Infinitive: comer
- Gerund: comendo
- Past participle: comido
- Personal infinitives: comer, comeres, comer, comermos, comerdes, comerem
- Indicative
- Present: como, comes, come, comemos, comeis, comem
- Imperfect: comia, comias, comia, comíamos, comíeis, comiam
- Preterite: comi, comeste, comeu, comemos, comestes, comeram
- Pluperfect: comera, comeras, comera, comêramos, comêreis, comeram
- Future: comerei, comerás, comerá, comeremos, comereis, comerão
- Conditional: comeria, comerias, comeria, comeríamos, comeríeis, comeriam
- Subjunctive
- Present: coma, comas, coma, comamos, comais, comam
- Imperfect: comesse, comesses, comesse, comêssemos, comêsseis, comessem
- Future: comer, comeres, comer, comermos, comerdes, comerem
- Imperative
- come (tu), coma (você), comamos (nós), comei (vós), comam (vocês)
Third conjugation (partir)
- Non-finite forms
- Infinitive: partir
- Gerund: partindo
- Past participle: partido
- Personal infinitives: partir, partires, partir, partirmos, partirdes, partirem
- Indicative
- Present: parto, partes, parte, partimos, partis, partem
- Imperfect: partia, partias, partia, partíamos, partíeis, partiam
- Preterite: parti, partiste, partiu, partimos, partistes, partiram
- Pluperfect: partira, partiras, partira, partíramos, partíreis, partiram
- Future: partirei, partirás, partirá, partiremos, partireis, partirão
- Conditional: partiria, partirias, partiria, partiríamos, partiríeis, partiriam
- Subjunctive
- Present: parta, partas, parta, partamos, partais, partam
- Imperfect: partisse, partisses, partisse, partíssemos, partísseis, partissem
- Future: partir, partires, partir, partirmos, partirdes, partirem
- Imperative
- parte (tu), parta (você), partamos (nós), parti (vós), partam (vocês)
Quick reference
| Non-Finite Forms | Imperative | ||||
| Infinitive | Past Participle | Present Participle | Gerund | ||
| -ar -er -ir | -ado -ido -ido | -ante -ente -inte | -ando -endo -indo | Tu | -a -e -e |
| Vós | -ai -ei -i | ||||
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Future Subj. or Personal Infin. | |||||||
| Per. | Present | Preterite | Imperfect | Pluperfect | Future | Conditional | Present | Imperfect | |
| Eu | -o | -ei -i -i | -ava -ia -ia | -ara -era -ira | -arei -erei -irei | -aria -eria -iria | -e -a -a | -asse -esse -isse | -ar -er -ir |
| Tu | -as -es -es | -aste -este -iste | -avas -ias -ias | -aras -eras -iras | -arás -erás -irás | -arias -erias -irias | -es -as -as | -asses -esses -isses | -ares -eres -ires |
| Ele | -a -e -e | -ou -eu -iu | -ava -ia -ia | -ara -era -ira | -ará -erá -irá | -aria -eria -iria | -e -a -a | -asse -esse -isse | -ar -er -ir |
| Nós | -amos -emos -imos | -ámos(1) or -amos(2) -emos -imos | -ávamos -íamos -íamos | -áramos -êramos -íramos | -aremos -eremos -iremos | -aríamos -eríamos -iríamos | -emos -amos -amos | -ássemos -êssemos -íssemos | -armos -ermos -irmos |
| Vós | -ais -eis -is | -astes -estes -istes | -áveis -íeis -íeis | -áreis -êreis -íreis | -areis -ereis -ireis | -aríeis -eríeis -iríeis | -eis -ais -ais | -ásseis -êsseis -ísseis | -ardes -erdes -irdes |
| Eles | -am -em -em | -aram -eram -iram | -avam -iam -iam | -aram -eram -iram | -arão -erão -irão | -ariam -eriam -iriam | -em -am -am | -assem -essem -issem | -arem -erem -irem |
- European Portuguese
- Brazilian Portuguese
Important irregular verbs
The following irregular verbs are used as auxiliary verbAuxiliary verb
In linguistics, an auxiliary verb is a verb that gives further semantic or syntactic information about a main or full verb. In English, the extra meaning provided by an auxiliary verb alters the basic meaning of the main verb to make it have one or more of the following functions: passive voice,...
s in various periphrastic constructions.
ter - to have
| number | person | Indicative mood | Conditional | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Preterite | Imperfect | Pluperfect | Future | |||
| singular | 1st. | tenho | tive | tinha | tivera | terei | teria |
| 2nd. | tens | tiveste | tinhas | tiveras | terás | terias | |
| 3rd. | tem | teve | tinha | tivera | terá | teria | |
| plural | 1st. | temos | tivemos | tínhamos | tivéramos | teremos | teríamos |
| 2nd. | tendes | tivestes | tínheis | tivéreis | tereis | teríeis | |
| 3rd. | têm | tiveram | tinham | tiveram | terão | teriam | |
| number | person | Subjunctive mood | Personal infinitive |
||||
| Present | Preterite | Imperfect | Pluperfect | Future | |||
| singular | 1st. | tenha | tenha tido | tivesse | tivesse tido | tiver | ter |
| 2nd. | tenhas | tenhas tido | tivesses | tivesses tido | tiveres | teres | |
| 3rd. | tenha | tenha tido | tivesse | tivesse tido | tiver | ter | |
| plural | 1st. | tenhamos | tenhamos tido | tivéssemos | tivéssemos tido | tivermos | termos |
| 2nd. | tenhais | tenhais tido | tivésseis | tivésseis tido | tiverdes | terdes | |
| 3rd. | tenham | tenham tido | tivessem | tivessem tido | tiverem | terem | |
| Imperative mood | Infinitive | ter | |||||
| 2nd. pers. sing. | tem | Past participle | tido | ||||
| 2nd. pers. plur. | tende | Gerund | tendo | ||||
estar - to be
| number | person | Indicative mood | Conditional | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Preterite | Imperfect | Pluperfect | Future | |||
| singular | 1st. | estou | estive | estava | estivera | estarei | estaria |
| 2nd. | estás | estiveste | estavas | estiveras | estarás | estarias | |
| 3rd. | está | esteve | estava | estivera | estará | estaria | |
| plural | 1st. | estamos | estivemos | estávamos | estivéramos | estaremos | estaríamos |
| 2nd. | estais | estivestes | estáveis | estivéreis | estareis | estaríeis | |
| 3rd. | estão | estiveram | estavam | estiveram | estarão | estariam | |
| number | person | Subjunctive mood | Personal infinitive |
||||
| Present | Preterite | Imperfect | Pluperfect | Future | |||
| singular | 1st. | esteja | tenha estado | estivesse | tivesse estado | estiver | estar |
| 2nd. | estejas | tenhas estado | estivesses | tivesses estado | estiveres | estares | |
| 3rd. | esteja | tenha estado | estivesse | tivesse estado | estiver | estar | |
| plural | 1st. | estejamos | tenhamos estado | estivéssemos | tivéssemos estado | estivermos | estarmos |
| 2nd. | estejais | tenhais estado | estivésseis | tivésseis estado | estiverdes | estardes | |
| 3rd. | estejam | tenham estado | estivessem | tivessem estado | estiverem | estarem | |
| Imperative mood | Infinitive | estar | |||||
| 2nd. pers. sing. | está | Past participle | estado | ||||
| 2nd. pers. plur. | estai | Gerund | estando | ||||
ser - to be
| number | person | Indicative mood | Conditional | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Preterite | Imperfect | Pluperfect | Future | |||
| singular | 1st. | sou | fui | era | fora | serei | seria |
| 2nd. | és | foste | eras | foras | serás | serias | |
| 3rd. | é | foi | era | fora | será | seria | |
| plural | 1st. | somos | fomos | éramos | fôramos | seremos | seríamos |
| 2nd. | sois | fostes | éreis | fôreis | sereis | seríeis | |
| 3rd. | são | foram | eram | foram | serão | seriam | |
| number | person | Subjunctive mood | Personal infinitive |
||||
| Present | Preterite | Imperfect | Pluperfect | Future | |||
| singular | 1st. | seja | tenha sido | fosse | tivesse sido | for | ser |
| 2nd. | sejas | tenhas sido | fosses | tivesses sido | fores | seres | |
| 3rd. | seja | tenha sido | fosse | tivesse sido | for | ser | |
| plural | 1st. | sejamos | tenhamos sido | fôssemos | tivéssemos sido | formos | sermos |
| 2nd. | sejais | tenhais sido | fôsseis | tivésseis sido | fordes | serdes | |
| 3rd. | sejam | tenham sido | fossem | tivessem sido | forem | serem | |
| Imperative mood | Infinitive | ser | |||||
| 2nd. pers. sing. | sê | Past participle | sido | ||||
| 2nd. pers. plur. | sede | Gerund | sendo | ||||
haver - to have, to happen, there to be
| number | person | Indicative mood | Conditional | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | Preterite | Imperfect | Pluperfect | Future | |||
| singular | 1st. | hei | houve | havia | houvera | haverei | haveria |
| 2nd. | hás | houveste | havias | houveras | haverás | haverias | |
| 3rd. | há | houve | havia | houvera | haverá | haveria | |
| plural | 1st. | havemos(1) | houvemos | havíamos | houvéramos | haveremos | haveríamos |
| 2nd. | haveis(2) | houvestes | havíeis | houvéreis | havereis | haveríeis | |
| 3rd. | hão | houveram | haviam | houveram | haverão | haveriam | |
| number | person | Subjunctive mood | Personal infinitive |
||||
| Present | Preterite | Imperfect | Pluperfect | Future | |||
| singular | 1st. | haja | tenha havido | houvesse | tivesse havido | houver | haver |
| 2nd. | hajas | tenhas havido | houvesses | tivesses havido | houveres | haveres | |
| 3rd. | haja | tenha havido | houvesse | tivesse havido | houver | haver | |
| plural | 1st. | hajamos | tenhamos havido | houvéssemos | tivéssemos havido | houvermos | havermos |
| 2nd. | hajais | tenhais havido | houvésseis | tivésseis havido | houverdes | haverdes | |
| 3rd. | hajam | tenham havido | houvessem | tivessem havido | houverem | haverem | |
| Imperative mood | Infinitive | haver | |||||
| 2nd. pers. sing. | há | Past participle | havido | ||||
| 2nd. pers. plur. | havei | Gerund | havendo | ||||
- or hemos (archaic)
- or heis (archaic)
Conditional and future
There are few irregular verbs for these tenses(only dizer, fazer, trazer, and their compounds - also
haver, ter, ser, ir, pôr, estar, etc. - for the Subjunctive Future Imperfect).
The Indicative Future Imperfect, Conditional and Subjunctive
Future Imperfects are formed by
adding to the infinitive of the verb the Indicative Present inflections of the
auxiliary verb
Auxiliary verb
In linguistics, an auxiliary verb is a verb that gives further semantic or syntactic information about a main or full verb. In English, the extra meaning provided by an auxiliary verb alters the basic meaning of the main verb to make it have one or more of the following functions: passive voice,...
haver (dropping the h and av), the
2nd/3rd conjugation endings of the Preterit Imperfect and the Personal
Infinitive endings, respectively. Thus, for the majority
of the verbs, the Simple Personal Infinitive coincides with Subjunctive Future
Imperfect.
Imperative
The affirmative imperative for second person pronouns tu and vós is obtained from the present indicative, by deletion of the final -s (in some cases, an accent mark must be added to the vowel which precedes it). For other persons, and for negative clauses, the present subjunctive takes the role of imperative.Pronunciation of present inflections
In the present tense, the stress fluctuates between the root and the termination. As a rule of thumb, the last radical vowel (the one that can be stressed) will retain its original pronunciation when unstressed (atonic) and change into [a], [e] (Subjunctive or Indicative 1st pers sing)/[ɛ] (Infinitive), or [o] (Subjunctive or Indicative 1st pers sing)/[ɔ] (Infinitive) - depending on the vowel in question - in case it is stressed (is in a tonic syllable). Other vowels (u, i) and nasalized sounds will probably stay unchanged.Example: Consider the conjugation of correr (analogous to comer, presented above) in the Indicative Present Simple. The first-person singular corro has [o] in the stressed vowel, while other forms corres, corre, correm have [ɔ].
In Portugal, all verbs with /o/ or /e/ in the stem vowel alternate similarly (/e/ alternates between [e] in the first-person singular and [ɛ] elsewhere). In the forms where the stem vowel is unstressed, the /e/ is pronounced [ɨ] and the /o/ is pronounced /u/ in some verbs (e.g. comer) and /ɔ/ in others (e.g. absorver, below).
The difference is probably due to whether the stem syllable is open (followed by at most one consonant) or closed (followed by at least consonants).
In Brazil, the following difference apply:
- Alternation in stem-stressed forms is similar, but is blocked when a nasal consonant (/m/, /n/ or /ɲ/) follows, in which case the higher alternant (i.e. /o/ or /e/) is used in all forms. For example, in the verb comer, all of the forms como, comes, come, comem have /o/.
- Stem-unstressed forms consistently have /o/ or /e/.
Example, absorver "to absorb" ([ɔ] in Portugal, [o] in Brazil).
It will be conjugated in Portugal as
[ɐpˈsoɾvu],
[ɐpˈsɔɾvɨʃ],
[ɐpˈsɔɾvɨ],
[ɐpsɔɾˈvemuʃ],
[ɐpsɔɾˈvɐjʃ],
[ɐpˈsɔɾvɐ̃j].
In Brazil, it is pronounced approximately as
[abiˈsoxvu],
[abiˈsɔxvis],
[abiˈsɔxvi],
[abisoxˈvemus],
[abisoxˈvejs],
[abiˈsɔxvẽj]. ("Approximately" because some dialects don't have the "i" sound after b, and some substitute different sounds for the [x] and the final [s].)
This also has repercussions in the Imperative, for its inflections are constructed from the Indicative Present Simple.
See also
- Portuguese grammarPortuguese grammarPortuguese grammar, the morphology and syntax of the Portuguese language, is similar to the grammar of most other Romance languages—especially that of Spanish, and even more so to that of Galician...
- Portuguese personal pronouns and possessives
- Portuguese phonologyPortuguese phonologyThe phonology of Portuguese can vary considerably between dialects, in extreme cases leading to difficulties in intelligibility. This article focuses on the pronunciations that are generally regarded as standard...
- Wikibooks: Variation of the Portuguese Verbs
External links
- Verbomatic Free Online Multi-language verb conjugation
- Conjugation paradigm for Portuguese regular verbs, at Orbis Latinus
- ConVer — Paradigm of the Portuguese verb conjugation
- LX-Conjugator Online conjugator with support for pronominal conjugation (up to three clitics)
- Priberam free online dictionary and conjugator
- Verbix free online verb conjugator
- Online Portuguese Help Portuguese Verb Conjugation Trainer
- Learn Portuguese Verbs Examples of Portuguese verbs conjugation