Portuguese guitar
Encyclopedia
The Portuguese guitar or Portuguese guitarra is a plucked string instrument with twelve steel strings, strung in six courses comprising two strings each. It is one of the few musical instruments to use Preston tuners. It is most notably associated with fado
.
Throughout the 19th century the Portuguese guitar was being made in several sizes and shapes and subject to several regional aesthetic trends.
A sizable guitar making industry flourished in Coimbra
by the late 19th century, propelled by the Portuguese guitar's popularity among the students of the city. Eventually the developments of the local luthiers led to the modern model, named after the city.
Over the first half of the 20th century the Portuguese guitar underwent standardization into two distinct models and enjoyed several technical improvements, such as the refinement of the tuning mechanism and the revision of its dimensions, retaining throughout the process, however, its overall appearance and distinct sound.
Even though there are few academic and scientific studies about it, all facts indicate that the instrument we now call a Portuguese guitar (or depending on the used name and definition, its direct ancestor) was known until the nineteenth century throughout Europe as Citra or Cítara (Portugal and Spain), Cetra (Italy and Corsica), Cistre (France), Cittern (British Isles), Zither and Zitharen (Germany and Low Countries).
This instrument certainly directly descended from the Renaissance European Cittern and very probably derived in turn from the medieval Citole.
The Portuguese guitar as we know it underwent considerable technical modifications in the last century (dimensions, mechanical tuning system, etc.) although it has kept the same number of courses, the string tuning and the finger technique characteristic of this type of instrument.
There is evidence of its use in Portugal since the thirteenth century (Cítole) amongst troubadour and minstrel circles and in the Renaissance period, although initially it was restricted to noblemen in court circles.Later its use became popular and references have been found to citterns being played in the theater, in taverns and barbershops in the seventeenth and eighteenth century in particular.
In 1582, Friar Phillipe de Caverell visited Lisbon and described its customs; he mentions the Portuguese people’s love for the cittern and other musical instruments.
In 1649 was published the catalogue of the Royal Music Library of King John IV of Portugal containing the best known books of cittern music from foreign composers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in which the complexity and technical difficulty of the pieces allow us to believe that we had highly skilled players in Portugal.
The angel playing the cittern (c.1680), a sculpture of big dimensions in the Alcobaça monastery, depicts in detail the direct ancestor of our portuguese guitar.
In the first half of the eighteenth century, Ribeiro Sanches (1699-1783) had cittern lessons in the town of Guarda as he mentions in a letter from St. Petersburg in 1735.
In the same period there are other evidence to the use of the cittern alluding to a repertoire of sonatas, minuets, etc. shared with other instruments such as the harpsichord or the guitar.
Later in the century (ca. 1750), the so-called “English”guitar made its appearance in Portugal.It was a type of cittern locally modified by German, English, Scottish and Duth makers and enthusiastically greeted by the new mercantile burgueoisie of the city of Oporto who used it in the domestic context of Hausmusik practice. This consisted of the “languid Modinhas”, the “lingering Minuets” and the “risqué Lunduns”, as they were then called.
The use of this type of Guitar never became widespread. It disappeared in the second half of the nineteenth century when the popular version of the cittern came into fashion again by its association with the Lisbon song (Fado) accompaniment.
We find the last detailed reference to the Cítara in 1858 in the book of J.F. Fètis “The Music Made Easy”. The Portuguese translation includes a glossary describing the various characteristics (tunings, social status, repertoire, etc.) of both cittern and “English” guitar of the time.
Nowadays, the portuguese guitar became fashionable for solo music as well as accompaniment and its wide repertoire is often presented in concert halls and in the context of classical and world music festivals all around the world.
The differences between the two models are the scale length (445 mm of free string length is used in Lisboa guitars and 470 mm in Coimbra guitars), body measurements, and other finer construction details. Overall, the Coimbra model is of simpler construction than the Lisboa model. Visually and most distinctively, the Lisboa model can easily be differentiated from the Coimbra model for its larger soundboard and the scroll ornament that usually adorns the tuning machine, in place of Coimbra's teardrop shaped motif. Lisboa guitars usually employ a narrower neck profile as well. Both models have a very distinct timbre, the Lisboa model having a more bright and resonant sound, and the choice between the both of them falls upon each players preferences.
As early as 1905 luthiers were building larger Portuguese guitars (called guitarrão, the plural being guitarrões), seemingly in very small numbers and with limited success. Recently, the famed luthier Gilberto Grácio has built a guitarrão, which he named a guitolão
instead; this instrument which allows for a wider timbric range, on the low and the high end, than a regular Portuguese guitar.
On the Portuguese guitar the strings are picked with the corner of the fingernails, avoiding contact of the flesh with the strings. The unused fingers of the picking hand rest below the strings, on the soundboard. Nowadays most players use synthetic materials in place of natural fingernails; these fingerpicks are usually made of plastic or tortoiseshell.
Armandinho, born in 1891, became one of the most influential guitar players in Lisbon, leaving a vast repertoire of variations and fados behind. Following in his footsteps came other guitarists, such as Jaime Santos, Raul Nery, José Nunes and Fontes Rocha.
Artur Paredes
, born in 1899, was an equally important player in the city of Coimbra. Much of today's Coimbra guitar features can be traced back to his contact with local luthiers. His son Carlos Paredes
was a virtuoso and attained great popularity, becoming the most internationally known Portuguese guitar player. His compositions on the Portuguese guitar go beyond the traditional use of the instrument in fado musicianship giving him (and the instrument) a status above folk or regional music. This solistic tradition has been followed till today by several outstanding musicians like Pedro Caldeira Cabral, Antonio Chainho, Ricardo Rocha, Paulo Soares and several other virtuous playing guitarists of the younger generation.
Rock musician Steve Howe
made use of the Portuguese guitar as well, as seen in songs like "Your Move" (Yes
), "Wonderous Stories"(Yes
), and "The Hunter" (GTR
).
Amongst the most notable "guitarreiros", or guitar makers, are the names of the Grácio family, the Cardoso family, António Guerra, Domingos Machado, and Domingos Cerqueira.
For a more comprehensive list of manufacturers please refer to José Lucio's site below.
The natural tuning, inherited from the English guittar of the 18th century, was also very frequently employed up to the first half of the 20th century, being preferred to the former by some late 19th century players; it was frequently tuned in E instead of C, as this simplified the change between the fado tuning for players who used both. Some variations of this tuning where also adopted, such as the afinação natural com 4ª, also known as afinação da Mouraria, or the afinação de João de Deus, also known as afinação natural menor. The natural tuning and its variations have been for the most part out of practice for several decades.
Fado
Fado is a music genre which can be traced to the 1820s in Portugal, but probably with much earlier origins. Fado historian and scholar, Rui Vieira Nery, states that "the only reliable information on the history of Fado was orally transmitted and goes back to the 1820s and 1830s at best...
.
History
The origin of the Portuguese guitar is a subject of some debate. Fado historian and luthier Ron Fernandez has cogently argued that the Guitarra is directly descended from citterns imported from England in the 1700s.("The Portuguese Guitarra: A Modern Cittern," American Lutherie:The Quarterly Journal of the Guild of American Luthiers, Fall, 1991)Throughout the 19th century the Portuguese guitar was being made in several sizes and shapes and subject to several regional aesthetic trends.
A sizable guitar making industry flourished in Coimbra
Coimbra
Coimbra is a city in the municipality of Coimbra in Portugal. Although it served as the nation's capital during the High Middle Ages, it is better-known for its university, the University of Coimbra, which is one of the oldest in Europe and the oldest academic institution in the...
by the late 19th century, propelled by the Portuguese guitar's popularity among the students of the city. Eventually the developments of the local luthiers led to the modern model, named after the city.
Over the first half of the 20th century the Portuguese guitar underwent standardization into two distinct models and enjoyed several technical improvements, such as the refinement of the tuning mechanism and the revision of its dimensions, retaining throughout the process, however, its overall appearance and distinct sound.
Even though there are few academic and scientific studies about it, all facts indicate that the instrument we now call a Portuguese guitar (or depending on the used name and definition, its direct ancestor) was known until the nineteenth century throughout Europe as Citra or Cítara (Portugal and Spain), Cetra (Italy and Corsica), Cistre (France), Cittern (British Isles), Zither and Zitharen (Germany and Low Countries).
This instrument certainly directly descended from the Renaissance European Cittern and very probably derived in turn from the medieval Citole.
The Portuguese guitar as we know it underwent considerable technical modifications in the last century (dimensions, mechanical tuning system, etc.) although it has kept the same number of courses, the string tuning and the finger technique characteristic of this type of instrument.
There is evidence of its use in Portugal since the thirteenth century (Cítole) amongst troubadour and minstrel circles and in the Renaissance period, although initially it was restricted to noblemen in court circles.Later its use became popular and references have been found to citterns being played in the theater, in taverns and barbershops in the seventeenth and eighteenth century in particular.
In 1582, Friar Phillipe de Caverell visited Lisbon and described its customs; he mentions the Portuguese people’s love for the cittern and other musical instruments.
In 1649 was published the catalogue of the Royal Music Library of King John IV of Portugal containing the best known books of cittern music from foreign composers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in which the complexity and technical difficulty of the pieces allow us to believe that we had highly skilled players in Portugal.
The angel playing the cittern (c.1680), a sculpture of big dimensions in the Alcobaça monastery, depicts in detail the direct ancestor of our portuguese guitar.
In the first half of the eighteenth century, Ribeiro Sanches (1699-1783) had cittern lessons in the town of Guarda as he mentions in a letter from St. Petersburg in 1735.
In the same period there are other evidence to the use of the cittern alluding to a repertoire of sonatas, minuets, etc. shared with other instruments such as the harpsichord or the guitar.
Later in the century (ca. 1750), the so-called “English”guitar made its appearance in Portugal.It was a type of cittern locally modified by German, English, Scottish and Duth makers and enthusiastically greeted by the new mercantile burgueoisie of the city of Oporto who used it in the domestic context of Hausmusik practice. This consisted of the “languid Modinhas”, the “lingering Minuets” and the “risqué Lunduns”, as they were then called.
The use of this type of Guitar never became widespread. It disappeared in the second half of the nineteenth century when the popular version of the cittern came into fashion again by its association with the Lisbon song (Fado) accompaniment.
We find the last detailed reference to the Cítara in 1858 in the book of J.F. Fètis “The Music Made Easy”. The Portuguese translation includes a glossary describing the various characteristics (tunings, social status, repertoire, etc.) of both cittern and “English” guitar of the time.
Nowadays, the portuguese guitar became fashionable for solo music as well as accompaniment and its wide repertoire is often presented in concert halls and in the context of classical and world music festivals all around the world.
Models
Presently, two distinct Portuguese guitar models are built: the Lisboa model and the Coimbra model.The differences between the two models are the scale length (445 mm of free string length is used in Lisboa guitars and 470 mm in Coimbra guitars), body measurements, and other finer construction details. Overall, the Coimbra model is of simpler construction than the Lisboa model. Visually and most distinctively, the Lisboa model can easily be differentiated from the Coimbra model for its larger soundboard and the scroll ornament that usually adorns the tuning machine, in place of Coimbra's teardrop shaped motif. Lisboa guitars usually employ a narrower neck profile as well. Both models have a very distinct timbre, the Lisboa model having a more bright and resonant sound, and the choice between the both of them falls upon each players preferences.
As early as 1905 luthiers were building larger Portuguese guitars (called guitarrão, the plural being guitarrões), seemingly in very small numbers and with limited success. Recently, the famed luthier Gilberto Grácio has built a guitarrão, which he named a guitolão
Guitolão
The Guitolão is a twelve-stringed musical instrument created by Gilberto Grácio. It was first presented to the public on the 18th of June 2005. Only two models were built....
instead; this instrument which allows for a wider timbric range, on the low and the high end, than a regular Portuguese guitar.
Technique
The technique employed to play the Portuguese guitar is what is historically called dedilho. This technique comprises playing solely with the thumb and the index fingers and it was inspired in the technique used to play "viola da Terra da Terceira".On the Portuguese guitar the strings are picked with the corner of the fingernails, avoiding contact of the flesh with the strings. The unused fingers of the picking hand rest below the strings, on the soundboard. Nowadays most players use synthetic materials in place of natural fingernails; these fingerpicks are usually made of plastic or tortoiseshell.
Notable artists
Artur Paredes
Artur Paredes
Artur Paredes was a Portuguese guitar player in the city of Coimbra. Much of today's Coimbra guitar features can be traced back to his contact with local luthiers. His son Carlos Paredes was a virtuoso and attained popularity, becoming the most internationally known Portuguese guitar player...
, born in 1899, was an equally important player in the city of Coimbra. Much of today's Coimbra guitar features can be traced back to his contact with local luthiers. His son Carlos Paredes
Carlos Paredes
Carlos Paredes, ComSE, was a virtuoso Portuguese guitar player, born in Coimbra, son of the equally famous Artur Paredes. He is credited with popularising the medium internationally during the 20th century, being frequently considered to be the most talented Portuguese musician in the 20th century...
was a virtuoso and attained great popularity, becoming the most internationally known Portuguese guitar player. His compositions on the Portuguese guitar go beyond the traditional use of the instrument in fado musicianship giving him (and the instrument) a status above folk or regional music. This solistic tradition has been followed till today by several outstanding musicians like Pedro Caldeira Cabral, Antonio Chainho, Ricardo Rocha, Paulo Soares and several other virtuous playing guitarists of the younger generation.
Rock musician Steve Howe
Steve Howe (guitarist)
Stephen James "Steve" Howe is an English guitarist, known for his work with the progressive rock group Yes...
made use of the Portuguese guitar as well, as seen in songs like "Your Move" (Yes
Yes (band)
Yes are an English rock band who achieved worldwide success with their progressive, art, and symphonic style of rock music. Regarded as one of the pioneers of the progressive genre, Yes are known for their lengthy songs, mystical lyrics, elaborate album art, and live stage sets...
), "Wonderous Stories"(Yes
Yes (band)
Yes are an English rock band who achieved worldwide success with their progressive, art, and symphonic style of rock music. Regarded as one of the pioneers of the progressive genre, Yes are known for their lengthy songs, mystical lyrics, elaborate album art, and live stage sets...
), and "The Hunter" (GTR
GTR (band)
GTR were a rock band founded in 1985 by former Yes and Asia guitarist Steve Howe and former Genesis guitarist Steve Hackett. In comparison to the two leaders' earlier work within progressive rock, GTR's work followed more of an Adult Oriented Rock format. The band was short-lived, lasting for two...
).
Portuguese guitar makers
There are many Portuguese guitar makers still building guitars according to traditional craftsmanship. Many families have passed on their knowledge for generations.Amongst the most notable "guitarreiros", or guitar makers, are the names of the Grácio family, the Cardoso family, António Guerra, Domingos Machado, and Domingos Cerqueira.
For a more comprehensive list of manufacturers please refer to José Lucio's site below.
Tuning
The tuning chiefly employed on the Portuguese guitar was historically called afinação do fado or afinação do fado corrido. This tuning was probably developed in the early 19th century, as it was already largely adopted by Lisbon's fadistas by the mid-century. With the diminishing use of the natural tuning (see below) by players, this tuning came to simply be called either afinação de Lisboa, when tuned high, in D, or afinação de Coimbra, when tuned low, in C; this stems from the fact that while most Lisbon fado players tuned their guitars in D, in Coimbra the students came to tune theirs in C as standard practice, mainly through the influence of Artur Paredes. It is important to note, however, that regardless of the difference in pitch between the two variations of the tuning, in practice, the latter still makes use of the former's oral conventions, as such a C is called D, a D is called E, etc., by the players.The natural tuning, inherited from the English guittar of the 18th century, was also very frequently employed up to the first half of the 20th century, being preferred to the former by some late 19th century players; it was frequently tuned in E instead of C, as this simplified the change between the fado tuning for players who used both. Some variations of this tuning where also adopted, such as the afinação natural com 4ª, also known as afinação da Mouraria, or the afinação de João de Deus, also known as afinação natural menor. The natural tuning and its variations have been for the most part out of practice for several decades.