Podoviridae
Encyclopedia
The Podoviridae are a family of bacteriophage
s. Unlike the other families of tailed viruses this family has short tails that are non contractile.
There are at least 74 species in this family.
The head is ~60 nanometers (nm) in diameter, consists of 72 capsomers and is icosahedral with a T = 7 symmetry. The head protein has a molecular mass of ~38 kiloDaltons and is present in 460 copies per virion.
The tail is non-contractile and has 6 short subterminal fibers. It is thick, rod-shaped and built of stacked disks. The maximum length is ~17 nm.
The double stranded DNA genome is linear ~40-42 kilobases in length and encodes ~55 genes. The guanine
+ cytosine
content is ~50%. It has terminally redundant sequences and is nonpermuted. By weight the genome constitutes ~50% of the viron.
The genome encodes 9 structural proteins, an adenylated transferase B type DNA polymerase and an RNA polymerase. 3 internal proteins constitute the polymerase complex.
2 classes of genes are recognized (early and late). This classification is based on the timing of transcription which is temporally regulated. Genes with related functions are clustered together. Genome replication is bidirectional.
In general these viruses tend to be lytic rather than lysogenic.
. Virus uncoating occurs in the cytoplasm
. The viral DNA remains linear. In latent infections the infecting genome integrates into the host genome. Genome replication occurs by a semi-conservative mechanism. During replication the viral DNA forms concatamers. In lytic cycles the host genome degenerates.
Viral proteins accumulate in the cytoplasm and are associated with the periphery of the perinuclear space of the nucleoplasm. The capsid proteins associate with the viral DNA after being cut into size to form the provirion preformed capsids. The mature viruses assemble in the perinuclear space. They may also be found in the cytoplasm in crystalline arrays. The viruses are released from host cell by lysis.
This family is divided into two subfamiles (Autographivirinae and Picovirinae) and a number of genera awaiting classification into subfamilies.
Other genera awaiting classification into subfamilies:
Bacteriophage
A bacteriophage is any one of a number of viruses that infect bacteria. They do this by injecting genetic material, which they carry enclosed in an outer protein capsid...
s. Unlike the other families of tailed viruses this family has short tails that are non contractile.
There are at least 74 species in this family.
Virology
The viron is nonenveloped with a head-tail structure. There are 9 structural proteins.The head is ~60 nanometers (nm) in diameter, consists of 72 capsomers and is icosahedral with a T = 7 symmetry. The head protein has a molecular mass of ~38 kiloDaltons and is present in 460 copies per virion.
The tail is non-contractile and has 6 short subterminal fibers. It is thick, rod-shaped and built of stacked disks. The maximum length is ~17 nm.
The double stranded DNA genome is linear ~40-42 kilobases in length and encodes ~55 genes. The guanine
Guanine
Guanine is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine . In DNA, guanine is paired with cytosine. With the formula C5H5N5O, guanine is a derivative of purine, consisting of a fused pyrimidine-imidazole ring system with...
+ cytosine
Cytosine
Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine . It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached . The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine...
content is ~50%. It has terminally redundant sequences and is nonpermuted. By weight the genome constitutes ~50% of the viron.
The genome encodes 9 structural proteins, an adenylated transferase B type DNA polymerase and an RNA polymerase. 3 internal proteins constitute the polymerase complex.
2 classes of genes are recognized (early and late). This classification is based on the timing of transcription which is temporally regulated. Genes with related functions are clustered together. Genome replication is bidirectional.
In general these viruses tend to be lytic rather than lysogenic.
Life cycle
Phages are adsorbed using tail first to specific receptors located on the cell wall and then enter host cells after digestion of the cell wall with lysozymeLysozyme
Lysozyme, also known as muramidase or N-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase, are glycoside hydrolases, enzymes that damage bacterial cell walls by catalyzing hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in a peptidoglycan and between...
. Virus uncoating occurs in the cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is a small gel-like substance residing between the cell membrane holding all the cell's internal sub-structures , except for the nucleus. All the contents of the cells of prokaryote organisms are contained within the cytoplasm...
. The viral DNA remains linear. In latent infections the infecting genome integrates into the host genome. Genome replication occurs by a semi-conservative mechanism. During replication the viral DNA forms concatamers. In lytic cycles the host genome degenerates.
Viral proteins accumulate in the cytoplasm and are associated with the periphery of the perinuclear space of the nucleoplasm. The capsid proteins associate with the viral DNA after being cut into size to form the provirion preformed capsids. The mature viruses assemble in the perinuclear space. They may also be found in the cytoplasm in crystalline arrays. The viruses are released from host cell by lysis.
Taxonomy
Genera within this family have ~40% homology between corresponding proteins. Subfamiles have ~20% homology between corresponding proteins.This family is divided into two subfamiles (Autographivirinae and Picovirinae) and a number of genera awaiting classification into subfamilies.
- Subfamily AutographivirinaeAutographivirinaeAutographivirinae are a subfamily of viruses within the Podoviridae family.-History:Since the 1990s, the term "T7 supergroup" has been coined for the expanding group of bacteriophages related to coliphage T7, as members of the Podoviridae family...
- Genus PhiKMV-like virusesPhiKMV-like virusesPhiKMV-like viruses are a genus of Autographivirinae viruses.Bacteriophage phiKMV and its relatives are known to be highly virulent phages, producing large clear plaques upon plating on a susceptible host. The only reported exception is phage LKA1, which yields small plaques surrounded by a halo....
; type species: Pseudomonas phage phiKMV- Species:
- Pseudomonas phage LKA1
- Pseudomonas phage LKD16
- Pseudomonas phage phiKMV
- Species:
- Genus PhiKMV-like viruses
-
- Genus SP6-like viruses; type species: Enterobacteria phage SP6
- Species:
- Enterobacteria phage K1-5
- Enterobacteria phage K1E
- Enterobacteria phage K5
- Enterobacteria phage SP6
- Enterobacteria phage Era103
- Species:
- Genus SP6-like viruses; type species: Enterobacteria phage SP6
-
- Genus T7-like viruses; type species: Enterobacteria phage T7
- Species:
- Enterobacteria phage BA14
- Enterobacteria phage K11
- Enterobacteria phage PTB
- Enterobacteria phage R
- Enterobacteria phage T7
- Enterobacteria phage ViIII
- Enterobacteria phage Y
- Kluyvera phage Kvp1
- Pseudomonad phage gh-1
- Vibrio phage III
- Rhizobium phage S
- Rhizobium phage 2
- Pseudomonas phage Psy9220
- Species:
- Genus T7-like viruses; type species: Enterobacteria phage T7
-
- Genus Unassigned
- Species:
- Prochlorococcus phage P-SSP7
- Synechococcus phage P60
- Synechococcus phage syn5
- Species:
- Genus Unassigned
- Subfamily PicovirinaePicovirinaeThe Picovirinae are an established subfamily within the Podoviridae family of bacteriophage viruses.-Virology:Phages of this clade of virus typically have a relatively small dsDNA genome...
- Genus AHJD-like viruses; type species: Staphylococcus phage AHJD
- Species:
- 44AHJD
- Staphylococcus phage AHJD
- Streptococcus phage C1
- Species:
- Genus AHJD-like viruses; type species: Staphylococcus phage AHJD
-
- Genus Phi29-like viruses; type species: Bacillus phage phi29
- Species:
- Bacillus phage B103
- Bacillus phage GA-1
- Bacillus phage phi29
- Bacillus phage M2
- Bacillus phage MY2
- Bacillus phage Nf
- Bacillus phage SF5
- Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage 2
- Streptococcus C1
- Staphylococcus P68
- Kurthia phage 6
- Kurthia phage 7
- Species:
- Genus Phi29-like viruses; type species: Bacillus phage phi29
-
- Genus Unassigned
- Species:
- Actinomyces phage Av-1
- Mycoplasma phage P1
- Streptococcus phage Cp-1
- Species:
- Genus Unassigned
Other genera awaiting classification into subfamilies:
- Genus BPP-1-like virusesBPP-1-like virusesThe "Bpp-1-like viruses" are a genus within the Podoviridae family of bacteriophages.This genus of temperate phages is named after its first sequenced member Bordetella phage BPP-1...
; type species: Salmonella phage BPP-1- Species:
-
- BIP-1
- Bordetella phage BPP-1
- Burkholderia phage BcepC6B
- Salmonella phage BPP-1
-
- Species:
- Genus Epsilon15-like virusesEpsilon15-like virusesThe "Epsilon-like viruses' are a genus within the Podoviridae, containing bacteriophages eta15 and phiV10. These phages are temperate and infect Salmonella and Escherichia coli respectively.-Virology:...
; type species: Salmonella phage epsilon15- Species:
-
- Escherichia phage PhiV10
- Salmonella phage epsilon15
-
- Species:
- Genus LUZ24-like virusesLUZ24-like virusesLUZ24-like viruses are a genus of Podoviridae viruses.The currently recognised species within this genus are the Pseudomonas infecting viruses LUZ24 and PaP3. These viruses have diverged considerably from other phages whose genomes are known....
; type species: Pseudomonas phage LUZ24- Species:
-
- Pseudomonas phage LUZ24
- Pseudomonas phage PaP3
-
- Species:
- Genus N4-like virusesN4-like virusesThe N4-like viruses are bacteriophages within the Podoviridae family.Bacteriophage N4 is type species for this genus and was originally isolated from sewers in Genoa, Italy and is active against Escherichia coli K-12...
; type species: Enterobacteria phage N4- Species:
-
- Enterobacteria phage N4
- Pseudomonas phage LIT1
- Pseudomonas phage LUZ7
- Pseudomonas phage PEV2
-
- Species:
- Genus P22-like viruses; type species: Enterobacteria phage P22
- Species:
-
- Aeromonas phage Aa-1
- Azotobacter phage A12
- Enterobacteria phage HK620
- Enterobacteria phage L
- Enterobacteria phage LP7
- Enterobacteria phage MG40
- Enterobacteria phage P22
- Enterobacteria phage PSA78
- Enterobacteria phage Sf6
- Enterobacteria phage ST64T
- Hyphomicrobium phage Hyf30
- Pseudomonas phage 525
- Salmonella phage HK620
- Salmonella phage ST64T
- Shigella phage Sf6
- Vibrio phage O6N-72P
-
- Species:
- Genus Phieco32-like virusesPhieco32-like virusesPhieco32-like viruses are a genus within the Podoviridae family. This genus was established based on a combination of morphological features and genome organization.-Virology:...
; type species: Enterobacteria phage Phieco32- Species:
-
- Enterobacteria phage Phieco32
-
- Species:
- Genus Unassigned
- Species:
-
- Acinetobacter phage A36
- Bacillus phage phiBa1
- Brucella phage Tb
- Burkholderia pseudomallei phage phi Bp-AMP1
- Clostridium phage HM2
- Coryneforms phage AN25S-1
- Coryneforms phage 7/26
- Cyanobacteria phage SM-1
- Cyanobacteria phage LPP-1
- Cyanobacteria phage AC-1
- Cyanobacteria phage A-4(L)
- Enterobacteria phage 7480b
- Enterobacteria phage 7-11
- Enterobacteria phage Esc-7-11
- Enterobacteria phage sd
- Endosymbiont phage APSE-1
- Lactococcus phage KSY1
- Mycobacterium phage phi17
- Mollicutes phage C3
- Pseudomonas phage F116
- Pasteurella phage 22
- Phormidium phage Pf-WMP3
- Phormidium phage Pf-WMP4
- Pseudomonas phage 119X
- Pseudomonas phage F116
- Roseobacter phage SIO1
- Vibrio phage VpV262
- Roseobacter phage SIO1
- Rhizobium phage phi2042
- Streptococcus phage 182
- Streptococcus phage 2BV
- Streptococcus phage Cvir
- Streptococcus phage H39
-
- Species: