Peruvian general election, 2011
Encyclopedia
The Peruvian general election, 2011 took place on 10 April 2011. Since no candidate received more than half of all valid votes, a second round was necessary to determine the winner. This second round took place on 5 June and determined the successor of Alan García, as well as 130 members of the Peruvian Congress and 5 members of the Andean Parliament. Former army officer and left-wing politician Ollanta Humala
narrowly defeated Keiko Fujimori
, daughter of imprisoned former President Alberto Fujimori
. Humala was sworn in on 28 July as 94th President of Peru and is serving a term of five years. Each candidate had two vice-presidential candidates.
, new rules were established to curtail presidential authority. The outgoing president is now forbidden to run for reelection until five years have elapsed since the end of a presidential term.
Peruvian politics adhere to a multi-party system, in which no one political group has a majority in Congress. This has led recent administrations to form loose alliances while in office to govern effectively. Such multi-party system has been in place ever since the administration of President Alberto Fujimori
(1990–2000), following his 1992 dissolution of Congress
The elections are organised by three groups. First of all the RENIEC (National Registry of Identification and Civil Status), they are in charge of maintaining the civil records. And by that they define who has to vote and who doesn’t. In Peru, all citizens aged 18 to 70 are compelled to vote, elections being discretionary past the age of 70. The real organization of the elections and also of all other referenda is done by the ONPE (National Office of Electoral Processes). The last organisation is the JNE (National Jury of Elections), they are looking into the legality of the elections and the campaign plans.
The positions to be elected are:
and Fuerza 2011
(Force), led by ex-president Alberto Fujimori's daughter, Keiko Fujimori
. In November 2010, Alianza por el Gran Cambio (Alliance for the Great Change) launched the candidacy of the former prime minister Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
.
Claiming a more centrist stand are, APRA
the ruling party and Peru Posible (Possible Peru), under the leadership of former Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo
.
The left-wing politician Ollanta Humala
is supported by the Peruvian Nationalist Party.
The Aprista Party (APRA), Fuerza Social and Cambio Radical do not have presidential candidates. The incumbent Alan García's American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
is also not fielding a candidate in the election.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Political Party or Group
!Presidential candidate
!Candidate for Vice President
!Candidate for 2nd Vice President
|-
|align=left valign=top|Alianza Gana Perú
Red=Gana Perú (47), orange=Fuerza 2011 (37), green=Perú Posible (21), Blue=APGC (12), yellow Solidaridad Nacional (9) and light red=APRA(4)]]
Andean parliament
Only the four main parties obtained representation in the Andean Parliament. Gana Perú obtained two seats, Fuerza 2011, Alianza por el Gran Cambio and Perú Posible one seat each.
States – After the first-round, President Evo Morales
sent a letter to Humala congratulating him and said of the those who voted for him did so "to advance with the transformation of their nation and its institutions...Receive in my name, from the government and from the Bolivian people, a fraternal and revolutionary salute." – President Juan Manuel Santos
called Humala the next day to congratulate him for his "victory in the electoral vote that consolidates the Peruvian democracy. Santos reiterated Colombia's commitment to continue working at the strengthening of relations between the two countries and of all Latin America." This was despite concerns in Colombia of being "surrounded by lefitists."
Economic
The Lima Stock Exchange index also plunged the following day amid concerns of Humala's economic policies and cabinet ministers.
About a week before his inauguration Humala introduced a cabinet line-up that was positively received by financial markets and the business community because most appointees were read as "moderate" and "establishment" figures who thus allayed apparent fears of radical change. His cabinet line-up includes:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Appointee
!Position
|-
|Ollanta Humala
|President
|-
|Marisol Espinoza
|First Vice President
|-
|Omar Chehade
|Second Vice President
|-
|Salomon Lerner Ghitis
|Prime Minister
|-
|Rafael Roncagliolo
|Foreign Minister
|-
|Miguel Castilla
|Economy and Finance Minister
(Incumbent Deputy Finance Minister)
|-
|Carlos Oliva
|Deputy Finance Minister
|-
|Laura Calderon
|Deputy Economy Minister(Incumbent chief of the tax agency)
|-
|Daniel Mora
|Defense Minister
|-
|Oscar Valdes
|Interior Minister
|-
|Francisco Eguiguren
|Justice Minister
|-
|Miguel Zalazzi Caillaux
|Agriculture Minister
|-
|Alberto Tejada
|Health Minister
|-
|Patricia Salas
|Education Minister
|-
|José Luis Silva Martinot
|Foreign Commerce and Tourism Minister
|-
|Rudecindo Vega
|Labour Minister
|-
|Carlos Paredes Rodríguez
|Transport and Communications Minister
|-
|Ricardo Giesecke
|Environment Minister
|-
|Kurt Burneo
|Development and Social Inclusion Minister
|-
|Kurt Burneo
|Production Minister
|-
|Carlos Herrera
|Energy and Mines Minister
|-
|René Cornejo
|Housing, Construction and Sanitation Minister
|-
|Susana Baca
|Culture Minister
|-
|Aída García-Naranjo
|Women and Social Development Minister
|-
|Julio Velarde
|Central Reserve Bank of Peru President (incumbent)
|}
On 18 August, the cabinet authorized the creation of the Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion whose function would be to implement the social programmes of the government to promote "social inclusion." The ministry was created to turn the social programmes into productive tools for the benefit of the poor and that one of its objectives would be to create the conditions so that beneficiaries of the Juntos programme use subsidies for "financial leverage" so as to improve their quality of life.
As a result of Humala's appointees, which came in contrast to concerns he would introduce changes that could hurt Peru's economic growth, Peru's sol-denominated bonds increased as yields fell from 7.84 percent for maturities in due in August 2020 to 6.12 percent. The bond prices gained 0.29 centimo
to 111.78 centimos per sol, the highest since 23 February. Carlos Herrera said that Peru would seek a mining windfall tax
after consultations with companies.
Reaction
In reaction to the perceived "moderate" appointments the sol
held steady at a three-year high. The credit rating agency Fitch
also reaffirmed Peru's BBB- credit rating with a positive outlook. The decision to keep Velarde at the Central Bank also resulted in a rise for the Lima Stock Exchange's indices. Roque Benavides, the chief executive officer of Cia. de Minas Buenaventura SA, (Peru's largest precious metals producer) said of Humala's ministerial appointees that "there are very, very good ministers who have been called to contribute. What we have now is better than what we expected." Mining companies such as Southern Copper and Cia. de Minas Buenaventura SA had previously warned against a tax on sales, which could make the mining industry less competitive and affect the US$42 billion in planned mining investment. Southern Copper said that it expected a "positive result" from consultation talks on the proposed new windfall tax levy on mining companies. Financial Planning Manager Raul Jacob said that the government would continue to support new mining projects like the US$1 billion Tia Maria copper mine. "We think the government will establish the taxation but will maintain the cost-competiveness of the mining industry. [The company is] confident that good investment conditions, stability, social inclusion and growth will prevail in Peru."
However, his softening stance on regulating and taxing the mining sector caused consternation amongst some of his original supporters. Mario Huaman, the head of the General Workers’ Confederation (the largest labour union in Peru, who also endorsed Humala) said that: "We’re worried. We’ll listen very carefully to what he says in the coming days and see if he shares our views. Then we’ll decide our plan of action, our plan to fight. He promised change." Renee Ramirez, the general secretary of the Education Workers Union said that: "The new government has built up such great hopes that if it doesn’t follow through there’ll be a big divorce. We’re not going to keep quiet. We threw our weight behind Humala but we didn’t write him a blank check."
Alvaro Vargas Llosa, a senior fellow at the Washington, D.C.-based Independent Institute
and son of Mario Vargas Llosa said that "He has to find a way to keep the base close while not letting it dictate economic policy." Erasto Almeida, a political analyst at Eurasia Group
added that if his opinion rating drops further or the economy slows that Humala "could be tempted later on in his mandate" to adopt less market-friendly policies.
Indigenous groups, such as AIDESEP in the Amazon, have expressed disappointment with Humala's move away from the left amidst his campaign promises to champion the Inca empire. They cited such reasons as Humala plan to go through with a Garcia-era proposal to bring in up to US$20 billion in the next five years, US$6.2 billion of which Garcia had already lined-up, for such measures as oil exploration
in the Amazon
. Alberto Pizango, the head AIDESEP, said that "The [indigenous] communities had entrusted this government to oversee a real, profound change. But Humala has altered his discourse, leading the people to say this government will just be more of the same." He also criticised the appointment of Herrera because of the latters approval of petroleum concessions when he first held the ministerial post in 2000.
Former President Alan García chaired his final cabinet meeting on 27 July. At the he said:
. His approval rating of 70% fell to 41%.
For inauguration day itself Lima's main downtown square was scheduled to be open without security restrictions. Javier Sanguinetti, police chief for the Lima region, said that his office was working with the tourism police department and that 10,000 police officers would be deployed at popular tourist attractions around Lima on 28 and 29 July.
Former President Alan García was not scheduled to attend the event because, according to him, the inauguration "is to hear the new president's message" and that although he attended Alberto Fujimori
's inauguration in 1990 "there was such unrest in congress, because of my presence, that I’d rather focus on my health, and say ‘Let the new president give his message freely, let's not vent our frustrations in front of foreign heads of state.'" His critics read this as a snub to Humala. However, foreign dignitaries
such as Colombia's Juan Manuel Santos was scheduled to attend the event, along with Brazil's Dilma Rousseff
, Uruguay's José Mujica
, Panama's Ricardo Martinelli
(and his wife First Lady Marta Linares de Martinelli), Argentina's Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
, Chile's Sebastián Piñera
, Ecuador's Rafael Correa
, Bolivia's Evo Morales, Guatemala's Álvaro Colom
, Honduras’ Porfirio Lobo, South Africa's Jacob Zuma
and Georgia's Mikhail Saakashvili. They would also be joined by Cuban First Vice President Jose Ramon Machado Ventura
and his delegation, Spain's crown prince
Felipe, Prince of Asturias
, Secretary-general of the Organization of American States
Jose Miguel Insulza
, the U.S. ambassador, the brother of South Korean President Lee Myung-bak
, Lee Sang-deuk
of the incumbent Grand National Party
and Chinese President Hu Jintao
's special envoy Minister of Agriculture Han Changfu
.
Piñera, who was welcomed by outgoing Economics Minister Ismael Benavides after his arrival at 23:00 said: "From the core of my soul, I want to wish President Humala the best of luck, as well as to the Peruvian government and the Peruvian people." Santos, who was welcomed by outgoing Prime Minister Rosario Fernández, said that "We consider Peru a true strategic partner on many fronts. Every relationship can be strengthened, improved. The relationship with Peru has been extraordinary, but we’re going to see how we can continue feeding it, strengthening it, improving it." Machado Ventura, who was welcomed by the outgoing Minister of the Interior Miguel Hidalgo, relayed greetings and said that Humala electoral victory was an "example of the continuing advance of progressive forces in Latin America;" he added that the proposed a "nationalist programme" would "promote greater equity in the distribution of the country's wealth and that Cuba wishes him success in this effort." His delegation also included Foreign Minister Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla
, Deputy Foreign Minister Rogelio Sierra, the new Cuban ambassador to Peru Juana Martínez González and the outgoing Cuban ambassador Luis Delfín Pérez. The delegation was also invited Peru's commemoration of their 190 anniversary of independence. The outgoing President Alan García hosted a reception for the visiting heads of state and foreign dignataries the night before the inauguration. Morales and Piñera also scheduled a bilateral meeting on the sidelines of the event.
Garcia left the presidential palace after he passed on the presidential sash to Humala. Before wearing the sash, Humala also made a speech in which he promised "to fight for social integration, particularly of the poorest." He also said that he would not alter the existing market-oriented policies and would keep trade policies intact; he added that he provide a minimum pension for all Peruvians over the age of 65 and raise the minimum wage. "We want the term 'social exclusion' to disappear from our language and lives forever. Economic growth and social inclusion will march together." In tackling social conflict and drug traffiking he said that the United States is a "strategic partner." He also quoted South Africa's Nelson Mandela
when he argued that there cannot be a democracy where misery and "social asymmetry" persist." However, he broke with tradition when he did not travel to Congress to attend the inauguration. During the swearing-in ceremony he was shouted down by the "Fujimoristas" (supporters of Keiko Fujimori and her father Alberto) after he said that was taking power" in the spirit of the 1979 constitution
: "The constitution of 1979, the last constitution of democratic origin, which many have not respected and that's why it has been forgotten, is for me a true inspiration for its national and democratic content."
One of Humala's first tasks amongst his promises for social inclusion was to start the implementation of a two-stage 25% increase in the monthly minimum wage to 750 sol and unveiling a pension increase for those older than 65.
Humala also sought to create a national flag carrier airline in cooperation with private investment, especially to such unprofitable domestic markets as the hinterlands of the Andes
and the Amazon
.
During the first month of Humala's presidency, an agreement was reached with mining companies that would increase taxes by up to three billion sols a year however, Carlos Herrera said a new royalty rate had not been set as yet. Prime Minister Salomon Lerner Ghitis said that "this tax will not affect investment or companies' competitiveness."
Amongst his initial social policies, modeled after Brazil during the tenure of Lula da Silva, were: a non-contributory basic pension of about US$90 per month for the elderly who lack other provisions, a state-run child-care programme, an increase in scholarships for poor students who want a university education and the expansion of a conditional cash-transfer scheme for the poor. However, he said that such programmes would be introduced gradually, hence, according to government officials, the cost for the following year would be a more moderate figure of US$275m.
Post-election
Ollanta Humala
Ollanta Moisés Humala Tasso is a Peruvian politician and the President of Peru. Humala, who previously served as an army officer, lost the presidential election in 2006 but won the 2011 presidential election in a run-off vote...
narrowly defeated Keiko Fujimori
Keiko Fujimori
Keiko Sofía Fujimori Higuchi is a Peruvian Fujimorista politician, daughter of former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori and Susana Higuchi. She served as First Lady, from 1994 to 2000, after her parents divorced, becoming the youngest First Lady in the history of the Americas...
, daughter of imprisoned former President Alberto Fujimori
Alberto Fujimori
Alberto Fujimori Fujimori served as President of Peru from 28 July 1990 to 17 November 2000. A controversial figure, Fujimori has been credited with the creation of Fujimorism, uprooting terrorism in Peru and restoring its macroeconomic stability, though his methods have drawn charges of...
. Humala was sworn in on 28 July as 94th President of Peru and is serving a term of five years. Each candidate had two vice-presidential candidates.
Background
After the third presidential term of Alberto FujimoriAlberto Fujimori
Alberto Fujimori Fujimori served as President of Peru from 28 July 1990 to 17 November 2000. A controversial figure, Fujimori has been credited with the creation of Fujimorism, uprooting terrorism in Peru and restoring its macroeconomic stability, though his methods have drawn charges of...
, new rules were established to curtail presidential authority. The outgoing president is now forbidden to run for reelection until five years have elapsed since the end of a presidential term.
Peruvian politics adhere to a multi-party system, in which no one political group has a majority in Congress. This has led recent administrations to form loose alliances while in office to govern effectively. Such multi-party system has been in place ever since the administration of President Alberto Fujimori
Alberto Fujimori
Alberto Fujimori Fujimori served as President of Peru from 28 July 1990 to 17 November 2000. A controversial figure, Fujimori has been credited with the creation of Fujimorism, uprooting terrorism in Peru and restoring its macroeconomic stability, though his methods have drawn charges of...
(1990–2000), following his 1992 dissolution of Congress
The elections are organised by three groups. First of all the RENIEC (National Registry of Identification and Civil Status), they are in charge of maintaining the civil records. And by that they define who has to vote and who doesn’t. In Peru, all citizens aged 18 to 70 are compelled to vote, elections being discretionary past the age of 70. The real organization of the elections and also of all other referenda is done by the ONPE (National Office of Electoral Processes). The last organisation is the JNE (National Jury of Elections), they are looking into the legality of the elections and the campaign plans.
The positions to be elected are:
- Presidential Election
- President of Peru
- 1st Vice President
- 2nd Vice President
- Congressional Election
- 130 Members of Congress
- Andean Parliament
- 5 Andean MPs
- 10 substitute MPs
Presidential candidates
The election campaigns started early in the summer of 2010. During most of 2010, polls were led by two right wing political parties: Solidaridad Nacional (National Solidarity), led by former mayor of Lima Luis Castañeda LossioLuis Castañeda Lossio
Óscar Luis Castañeda Lossio is a Peruvian politician who was Mayor of Lima, Peru, from 2003 to 2010.-Biography:Castañeda, who was born in Chiclayo and lived in the Casa Castañeda, is the son of Carlos Castañeda Iparraguirre and Ida Lossio. His father is remembered as one of the most important...
and Fuerza 2011
Fuerza 2011
Fuerza 2011 is a right-wing Fujimorista political party in Peru. The party is led by Keiko Fujimori, daughter of former president Alberto Fujimori and former congresswoman.-Peruvian elections 2011:Force 2011 supports the candidacy of:...
(Force), led by ex-president Alberto Fujimori's daughter, Keiko Fujimori
Keiko Fujimori
Keiko Sofía Fujimori Higuchi is a Peruvian Fujimorista politician, daughter of former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori and Susana Higuchi. She served as First Lady, from 1994 to 2000, after her parents divorced, becoming the youngest First Lady in the history of the Americas...
. In November 2010, Alianza por el Gran Cambio (Alliance for the Great Change) launched the candidacy of the former prime minister Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Godard , better known simply as PPK, is a Peruvian public administrator, economist, and politician that participate in the policy of his country....
.
Claiming a more centrist stand are, APRA
American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
The Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana is a centre-left Peruvian political party.At the legislative elections held on 9 April 2006, the party won 22.6% of the popular vote and 36 out of 120 seats in the Congress of the Republic...
the ruling party and Peru Posible (Possible Peru), under the leadership of former Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo
Alejandro Toledo
Alejandro Celestino Toledo Manrique is a politician who was President of Peru from 2001 to 2006. He was elected in April 2001, defeating former President Alan García...
.
The left-wing politician Ollanta Humala
Ollanta Humala
Ollanta Moisés Humala Tasso is a Peruvian politician and the President of Peru. Humala, who previously served as an army officer, lost the presidential election in 2006 but won the 2011 presidential election in a run-off vote...
is supported by the Peruvian Nationalist Party.
The Aprista Party (APRA), Fuerza Social and Cambio Radical do not have presidential candidates. The incumbent Alan García's American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
The Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana is a centre-left Peruvian political party.At the legislative elections held on 9 April 2006, the party won 22.6% of the popular vote and 36 out of 120 seats in the Congress of the Republic...
is also not fielding a candidate in the election.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Political Party or Group
!Presidential candidate
!Candidate for Vice President
!Candidate for 2nd Vice President
|-
|align=left valign=top|Alianza Gana Perú
Red=Gana Perú (47), orange=Fuerza 2011 (37), green=Perú Posible (21), Blue=APGC (12), yellow Solidaridad Nacional (9) and light red=APRA(4)]]
Andean parliament
Only the four main parties obtained representation in the Andean Parliament. Gana Perú obtained two seats, Fuerza 2011, Alianza por el Gran Cambio and Perú Posible one seat each.
Reactions
Fujimori congratulated Humala on his victory after admitting defeat.States – After the first-round, President Evo Morales
Evo Morales
Juan Evo Morales Ayma , popularly known as Evo , is a Bolivian politician and activist, currently serving as the 80th President of Bolivia, a position that he has held since 2006. He is also the leader of both the Movement for Socialism party and the cocalero trade union...
sent a letter to Humala congratulating him and said of the those who voted for him did so "to advance with the transformation of their nation and its institutions...Receive in my name, from the government and from the Bolivian people, a fraternal and revolutionary salute." – President Juan Manuel Santos
Juan Manuel Santos
Juan Manuel Santos Calderón is a Colombian politician who has been the President of Colombia since 7 August 2010. He previously served as Minister of Foreign Trade, Minister of Finance, and Minister of National Defense.-Career:...
called Humala the next day to congratulate him for his "victory in the electoral vote that consolidates the Peruvian democracy. Santos reiterated Colombia's commitment to continue working at the strengthening of relations between the two countries and of all Latin America." This was despite concerns in Colombia of being "surrounded by lefitists."
- Finance Minister Juan Carlos EcheverryJuan Carlos EcheverryJuan Carlos Echeverry is a Colombian operatic tenor. He was born in Manizales, Colombia.-Education and profession:...
said that a merger between the two countries' stock exchanges was unlikely to be affected. He also said that Humala could "prove the markets wrong" in reference to concerns over former Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da SilvaLuiz Inácio Lula da SilvaLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva , known popularly as Lula, served as the 35th President of Brazil from 2003 to 2010.A founding member of the Workers' Party , he ran for President three times unsuccessfully, first in the 1989 election. Lula achieved victory in the 2002 election, and was inaugurated as...
's electoral victoryBrazilian general election, 2002Lula's Worker's Party won the most seats in the Parliamentary elections, though failed to gain an outright majority as they won only 91 of the 513 seats.-Results:...
. However, the Bogotá Stock Exchange indices also fell.
Economic
The Lima Stock Exchange index also plunged the following day amid concerns of Humala's economic policies and cabinet ministers.
Government formation
Former president Alejandro Toledo was set to be in talk with Humala to join his government in some form. However, in mid-July he quit the talks, though he said legislators from their two parties would vote together on some issues.About a week before his inauguration Humala introduced a cabinet line-up that was positively received by financial markets and the business community because most appointees were read as "moderate" and "establishment" figures who thus allayed apparent fears of radical change. His cabinet line-up includes:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Appointee
!Position
|-
|Ollanta Humala
Ollanta Humala
Ollanta Moisés Humala Tasso is a Peruvian politician and the President of Peru. Humala, who previously served as an army officer, lost the presidential election in 2006 but won the 2011 presidential election in a run-off vote...
|President
|-
|Marisol Espinoza
Marisol Espinoza
Marisol Espinoza Cruz is a Peruvian politician who is the current First Vice President of Peru. She has been a Congresswoman representing Piura since 2006. Espinoza belongs to the Peruvian Nationalist Party....
|First Vice President
|-
|Omar Chehade
Omar Chehade
Omar Karim Chehade Moya is a Peruvian lawyer and politician. He worked as consultant lawyer in the Ad-hoc Anti-corruption Prosecution in the cases against ex-president Alberto Fujimori and his intelligence chief Vladimiro Montesinos...
|Second Vice President
|-
|Salomon Lerner Ghitis
Salomón Lerner Ghitis
Salomón Lerner Ghitis, also known as Siomi Lerner is a Peruvian businessman and politician, who has been Prime Minister of Peru since 28 July 2011. He was appointed prime minister following the 2011 presidential election won by Ollanta Humala.-Early life:Salómon Lerner is of Jewish descent. He...
|Prime Minister
|-
|Rafael Roncagliolo
Rafael Roncagliolo
Fortunato Rafael Roncagliolo de Orbegoso is a Peruvian sociologist and politician. He has been serving as Minister of Foreign Affairs under President Ollanta Humala since 28 July 2011....
|Foreign Minister
Ministry of Foreign Relations (Peru)
The Ministry of Foreign Relations of Peru is the statal entity of the Executive in charge of prepare and execute the foreign politics of the Peruvian State. It works in coordination with Peruvian ambassadors and consuls with accrediting in different countries and with international organizations...
|-
|Miguel Castilla
Miguel Castilla
Luis Miguel Castilla Rubio is a Peruvian economist and politician. He is the incumbent Minister of Economy and Finance of Peru, serving under President Ollanta Humala.Educated in North America, and bilingual in Spanish and English, Miguel Castilla holds a B.A...
|Economy and Finance Minister
Ministry of Economy and Finance (Peru)
The Ministry of Economy and Finance of Peru is the entity in charge of the planning and execution of the economic policies of the Peruvian Government with the goal of optimizing the economic and financial activities of the state, establish macroeconomic activity, and achieve the sustainable growth...
(Incumbent Deputy Finance Minister)
|-
|Carlos Oliva
|Deputy Finance Minister
|-
|Laura Calderon
|Deputy Economy Minister(Incumbent chief of the tax agency)
|-
|Daniel Mora
Daniel Mora
Daniel Emiliano Mora Zevallos is a Peruvian military officer and politician . He is the incumbent Minister of Defense of Peru in Ollanta Humala's government and a Congressman, representing the constituency of Callao for the 2011-2016 term.From 1963 to 1967, Daniel Mora attended the Chorrillos...
|Defense Minister
|-
|Oscar Valdes
|Interior Minister
|-
|Francisco Eguiguren
|Justice Minister
Ministry of Justice (Peru)
The Ministry of Justice of Peru is the government ministry charged with advising the President of Peru in judicial matters.The ministry is responsible, among other matters, for the national prison system as well as the state's relationship with the Roman Catholic Church in Peru.The current...
|-
|Miguel Zalazzi Caillaux
|Agriculture Minister
Ministry of Agriculture of Peru
The Ministry of Agriculture is an institution of the Peruvian Government in charge of the agricultural sector. Its headquarters are located in the nation's capital, Lima.-Overview:...
|-
|Alberto Tejada
|Health Minister
|-
|Patricia Salas
|Education Minister
Ministry of Education (Peru)
The Ministry of Education in Peru was created on February 4, 1837, in times of fervor caudillista and republican agitation of a country that arises to the independent life, don Andrés de Santa Cruz, Captain general and President of Bolivia, Big Pacifying Marshall of Peru, Supreme Protector of the...
|-
|José Luis Silva Martinot
|Foreign Commerce and Tourism Minister
Ministry of Foreign Commerce and Tourism (Peru)
The Ministry of Foreign Commerce and Tourism of Peru or MINCETUR is the ministry in charge of issues pertaining to foreign commerce of the Government of Peru and the promotion of Tourism in Peru...
|-
|Rudecindo Vega
|Labour Minister
|-
|Carlos Paredes Rodríguez
|Transport and Communications Minister
Ministry of Transportation and Communications (Peru)
The Ministry of Transportation and Communications is a government ministry of Peru. It has its headquarters in Lima.The Comisión de Investigación de Accidentes de Aviación is the department that serves as the aviation accident and incident investigation authority.-External links:*...
|-
|Ricardo Giesecke
|Environment Minister
|-
|Kurt Burneo
Kurt Burneo
Kurt Johnny Burneo Farfán is an economist and politician in Peru.-Early life:Burneo was born in Lima, Peru on 26 February 1961....
|Development and Social Inclusion Minister
Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion (Peru)
The Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion in Peru was created on 18 August, 2011, during the presidency of Ollanta Humala and the cabinet of Salomon Lerner Ghitis. The inaugural and incumbent minister in charge of the ministry is Kurt Burneo....
|-
|Kurt Burneo
Kurt Burneo
Kurt Johnny Burneo Farfán is an economist and politician in Peru.-Early life:Burneo was born in Lima, Peru on 26 February 1961....
|Production Minister
Ministry of Production (Peru)
The Ministry of Production of Peru is charged with formulating, executing, and supervising all levels of production, industry, manufacturing, and fishing.There are two Vice Ministry: Industry and Fishing.The current minister is Kurt Burneo....
|-
|Carlos Herrera
|Energy and Mines Minister
Ministry of Energy and Mines (Peru)
The Ministry of Energy and Mines of Peru is an entity of the Peruvian government responsible for managing the energy and mining sectors of Peru. Additionally, it is charged with overseeing the equal distribution of energy throughout the country...
|-
|René Cornejo
|Housing, Construction and Sanitation Minister
|-
|Susana Baca
Susana Baca
Susana Esther Baca de la Colina is a prominent Peruvian singer-songwriter; two-times Latin Grammy Award winner. She has been a key figure in the revival of Afro-Peruvian music within Peru....
|Culture Minister
Ministry of Culture (Peru)
The Ministry of Culture in Peru was created on 20 July, 2010, by Law Nº 29565 in Government of Alan García.The inaugural minister was Juan Ossio Acuña after his appointment on 4 September 2010.-List of Culture Ministers:...
|-
|Aída García-Naranjo
|Women and Social Development Minister
Ministry of Women and Social Development (Peru)
The Ministry of Women and Social Development of Peru is an organism of the Peruvian government dedicated to women-related affairs as well as the social development of Peruvians...
|-
|Julio Velarde
|Central Reserve Bank of Peru President (incumbent)
|}
On 18 August, the cabinet authorized the creation of the Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion whose function would be to implement the social programmes of the government to promote "social inclusion." The ministry was created to turn the social programmes into productive tools for the benefit of the poor and that one of its objectives would be to create the conditions so that beneficiaries of the Juntos programme use subsidies for "financial leverage" so as to improve their quality of life.
As a result of Humala's appointees, which came in contrast to concerns he would introduce changes that could hurt Peru's economic growth, Peru's sol-denominated bonds increased as yields fell from 7.84 percent for maturities in due in August 2020 to 6.12 percent. The bond prices gained 0.29 centimo
Céntimo
The céntimo was a currency unit of Spain and other countries which were historically influenced by Spain or Portugal . The word derived from the Latin Centum meaning "hundred"...
to 111.78 centimos per sol, the highest since 23 February. Carlos Herrera said that Peru would seek a mining windfall tax
Windfall tax
In Australia, windfall tax may refer to either:* Commonwealth places windfall tax, imposed under the Commonwealth Places Windfall Tax Act 1998 and the Commonwealth Places Windfall Tax Act 1998...
after consultations with companies.
Reaction
In reaction to the perceived "moderate" appointments the sol
Sol
Soľ is a village and municipality in Vranov nad Topľou District in the Prešov Region of eastern Slovakia.-Geography:The municipality lies at an altitude of 140 metres and covers an area of 10.286 km². It has a population of about 2,293 people....
held steady at a three-year high. The credit rating agency Fitch
Fitch
- Places :* Fitch, North Carolina* Fitch's Covered Bridge, Delhi, New York* Fitch H. Beach Airport, an airport at Charlotte, Michigan, USA* Fitch Township, Ohio* Mount Fitch, in Massachusetts, on the Appalachian Trail* Fitchburg, Massachusetts...
also reaffirmed Peru's BBB- credit rating with a positive outlook. The decision to keep Velarde at the Central Bank also resulted in a rise for the Lima Stock Exchange's indices. Roque Benavides, the chief executive officer of Cia. de Minas Buenaventura SA, (Peru's largest precious metals producer) said of Humala's ministerial appointees that "there are very, very good ministers who have been called to contribute. What we have now is better than what we expected." Mining companies such as Southern Copper and Cia. de Minas Buenaventura SA had previously warned against a tax on sales, which could make the mining industry less competitive and affect the US$42 billion in planned mining investment. Southern Copper said that it expected a "positive result" from consultation talks on the proposed new windfall tax levy on mining companies. Financial Planning Manager Raul Jacob said that the government would continue to support new mining projects like the US$1 billion Tia Maria copper mine. "We think the government will establish the taxation but will maintain the cost-competiveness of the mining industry. [The company is] confident that good investment conditions, stability, social inclusion and growth will prevail in Peru."
However, his softening stance on regulating and taxing the mining sector caused consternation amongst some of his original supporters. Mario Huaman, the head of the General Workers’ Confederation (the largest labour union in Peru, who also endorsed Humala) said that: "We’re worried. We’ll listen very carefully to what he says in the coming days and see if he shares our views. Then we’ll decide our plan of action, our plan to fight. He promised change." Renee Ramirez, the general secretary of the Education Workers Union said that: "The new government has built up such great hopes that if it doesn’t follow through there’ll be a big divorce. We’re not going to keep quiet. We threw our weight behind Humala but we didn’t write him a blank check."
Alvaro Vargas Llosa, a senior fellow at the Washington, D.C.-based Independent Institute
Independent Institute
The Independent Institute is a libertarian think tank based in Oakland, California. Founded in 1986 byDavid J. Theroux , the Institute sponsors studies of major political, social, economic, legal, environmental and foreign policy issues. It has more than 140 research fellows. The Institute was...
and son of Mario Vargas Llosa said that "He has to find a way to keep the base close while not letting it dictate economic policy." Erasto Almeida, a political analyst at Eurasia Group
Eurasia Group
-Overview:Eurasia Group is best known as the world's largest political risk consultancy with offices in New York, Washington, London, and Tokyo and more than 125 full-time employees...
added that if his opinion rating drops further or the economy slows that Humala "could be tempted later on in his mandate" to adopt less market-friendly policies.
Indigenous groups, such as AIDESEP in the Amazon, have expressed disappointment with Humala's move away from the left amidst his campaign promises to champion the Inca empire. They cited such reasons as Humala plan to go through with a Garcia-era proposal to bring in up to US$20 billion in the next five years, US$6.2 billion of which Garcia had already lined-up, for such measures as oil exploration
Oil exploration
Hydrocarbon exploration is the search by petroleum geologists and geophysicists for hydrocarbon deposits beneath the Earth's surface, such as oil and natural gas...
in the Amazon
Amazon Basin
The Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries that drains an area of about , or roughly 40 percent of South America. The basin is located in the countries of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, and Venezuela...
. Alberto Pizango, the head AIDESEP, said that "The [indigenous] communities had entrusted this government to oversee a real, profound change. But Humala has altered his discourse, leading the people to say this government will just be more of the same." He also criticised the appointment of Herrera because of the latters approval of petroleum concessions when he first held the ministerial post in 2000.
Former President Alan García chaired his final cabinet meeting on 27 July. At the he said:
I wanted to thank all of the ministers, also the regional presidents have put in a great deal of effort into their jobs, and mayors who are those who develop directly and closely with the people. [I am convinced that] when you put zeal asside, history will recognise what these ministers achieved with their effort. Much will have to be done for our country, but I think that the path chosen was the correct one, and the perseverance and the dedication was necessary. A salute to Peru, to the youth of Peru, to the poor of Peru, to the authorities of Peru, and as a follower of Haya de La Torre all I wanted to do was make a government that gives bread with freedom. A salute to Peru, to it's future and success."
Inauguration
Prior to his inauguration on 28 July, Humala's popularity fell in opinion polls after he suspended his brother Alexis Humala from Gana Peru following allegations of corruption in relation to deals with GazpromGazprom
Open Joint Stock Company Gazprom is the largest extractor of natural gas in the world and the largest Russian company. Its headquarters are in Cheryomushki District, South-Western Administrative Okrug, Moscow...
. His approval rating of 70% fell to 41%.
For inauguration day itself Lima's main downtown square was scheduled to be open without security restrictions. Javier Sanguinetti, police chief for the Lima region, said that his office was working with the tourism police department and that 10,000 police officers would be deployed at popular tourist attractions around Lima on 28 and 29 July.
Former President Alan García was not scheduled to attend the event because, according to him, the inauguration "is to hear the new president's message" and that although he attended Alberto Fujimori
Alberto Fujimori
Alberto Fujimori Fujimori served as President of Peru from 28 July 1990 to 17 November 2000. A controversial figure, Fujimori has been credited with the creation of Fujimorism, uprooting terrorism in Peru and restoring its macroeconomic stability, though his methods have drawn charges of...
's inauguration in 1990 "there was such unrest in congress, because of my presence, that I’d rather focus on my health, and say ‘Let the new president give his message freely, let's not vent our frustrations in front of foreign heads of state.'" His critics read this as a snub to Humala. However, foreign dignitaries
Foreign policy of Ollanta Humala
The foreign policy of Ollanta Humala concerns the policy initiatives made towards other states by the current President of Peru, in difference to past, or future, Peruvian foreign policy as represented by his Foreign Minister Rafael Roncagliolo...
such as Colombia's Juan Manuel Santos was scheduled to attend the event, along with Brazil's Dilma Rousseff
Dilma Rousseff
Dilma Vana Rousseff is the 36th and current President of Brazil. She is the first woman to hold the office. Prior to that, in 2005, she was also the first woman to become Chief of Staff of Brazil, appointed by then President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva....
, Uruguay's José Mujica
José Mujica
José Alberto "Pepe" Mujica Cordano is a Uruguayan politician and former guerrilla fighter, a member of the Broad Front and current President of Uruguay....
, Panama's Ricardo Martinelli
Ricardo Martinelli
Ricardo Alberto Martinelli Berrocal is a Panamanian politician and businessman who was elected the 49th President of Panama in 2009. He is a Panamanian of Italian descent from his father's side.- Early life :...
(and his wife First Lady Marta Linares de Martinelli), Argentina's Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
Cristina Elisabet Fernández de Kirchner , commonly known as Cristina Fernández or Cristina Kirchner is the 55th and current President of Argentina and the widow of former President Néstor Kirchner. She is Argentina's first elected female president, and the second female president ever to serve...
, Chile's Sebastián Piñera
Sebastián Piñera
Miguel Juan Sebastián Piñera Echenique is a Chilean businessman and politician. He was elected President of Chile in January 2010, taking office in March 2010.- Education :...
, Ecuador's Rafael Correa
Rafael Correa
Rafael Vicente Correa Delgado born is the President of the Republic of Ecuador and was the president pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations. An economist educated in Ecuador, Belgium and the United States, he was elected President in late 2006 and took office in January 2007...
, Bolivia's Evo Morales, Guatemala's Álvaro Colom
Álvaro Colom
Álvaro Colom Caballeros is the President of Guatemala for the 2008–2012 term and leader of the social-democratic National Unity of Hope .-Early years:...
, Honduras’ Porfirio Lobo, South Africa's Jacob Zuma
Jacob Zuma
Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma is the President of South Africa, elected by parliament following his party's victory in the 2009 general election....
and Georgia's Mikhail Saakashvili. They would also be joined by Cuban First Vice President Jose Ramon Machado Ventura
José Ramón Machado Ventura
José Ramón Machado Ventura, M.D. is the First Vice-President of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers in Cuba...
and his delegation, Spain's crown prince
Crown Prince
A crown prince or crown princess is the heir or heiress apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy. The wife of a crown prince is also titled crown princess....
Felipe, Prince of Asturias
Felipe, Prince of Asturias
Felipe, Prince of Asturias de Borbón y de Grecia; born 30 January 1968), is the third child and only son of King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofía of Spain....
, Secretary-general of the Organization of American States
Organization of American States
The Organization of American States is a regional international organization, headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States...
Jose Miguel Insulza
José Miguel Insulza
José Miguel Insulza Salinas is a Chilean politician and statesman. He is currently the Secretary General of the Organization of American States. He is nicknamed El Panzer, for his tank-like drive and reputation due to his ability to take political heat with little apparent damage...
, the U.S. ambassador, the brother of South Korean President Lee Myung-bak
Lee Myung-bak
Lee Myung-bak is the President of South Korea. Prior to his presidency, he was the CEO of Hyundai Engineering and Construction and the mayor of Seoul. He is married to Kim Yoon-ok and has three daughters and one son. His older brother is Lee Sang-deuk, a South Korean politician. He attends the...
, Lee Sang-deuk
Lee Sang-deuk
Lee Sang-deuk is a South Korean politician and businessperson. He is very famous as the older brother of the South Korean president, Lee Myung-bak...
of the incumbent Grand National Party
Grand National Party
The Grand National Party is a conservative political party in South Korea. Its Korean name, Hannara, has a double meaning as "Great National" and "Korean National." The GNP holds a majority of seats in the 18th Assembly, lasting from 2008 to 2012....
and Chinese President Hu Jintao
Hu Jintao
Hu Jintao is the current Paramount Leader of the People's Republic of China. He has held the titles of General Secretary of the Communist Party of China since 2002, President of the People's Republic of China since 2003, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission since 2004, succeeding Jiang...
's special envoy Minister of Agriculture Han Changfu
Han Changfu
Han Changfu is the current Minister of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, and a former governor of Jilin province....
.
Piñera, who was welcomed by outgoing Economics Minister Ismael Benavides after his arrival at 23:00 said: "From the core of my soul, I want to wish President Humala the best of luck, as well as to the Peruvian government and the Peruvian people." Santos, who was welcomed by outgoing Prime Minister Rosario Fernández, said that "We consider Peru a true strategic partner on many fronts. Every relationship can be strengthened, improved. The relationship with Peru has been extraordinary, but we’re going to see how we can continue feeding it, strengthening it, improving it." Machado Ventura, who was welcomed by the outgoing Minister of the Interior Miguel Hidalgo, relayed greetings and said that Humala electoral victory was an "example of the continuing advance of progressive forces in Latin America;" he added that the proposed a "nationalist programme" would "promote greater equity in the distribution of the country's wealth and that Cuba wishes him success in this effort." His delegation also included Foreign Minister Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla
Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla
Bruno Eduardo Rodríguez Parrilla is a Cuban diplomat and politician. He is presently the Foreign Minister of Cuba. He was his country's Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 1995 to 2003. Rodríguez Parrilla was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs on March 2, 2009, replacing...
, Deputy Foreign Minister Rogelio Sierra, the new Cuban ambassador to Peru Juana Martínez González and the outgoing Cuban ambassador Luis Delfín Pérez. The delegation was also invited Peru's commemoration of their 190 anniversary of independence. The outgoing President Alan García hosted a reception for the visiting heads of state and foreign dignataries the night before the inauguration. Morales and Piñera also scheduled a bilateral meeting on the sidelines of the event.
Garcia left the presidential palace after he passed on the presidential sash to Humala. Before wearing the sash, Humala also made a speech in which he promised "to fight for social integration, particularly of the poorest." He also said that he would not alter the existing market-oriented policies and would keep trade policies intact; he added that he provide a minimum pension for all Peruvians over the age of 65 and raise the minimum wage. "We want the term 'social exclusion' to disappear from our language and lives forever. Economic growth and social inclusion will march together." In tackling social conflict and drug traffiking he said that the United States is a "strategic partner." He also quoted South Africa's Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, and was the first South African president to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist, and the leader of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing...
when he argued that there cannot be a democracy where misery and "social asymmetry" persist." However, he broke with tradition when he did not travel to Congress to attend the inauguration. During the swearing-in ceremony he was shouted down by the "Fujimoristas" (supporters of Keiko Fujimori and her father Alberto) after he said that was taking power" in the spirit of the 1979 constitution
Constitution of Peru
The Constitution of Peru is the supreme law of Peru. The current constitution, enacted on December 31, 1993, is Peru's fifth in the 20th century and replaced the 1979 Constitution....
: "The constitution of 1979, the last constitution of democratic origin, which many have not respected and that's why it has been forgotten, is for me a true inspiration for its national and democratic content."
Initial initiatives
On 25 August, the Congress gave its vote of confidence in approving the Council of Ministers after Prime Minister Salomon Lerner Ghitis spoke to the Congress by a vote of 90 in favour, zero against and 33 abstentations, all of whom were from Fuerza 2011. Tejada expressed his satisfaction and gratitude at the recognition of the "technical support" for the government's programmes and goals. "We call on Peruvians to be confident that President Ollanta Humala is setting the beginning of a new phase of growth with social inclusion in the history of Peru, respecting human rights and freedom of speech." The initiatives were backed by the National Confederation of Private Business Associations (CONFIEP) as confirmed by President Humberto Speziani who said that "Overall we agree with all ten policies announced by the Cabinet, which is headed by Salomon Lerner. [Ghitis' goals are] "necessary to grow with social inclusion."One of Humala's first tasks amongst his promises for social inclusion was to start the implementation of a two-stage 25% increase in the monthly minimum wage to 750 sol and unveiling a pension increase for those older than 65.
Humala also sought to create a national flag carrier airline in cooperation with private investment, especially to such unprofitable domestic markets as the hinterlands of the Andes
Andes
The Andes is the world's longest continental mountain range. It is a continual range of highlands along the western coast of South America. This range is about long, about to wide , and of an average height of about .Along its length, the Andes is split into several ranges, which are separated...
and the Amazon
Amazon Basin
The Amazon Basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries that drains an area of about , or roughly 40 percent of South America. The basin is located in the countries of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, and Venezuela...
.
During the first month of Humala's presidency, an agreement was reached with mining companies that would increase taxes by up to three billion sols a year however, Carlos Herrera said a new royalty rate had not been set as yet. Prime Minister Salomon Lerner Ghitis said that "this tax will not affect investment or companies' competitiveness."
Amongst his initial social policies, modeled after Brazil during the tenure of Lula da Silva, were: a non-contributory basic pension of about US$90 per month for the elderly who lack other provisions, a state-run child-care programme, an increase in scholarships for poor students who want a university education and the expansion of a conditional cash-transfer scheme for the poor. However, he said that such programmes would be introduced gradually, hence, according to government officials, the cost for the following year would be a more moderate figure of US$275m.
External links
Candidates- Keiko Fujimori
- Ollanta Humala
- Alejandro Toledo
- Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
- Luis Castañeda Lossio
- Rafael Belaúnde
- José Ñique de la Puente
- Juliana Reymer
Post-election