Palestinians in Iraq
Encyclopedia
Palestinians in Iraq are people of Palestinian
ancestry, some of whom have been residing in Iraq
after they were forced to flee their homeland in 1948. Before 2003, there were approximately 34,000 Palestinians thought to be living in Iraq, mainly concentrated in Baghdad. However, since the 2003 Iraq war, the figure lies between 10,000 - 13,000, although a precise figures has been hard to determine.
The situation of Palestinians in Iraq deteriorated after the fall of Saddam Hussein and particularly following the bombing of al-Askari mosque in 2006. Since then, with the rise in insecurity throughout Iraq, they have been the target of persecution and violence, with militant groups (mostly Shia) targeting them for (what the militant groups claim to have been) preferential treatment they received under Ba'th Party rule. Currently, several hundred Palestinians from Iraq are living in border camps, after being refused entry to neighbouring Jordan
and Syria
. Others have been resettled to third countries.
Some sources refer to them as Iraqi Palestinians or Palestinian Iraqis.
In December 2010, approximately 10,000 Palestinians remained in Iraq, the majority of whom were living in and around Baghdad.
Iraq is not a signatory of the 1951 Geneva Convention relating to the protection of refugees. Palestinians were never awarded official status by the Iraqi authorities, but were given a degree of protection and assistance by the Iraqi government, guided by the Casablanca Protocol of the League of Arab States in 1965. During Saddam Hussein’s rule, Palestinians received by and large equitable treatment. They were granted residency permits, full access to government services including healthcare and education, and were also permitted to work. The government also issued special travel documents for Palestinian refugees, allowing them to travel freely around Iraq but making it extremely difficult to leave the country. Some political and sectarian entities claim that Palestinians, as a Sunni Muslim majority, were treated favourably under the Ba’thist regime. Certainly, the government built special housing complexes, and provided heavily subsidized accommodation for Palestinians. Palestinians were also exempt from military service, and scholarships were also awarded to (a tiny minority of) Palestinian students, enabling them to study at certain universities. During the years of economic sanctions in the 1990s, the Iraqi government froze rent prices, forcing a few Iraqi landlords to rent their apartments to Palestinians for as little as $1 per month. This was also a cause of some resentment among those few Iraqis toward Palestinians. The Palestinians in Iraq were mostly living in poorly maintained suburbs and the majority of them were living under the poverty line.
Palestinians were also only allowed to join the regime backed Arab Baath Socialist Party and were not allowed to join the traditional Palestinian political organisations.
in April 2006, forbidding any attacks on Palestinians. However, the mass of killings and death threats put the Palestinian community in a ‘state of shock’ and forced thousands to leave the country, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).
Jordan has the largest number of refugees relative to total population in the world, and is host to the highest number of Palestinian refugees under the mandate of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA). The 1952 Jordanian Constitution does forbid the extradition of ‘political refugees…on account of their political beliefs or their defence of liberty'. Furthermore, the government signed a Memorandum of Understanding with UNHCR in 1998, underlining its agreement to the definition of a refugee and the obligation of non-refoulement. Historically, the Jordanian government has granted full citizenship to the vast majority of Palestinian refugees, while UNRWA administers aid and provides health and education services to those living in refugee camps. Its policies towards Iraqis have been less clear. Currently, the government estimates that 450,00 – 500,000 Iraqis live in Jordan, although only 31,000 of these Iraqis are registered with UNHCR. The regime has followed the principles of Arab hospitality and brotherhood by opening its doors to thousands of Iraqis; yet its policies towards them with regard to provision of basic services have been less clear. Moreover, it has preferred to use ‘visitor’ or ‘guest’ when referring to Iraqis, avoiding the socially and politically loaded term ‘refugee’ and the subsequent need to establish more permanent arrangements, services and solutions that would strain Jordanian infrastructure. Currently, the government estimates that 450,00 – 500,000 Iraqis live in Jordan, although only 31,000 of these Iraqis are registered with UNHCR. The situation for Palestinians from Iraq fleeing to Jordan after 2003 following the invasion of Iraq is yet more difficult. Aside from a few with family connections inside Jordan, the majority of Palestinians were refused entry or free movement inside the country. Thus, many were stranded in No Man’s Land between Iraq and Jordan, or detained in Al-Raweished Camp within Jordan.
Since 2003, more than a thousand people have been resettled to third countries, including 54 Palestinians who were granted asylum in Canada in November 2006, and 107 Palestinians who were accepted by Brazil in 2007. Later, in November that year, the remaining residents (all of whom were Palestinian) were resettled in the states of São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. There, they were promised rented accommodation, furniture and material aid for up to two years, as moral support from volunteers in the communities, who were to help them with local integration.
After such a history of providing shelter and services for Palestinian and Iraqi refugees, it is therefore unclear as to why the Syrian government has refused entry to Palestinians coming from Iraq since 2006.
Living conditions in Al-Tanf were extremely grim, with residents exposed to the harsh climate of the desert. Extreme temperatures, sandstorms, strong winds and devastating were endured by residents, as well as infestations of scorpions and vermin. Outbreaks of fire were also a common occurrence in Al Tanf and other camps, due to the highly flammable canvas tents. A pregnant woman was killed there in January 2009, when the tent she was staying in caught fire.
Some residents of the camp established an amateur television network called Al Tanf Media Group, in order to draw attention to their suffering, and to occupy younger residents of the camp and to provide them with opportunities to acquire skills. Using a computer and a small digital camera, they were able to produce short documentaries and organize screenings within the camp. These films were distributed over the internet, and to delegations from international organizations visiting the camps.
On February 1, 2010, UNHCR closed the camp and moved the last remaining 60 residents to Al Hol camp, where it was said they would live temporarily before being resettled to third countries.
Deir Ezzor., close to the border with Iraq. The camp first opened in 1991, in order to cope with the influx of Iraqi refugees from the Gulf War
. It reopened in 2005 in response to the Palestinians fleeing Iraq. Currently, there are 45 families living in the camp without news of resettlement in the near future. As a result,UNRWA and UNHCR have begun to work with residents of the camp to provide them with more permanent arrangements. Children of the camp attend school with Syrian children in the nearby village of Al Hol, men grow crops to provide additional food, the UNHCR provides basic education, health and recreational facilities within the camp; and vocational training schemes for women have been established by the International Organization of Migration in partnership with the European Union.
In 2009, the United States also allowed more than a thousand Iraqi Palestinians from camps inside Iraq to be resettled within its borders. This was the largest ever Palestinian refugee resettlement in U.S. history. Critics of the State Department decision to resettle this group of Palestinians objected that they were sympathizers of Saddam Hussein.. In December 2009, the united efforts of the not for profit company, Australian Society for Palestinian Iraqi Refugees Emergency Limited (ASPIRE), and Amnesty International-Australia led to the Australian government approving 16 families making up 68 people from Al Hol for humanitarian refugee status. They are now living in Melbourne and Perth.
Palestinian people
The Palestinian people, also referred to as Palestinians or Palestinian Arabs , are an Arabic-speaking people with origins in Palestine. Despite various wars and exoduses, roughly one third of the world's Palestinian population continues to reside in the area encompassing the West Bank, the Gaza...
ancestry, some of whom have been residing in Iraq
Iraq
Iraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
after they were forced to flee their homeland in 1948. Before 2003, there were approximately 34,000 Palestinians thought to be living in Iraq, mainly concentrated in Baghdad. However, since the 2003 Iraq war, the figure lies between 10,000 - 13,000, although a precise figures has been hard to determine.
The situation of Palestinians in Iraq deteriorated after the fall of Saddam Hussein and particularly following the bombing of al-Askari mosque in 2006. Since then, with the rise in insecurity throughout Iraq, they have been the target of persecution and violence, with militant groups (mostly Shia) targeting them for (what the militant groups claim to have been) preferential treatment they received under Ba'th Party rule. Currently, several hundred Palestinians from Iraq are living in border camps, after being refused entry to neighbouring Jordan
Jordan
Jordan , officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , Al-Mamlaka al-Urduniyya al-Hashemiyya) is a kingdom on the East Bank of the River Jordan. The country borders Saudi Arabia to the east and south-east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north and the West Bank and Israel to the west, sharing...
and Syria
Syria
Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest....
. Others have been resettled to third countries.
Some sources refer to them as Iraqi Palestinians or Palestinian Iraqis.
History
The birth of the Palestinian community in modern Iraq dates back to 1948, when the Iraqi army, which had been fighting in Palestine, returned to Baghdad with a group of Palestinians who had been forced to flee their homes in Haifa and Jaffa. Following the 1967 War with Israel, a second larger wave of Palestinians sought refuge in Iraq. The third and final wave occurred in 1991 after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, when those Palestinians living in Kuwait and other Gulf states fled or were expelled due to (what the Gulf States alleged to be) Yasser Arafat’s support for the invasion. In actual fact Yasser Arafat was never supportive of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. His opposition to the war against Iraq in 1991 was driven by his principle opposition to US attacks against Arab countries. Over the years, there were also many Palestinians who came to Iraq in search of work. Prior to 2003, there were approximately 25,000 registered Palestinian refugees living in Iraq.In December 2010, approximately 10,000 Palestinians remained in Iraq, the majority of whom were living in and around Baghdad.
Palestinians Under Saddam Hussein
The Palestinians During the UN Sanctions on Iraq
The Palestinians suffered very much as a result of the UN sanctions on Iraq (1990-2003). Saddam Hussein's Revolution Command Council decided that Palestinians must not be allowed to invest in companies and not be allowed to invest into any kind of entrepreneurial businesses. They had to obtain special permissions to marry Iraqis and Palestinians who had Iraqi mothers could not inherit their mothers. Palestinians were not allowed to live in areas close to international boundaries and were not allowed to work in security sensitive areas. The Palestinians were also trapped inside Iraq because of the UN sanctions did not allow air travel to and from Iraq and because Iraq's neighbours did not allow the Palestinians to enter their countries.Palestinians were also only allowed to join the regime backed Arab Baath Socialist Party and were not allowed to join the traditional Palestinian political organisations.
Persecution of Palestinians in postwar Iraq
After the fall of Saddam Hussein’s regime in April 2003, Palestinians in Iraq were subject to discrimination, sectarian violence and ruthless killing by the Iraqi government and various militia groups. Palestinian neighborhoods such as al-Doura, al-Hurriyya and al-Baladiyyat in Baghdad were also bombarded and attacked. A report by the UNHCR in 2007 provided details of the violence and persecution perpetrated against Palestinians in Iraq, which included abductions, attacks, torture by both unknown militia groups and the Iraqi Ministry of the Interior and the deaths of many Palestinian men, women and children.Iraqi Governmental Policies towards Palestinians
Under the newly-elected Iraqi government, Palestinians were stripped of their residency permits and made to register at the Ministry of the Interior each month. This has proven extremely dangerous, and the fear of being shot upon entering or leaving the ministry has deterred many Palestinians from obtaining their right to residency in Iraq. In addition, Human Rights Watch reported that Ministry of Interior officials have arbitrarily arrested, beaten, tortured, and in a few cases, forcibly disappeared Palestinian refugees.Bombing of Al Askari Mosque in 2006
After the bombing of the Shi’a mosque in the city of Samarra, circumstances of those Palestinians living in Iraq worsened considerably as they became scapegoats, synonymous with ‘terrorists’ and ‘insurgents’. Human Rights Watch reported that in mid-March, an unknown militia group calling itself the “Judgment Day Brigades” distributed leaflets in Palestinian neighborhoods, accusing the Palestinians of collaborating with the insurgents and stating the following: “We warn that we will eliminate you all if you do not leave this area for good within ten days.” Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani issued a fatwaFatwa
A fatwā in the Islamic faith is a juristic ruling concerning Islamic law issued by an Islamic scholar. In Sunni Islam any fatwā is non-binding, whereas in Shia Islam it could be considered by an individual as binding, depending on his or her relation to the scholar. The person who issues a fatwā...
in April 2006, forbidding any attacks on Palestinians. However, the mass of killings and death threats put the Palestinian community in a ‘state of shock’ and forced thousands to leave the country, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).
Palestinians Fleeing Iraq
After 2003, the majority of Palestinians were either killed or fled to the neighbouring countries of Syria and Jordan – neither of which is a signatory to the 1951 Geneva Convention, although each country adheres to the 1965 Casablanca Protocol without reservation. Despite the admirable generosity and hospitality of Syria and Jordan towards thousands of Iraqis, and their large and well-integrated populations of Palestinians, both countries have closed their borders to Palestinians coming from Iraq. As a result, many have been left stranded in squalid conditions within border camps such as Al-Waleed or Al-Karama, both of which are situated in ‘No Man’s Land’ near to the borders shared with Syria and Jordan. Others have had no choice but to return to cities of Baghdad and Mosul. In 2007, UNHCR published ‘Eligibility Guidelines for Assessing the International Protection Needs of Iraqi Asylum-Seekers’, which stated that many Arab refugees (including Palestinians) “…do not hold valid documentation, limiting their freedom of movement, access to services and putting them at risk of detention and possibly refoulement. As such, in adjudicating the refugee claims of individuals who were previously refugees in Iraq, it should be noted that the current situation in Iraq is such that “effective protection” in the country is generally unavailable.” These guidelines have been all but ignored by the majority of countries.Jordan
Al Ruweished Camp
Al Ruweished was located in Eastern Jordan, 60 kilometres from the border with Iraq. Over the years, those living in the camp have included Palestinians from Iraq, Iranian Kurds, Somalis and Sudanese. In December 2003, Angelina Jolie visited the camp by helicopter, and kept a journal of her experiences. She reported that most of the 500 residents of al-Ruweished were Palestinians, and over 100 of them were under the age of 18. Living conditions in the camp were extremely difficult, with soaring temperatures during the summer months, and storms during the harsh winters. The UNHCR and local NGOs provided food and assistance to camp residents. However, most children were unable to access education.Since 2003, more than a thousand people have been resettled to third countries, including 54 Palestinians who were granted asylum in Canada in November 2006, and 107 Palestinians who were accepted by Brazil in 2007. Later, in November that year, the remaining residents (all of whom were Palestinian) were resettled in the states of São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. There, they were promised rented accommodation, furniture and material aid for up to two years, as moral support from volunteers in the communities, who were to help them with local integration.
Syria
There has been a significant Palestinian presence in Syria since the first arrivals in 1948, as well as several hundred thousand Iraqis in recent years. According to a Fafo report in 2007, “Palestinian refugees have been better integrated into Syrian society than in Jordan” Unlike Jordan, Palestinians living in Syria have not been granted citizenship. Aside from Syrian nationality and the right to vote, Palestinians are entitled to “…the same civil rights and services as those enjoyed by local citizens, and are more socially integrated than Palestinian refugees in any other host country.” Similar to Jordan, Syria has not signed the 1951 Convention, but is party to the 1965 Casablanca Protocol for the protection of Palestinian refugees. The 1973 constitution does not allow for the deportation of refugees because of their 'political principles or defence of freedom', although the government does not have a procedure for granting asylum. The Syrian Ministry of Social Affairs also shares a Memorandum of Understanding with UNHCR, allowing for assistance and cooperation with local organizations in order to provide aid to refugees.After such a history of providing shelter and services for Palestinian and Iraqi refugees, it is therefore unclear as to why the Syrian government has refused entry to Palestinians coming from Iraq since 2006.
Al Tanf Camp
Al-Tanf Camp was a makeshift camp located on the Syrian side of the border with Iraq. It was first opened in 2006, when 389 Iraqi-Palestinians were refused entry by the Syrian authorities. UNHCR representatives envisioned that the camp would be open for a matter of weeks, but weeks turned into years, despite unbearable living standards. Numbers within the camp continued to increase, as those Palestinians from Iraq arriving in Syria using forged documents were discovered by the Syrian authorities. During the period from March 2006 until the day of its closure in 2010, it hosted over 1,300 Iraqi-Palestinians.Living conditions in Al-Tanf were extremely grim, with residents exposed to the harsh climate of the desert. Extreme temperatures, sandstorms, strong winds and devastating were endured by residents, as well as infestations of scorpions and vermin. Outbreaks of fire were also a common occurrence in Al Tanf and other camps, due to the highly flammable canvas tents. A pregnant woman was killed there in January 2009, when the tent she was staying in caught fire.
Some residents of the camp established an amateur television network called Al Tanf Media Group, in order to draw attention to their suffering, and to occupy younger residents of the camp and to provide them with opportunities to acquire skills. Using a computer and a small digital camera, they were able to produce short documentaries and organize screenings within the camp. These films were distributed over the internet, and to delegations from international organizations visiting the camps.
On February 1, 2010, UNHCR closed the camp and moved the last remaining 60 residents to Al Hol camp, where it was said they would live temporarily before being resettled to third countries.
Al Hol Camp
Al Hol remains open to this day, and is located in the north-eastern province of Hassakeh around 55 km from the city ofDeir Ezzor., close to the border with Iraq. The camp first opened in 1991, in order to cope with the influx of Iraqi refugees from the Gulf War
Gulf War
The Persian Gulf War , commonly referred to as simply the Gulf War, was a war waged by a U.N.-authorized coalition force from 34 nations led by the United States, against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait.The war is also known under other names, such as the First Gulf...
. It reopened in 2005 in response to the Palestinians fleeing Iraq. Currently, there are 45 families living in the camp without news of resettlement in the near future. As a result,UNRWA and UNHCR have begun to work with residents of the camp to provide them with more permanent arrangements. Children of the camp attend school with Syrian children in the nearby village of Al Hol, men grow crops to provide additional food, the UNHCR provides basic education, health and recreational facilities within the camp; and vocational training schemes for women have been established by the International Organization of Migration in partnership with the European Union.
Resettlement
Resettlement continues to evade thousands of Iraqi-Palestinians, living as IDPs in Iraq or refugees in squalid border camps. However, there has been progress - particularly for those living in the border camps in Iraq, Syria and Jordan. At the end of 2009, 61 residents of Al-Tanf camp were given permission to settle in Italy, and out of the 1,300 Iraqi-Palestinian residents who had been stranded in the camp, more than 1000 were relocated to third countries; including Belgium, Chile, Finland, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.In 2009, the United States also allowed more than a thousand Iraqi Palestinians from camps inside Iraq to be resettled within its borders. This was the largest ever Palestinian refugee resettlement in U.S. history. Critics of the State Department decision to resettle this group of Palestinians objected that they were sympathizers of Saddam Hussein.. In December 2009, the united efforts of the not for profit company, Australian Society for Palestinian Iraqi Refugees Emergency Limited (ASPIRE), and Amnesty International-Australia led to the Australian government approving 16 families making up 68 people from Al Hol for humanitarian refugee status. They are now living in Melbourne and Perth.
Advocacy
Amnesty International, Refugees International, UNHCR and UNRWA are among the few organisations drawing attention to the plight of Iraqi Palestinians.Durable Solutions and the Current Situation
In February 2010, the UNHCR pledged to "continue to advocate a dignified solution for all those Palestinian refugees stranded in camps". However, as of March 2011, a few thousand Iraqi-Palestinians were thought to be living illegally in Damascus without access to services. Moreover, several hundred Palestinians remained in Al Waleed and Al Hol camps, without immediate hope of resettlement in third countries.Video Links
- Palestinians in Iraqi No Man’s Land Part Two (Alive in Baghdad, July 2007) http://www.mefeedia.com/video/3142180
- Children under the Sky – Capoeira at Al Tanf (Bidna Capoeira, May 2009) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LDXkKQMhpE
- Witness: Leaving Al-Tanf (Al Jazeera English, March 18, 2010) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CP6lBwBhsGc
- News report ‘Palestinians ‘stranded’ in Iraq refugee camp (Al Jazeera English, June 20, 2009) , http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWc9X9njIVE
- Forgotten Camp: Al-Rawaished Camp (Journeyman Pictures, September 2003) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zitvugtteSA&feature=fvwrel
- Mustafa Khalili and Romola Garai, Romola Garai Visits Al Tanf (Guardian, March 20, 2009)http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2009/mar/19/syria-refugees-romola-garai
Notable people
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, artist - Amin Mohamed Al-Hassan, Iraqi Chief of Mission to the United States