Pakubuwono X (29 November 1866-20 February 1939) was the tenth Susuhunan

Susuhunan

Susuhunan or in short version Sunan, is a title used by the kings of Mataram and then by the hereditary rulers of Surakarta, Indonesia. The rulers of Surakarta traditionally adopt the reign name Pakubuwono...

 (ruler of Surakarta

Surakarta Sunanate

Surakarta Sunanate is a Javanese monarchy centered in the city of Surakarta, in the province of Central Java, Indonesia. The Surakarta Kraton were established in 1745 by Pakubuwono II. Both of Surakarta Sunanate and Yogyakarta Sultanate are the successors of Mataram Sultanate...

). His reign corresponded with the political changes happening in the Dutch East Indies

Dutch East Indies

The Dutch East Indies was a Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Netherlands government in 1800....

 at the time, in particular the growth of local indigenous political organizations such as Budi Utomo

Budi Utomo

Budi Utomo , founded on May 20, 1908, was the first native political society in the Dutch East Indies...

 and Sarekat Islam

Sarekat Islam

Sarekat Islam, formerly Sarekat Dagang Islam, was a Javanese batik traders's cooperative in Indonesia.Sarekat Dagang Islam was founded by Haji Samanhudi, a businessman in Surakarta, in 1905 or 1912. His business was trading in batik, the traditional cloth made in Java...

 of which he and the royal family were patrons. Pakubuwono X was known to have many concubines, but his main consort

Consort

Consort may refer to:Titles:* Queen consort, wife of a reigning king* Prince consort, husband of a reigning queen* King consort, rarely used alternative title for husband of a reigning queen...

 was GKR Hemas, the daughter of Sultan Hamengkubuwono VII of Yogyakarta. He was also known major contributor to improvements at the Royal Graveyard of Imogiri

Imogiri

Imogiri is a royal graveyard complex in Yogyakarta, in south-central Java, Indonesia, as well as a modern village located near the graveyard in Bantul regency. Imogiri is a traditional resting place for the royalty of central Java, including many rulers of the Sultanate of Mataram and of the...

, where he himself is buried. His correct title in Javanese

Javanese language

Javanese language is the language of the Javanese people from the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia. In addition, there are also some pockets of Javanese speakers in the northern coast of western Java...

 etiquette standards contains honorific appellations, some of which each successive ruler inherits. He reigned from 1893 to 1939 and is the longest ruling Susuhanan of Surakarta to date.

Name sequence

Names in Javanese royalty are adjusted with status changes.

• 1866-1884: Raden Mas Gusti Sayyid ud-din Malik ul-Kusna
• 1884-1890: Lieutenant-Colonel Raden Mas Gusti Sayyid ud-din Malik ul-Kusna
• 1890-1893: Colonel
  Colonel
  Colonel , abbreviated Col or COL, is a military rank of a senior commissioned officer. It or a corresponding rank exists in most armies and in many air forces; the naval equivalent rank is generally "Captain". It is also used in some police forces and other paramilitary rank structures...
  
   Raden Mas Gusti Sayyid ud-din Malik ul-Kusna
• 1893-1923: Major-General His Highness Sampeyan Dalam ingkang Sinuhun ingkang Minula saha ingkang Wijaksana Kanjeng Susuhanan Prabhu Sri Pakubuwono X Senapati ing Alaga Ngah 'Abdu'l-Rahman Saiyid ud-din Panatagama, Susuhanan of Surakarta
  Surakarta
  Surakarta, also called Solo or Sala, is a city in Central Java, Indonesia of more than 520,061 people with a population density of 11,811.5 people/km2. The 44 km2 city adjoins Karanganyar Regency and Boyolali Regency to the north, Karanganyar Regency and Sukoharjo Regency to the east and...
  
  
• 1923-1932: Lieutenant-General His Highness Sampeyan Dalam ingkang Sinuhun ingkang Minula saha ingkang Wijaksana Kanjeng Susuhanan Prabhu Sri Pakubuwono X Senapati ing Alaga Ngah 'Abdu'l-Rahman Saiyid ud-din Panatagama, Susuhanan of Surakarta
• 1932-1939: Lieutenant-General His Princely Highness Sampeyan Dalam ingkang Sinuhun ingkang Minula saha ingkang Wijaksana Kanjeng Susuhanan Prabhu Sri Pakubuwono X Senapati ing Alaga Ngah 'Abdu'l-Rahman Saiyid ud-din Panatagama, Susuhanan of Surakarta

Honours

• GC of the Orders of the Netherlands Lion (21.1.1932)
• GC Orange-Nassau (mil 10.5.1922),
• XV Long Service Medal of the Netherlands,
• GC of the Orders of the White Elephant (1929),
• GC Crown of Siam (6.7.1896) of Siam,
• GC Royal Order of Cambodia,
• GC Wendish Crown of Mecklenburg (1910),
• GC Nishan al-Iftikhar of Tunis,
• GC Christ of Portugal (5.1.1929),
• GC Dragon of Annam,
• GC Leopold (c 1935)
• GC Leopold II of Belgium (mil 1920),
• GC Merit of Austria (1926),
• GC North Star of Sweden (1932)
• GC Star of Anjuan of France (1936),
• GC Crown of Italy
• GC Brilliant Jade (second grade) of China
• GC Sharifian Order of Alaoui of Morocco (1936),
• GC 1st class of the Orders of Khim Khanh of Annam
• GC 2nd class with star of the Orders of St Michael of Bavaria, Red Eagle of Prussia, and Franz Josef of Austria,
• Cdr 1st class of the Orders of Henry the Lion of Brunswick (1910),
• Commander Dannebrog of Denmark
• Commander Black Star of Benin of France,
• GO of the Order of the Bust of Bolivar of Venezuela, and the
• Order of the Double Dragon 2nd class 2nd grade of China
• Mahaputera Star 2nd class of Indonesia (2009 - posthumously)