An out shuffle is a type of perfect shuffle

Shuffle

Shuffling is a procedure used to randomize a deck of playing cards to provide an element of chance in card games. Shuffling is often followed by a cut, to help ensure that the shuffler has not manipulated the outcome.-Shuffling techniques:...

 done in two steps:

1. Split the cards exactly in half (a bottom half and a top half) and then
2. Interweave each half of the deck such that every-other card came from the same half of the deck.

If this shuffle keeps the top card on top and the bottom card on bottom, then it is an out shuffle, otherwise it is known as an in shuffle

In shuffle

An in shuffle is a type of perfect shuffle done in two steps:#Split the cards exactly in half and then#Interweave each half of the deck such that every-other card came from the same half of the deck....

.

Example

For simplicity, we will use a deck of six cards.

The following shows the order of the deck after each out shuffle. Notice that a deck of this size returns to its original order after 4 out shuffles.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

! Step
! Top
Card
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! Bottom
Card
|-
| Start
|
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|-
| 1
|
|
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|-
| 2
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|
|
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|-
| 3
|
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|-
| 4
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|
|
|}

Mathematics

The number of out shuffles required to return a deck of cards of even size, N, to original order is given by the multiplicative order

Multiplicative order

In number theory, given an integer a and a positive integer n with gcd = 1, the multiplicative order of a modulo n is the smallest positive integer k withThe order of a modulo n is usually written ordn, or On.- Example :To determine the multiplicative order of 4 modulo 7, we compute 42 = 16 ≡ 2 ...

 of 2 modulo

Modular arithmetic

In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" after they reach a certain value—the modulus....

 (N − 1).

For example, for a deck size of N = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 ..., the number of out shuffles needed are: 1, 2, 4, 3, 6, 10, 12, 4, 8, 18, 6, ... .

For a standard deck of 52 playing card

Playing card

A playing card is a piece of specially prepared heavy paper, thin cardboard, plastic-coated paper, cotton-paper blend, or thin plastic, marked with distinguishing motifs and used as one of a set for playing card games...

s, the number of out shuffles required to return the deck to its original order is 8.