Ordine Nuovo
Encyclopedia
Ordine Nuovo full name Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo, "New Order Scholarship Center") was an Italian
far right
cultural and extra-parliamentary political and terrorist organization founded by Pino Rauti
in 1956. It had been the most important extra-parliamentary far-right organization of the post-war Italian republic.
The name is shared by Movimento Politico Ordine Nuovo, a splinter group of Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo.
The organization, considered as an attempt at reforming the Fascist Party
(banned by the Constitution), was forcibly dissolved by the Italian government in 1973.
("The New Order") had been the name of a radical left-wing paper edited by Antonio Gramsci
in the early 1920s, with Gramsci's followers being nicknamed "ordinovisti". However, later on the term - in Italian
and various other languages - was appropriated by Fascists
and Nazis
, its original left-wing predecessors forgotten.
The extreme right-wing organization here referred to, whose members were also nicknamed ordinovisti, though being the political opposite of the earlier ones, was born from an internal current and then a schism in the Movimento Sociale Italiano (MSI). In 1954 Arturo Michelini
, a moderate seeking an alliance with the Italian Monarchic Party, and possibly with the Christian Democracy
, became general secretary of the MSI. This led to the schism of the most intransigent and spiritualist, Evolian
current (Nazism
was also a reference), led by Pino Rauti
, Lello Graziani and Sergio Baldassini. They refused any compromise that brought the party apart from aristocratic principles. The intransigent and spiritualist Ordine Nuovo was then founded in Rome, but still a part of the MSI.
The real break with MSI happened at the MSI congress in Milan
in 1956. Pino Rauti declared that, being disappointed with the moderate drift of the MSI, his movement would abandon the political scene, creating the "Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo", an association dedicated to "political studies and analysis". This wanted to be a literal application of the theses of Julius Evola, that is, an aristocratic refusal of contemporary, materialist
society
. Ordine Nuovo, nonetheless, had a capillary and hierarchical organization on the Italian territory, and often behaved more like an extra-parliamentary political organization than a simple "scholarship center".
. The remaining hardliners founded Movimento Politico Ordine Nuovo ("New Order Political Movement").
The motto
of Ordine Nuovo was Il nostro onore si chiama fedeltà, or "Our honour is named loyalty", also the motto of the Waffen SS (Meine Ehre heißt Treue). The symbol of the organization was a double-head axe
.
in Milan, killing 16 and wounding 90. This bombing marked the beginning of the "strategy of tension
" in Italy. Ordine Nuovo member Delfo Zorzi
was among those convicted for the crime on June 20, 2001, together with Carlo Maria Maggi
and Giancarlo Rognoni, but all were later found not guilty in 2004.
In July 1970, members of Ordine Nuovo bombed the Rome-Messina train, killing 6 and wounding 100.
in Brescia
when an anti-fascist rally was attacked with hand grenades by Ordine Nuovo. On May 19, 2005, the Corte di Cassazione confirmed the arrest warrant against Delfo Zorzi
, a former Ordine Nuovo member, who was also suspected of being the material perpetrator of the 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing. Alongside Delfo Zorzi, his neo-fascist comrades Carlo Maria Maggi and Maurizio Tramonte, all members of Ordine Nuovo, are also suspected of having organized the Piazza della Loggia bombing in Brescia.
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
far right
Far right
Far-right, extreme right, hard right, radical right, and ultra-right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group or person occupies within right-wing politics. Far-right politics may involve anti-immigration and anti-integration stances towards groups that are...
cultural and extra-parliamentary political and terrorist organization founded by Pino Rauti
Pino Rauti
Giuseppe Umberto "Pino" Rauti is an Italian politician who has been a leading figure on the far right for many years...
in 1956. It had been the most important extra-parliamentary far-right organization of the post-war Italian republic.
The name is shared by Movimento Politico Ordine Nuovo, a splinter group of Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo.
The organization, considered as an attempt at reforming the Fascist Party
National Fascist Party
The National Fascist Party was an Italian political party, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of fascism...
(banned by the Constitution), was forcibly dissolved by the Italian government in 1973.
History
Previously, L'Ordine NuovoL'Ordine Nuovo
L'Ordine Nuovo was a weekly newspaper established in 1919 in Turin, Italy, by a group, including Antonio Gramsci, Angelo Tasca and Palmiro Togliatti, within the Italian Socialist Party. The group were admirers of the Russian Revolution and strongly supported the immediate creation of soviets in...
("The New Order") had been the name of a radical left-wing paper edited by Antonio Gramsci
Antonio Gramsci
Antonio Gramsci was an Italian writer, politician, political philosopher, and linguist. He was a founding member and onetime leader of the Communist Party of Italy and was imprisoned by Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime...
in the early 1920s, with Gramsci's followers being nicknamed "ordinovisti". However, later on the term - in Italian
Italian language
Italian is a Romance language spoken mainly in Europe: Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City, by minorities in Malta, Monaco, Croatia, Slovenia, France, Libya, Eritrea, and Somalia, and by immigrant communities in the Americas and Australia...
and various other languages - was appropriated by Fascists
Fascism
Fascism is a radical authoritarian nationalist political ideology. Fascists seek to rejuvenate their nation based on commitment to the national community as an organic entity, in which individuals are bound together in national identity by suprapersonal connections of ancestry, culture, and blood...
and Nazis
Nazism
Nazism, the common short form name of National Socialism was the ideology and practice of the Nazi Party and of Nazi Germany...
, its original left-wing predecessors forgotten.
The extreme right-wing organization here referred to, whose members were also nicknamed ordinovisti, though being the political opposite of the earlier ones, was born from an internal current and then a schism in the Movimento Sociale Italiano (MSI). In 1954 Arturo Michelini
Arturo Michelini
Arturo Michelini was an Italian politician and Secretary of the Italian Social Movement.Michelini was born in Florence. An accountant by profession, he was a lower to middle-ranking figure in the National Fascist Party, rising to become secretary of the party in Rome...
, a moderate seeking an alliance with the Italian Monarchic Party, and possibly with the Christian Democracy
Christian Democracy
Christian democracy is a political ideology that seeks to apply Christian principles to public policy. It emerged in nineteenth-century Europe under the influence of conservatism and Catholic social teaching...
, became general secretary of the MSI. This led to the schism of the most intransigent and spiritualist, Evolian
Julius Evola
Barone Giulio Cesare Andrea Evola also known as Julius Evola, was an Italian philosopher and esotericist...
current (Nazism
Nazism
Nazism, the common short form name of National Socialism was the ideology and practice of the Nazi Party and of Nazi Germany...
was also a reference), led by Pino Rauti
Pino Rauti
Giuseppe Umberto "Pino" Rauti is an Italian politician who has been a leading figure on the far right for many years...
, Lello Graziani and Sergio Baldassini. They refused any compromise that brought the party apart from aristocratic principles. The intransigent and spiritualist Ordine Nuovo was then founded in Rome, but still a part of the MSI.
The real break with MSI happened at the MSI congress in Milan
Milan
Milan is the second-largest city in Italy and the capital city of the region of Lombardy and of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1.3 million, while its urban area, roughly coinciding with its administrative province and the bordering Province of Monza and Brianza ,...
in 1956. Pino Rauti declared that, being disappointed with the moderate drift of the MSI, his movement would abandon the political scene, creating the "Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo", an association dedicated to "political studies and analysis". This wanted to be a literal application of the theses of Julius Evola, that is, an aristocratic refusal of contemporary, materialist
Materialism
In philosophy, the theory of materialism holds that the only thing that exists is matter; that all things are composed of material and all phenomena are the result of material interactions. In other words, matter is the only substance...
society
Society
A society, or a human society, is a group of people related to each other through persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or virtual territory, subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations...
. Ordine Nuovo, nonetheless, had a capillary and hierarchical organization on the Italian territory, and often behaved more like an extra-parliamentary political organization than a simple "scholarship center".
Splinter group
In the 1969, Rauti, along with most of Ordine Nuovo, came back in the MSI party, then led by Giorgio AlmiranteGiorgio Almirante
Giorgio Almirante was an Italian politician, the founder and leader of the Italian Social Movement until his retirement in 1987.-Early life:...
. The remaining hardliners founded Movimento Politico Ordine Nuovo ("New Order Political Movement").
The motto
Motto
A motto is a phrase meant to formally summarize the general motivation or intention of a social group or organization. A motto may be in any language, but Latin is the most used. The local language is usual in the mottoes of governments...
of Ordine Nuovo was Il nostro onore si chiama fedeltà, or "Our honour is named loyalty", also the motto of the Waffen SS (Meine Ehre heißt Treue). The symbol of the organization was a double-head axe
Axe
The axe, or ax, is an implement that has been used for millennia to shape, split and cut wood; to harvest timber; as a weapon; and as a ceremonial or heraldic symbol...
.
Implication in terrorist attacks
Several members of Movimento Politico Ordine Nuovo, including one of its leaders, Pierluigi Concutelli, participated in terrorist attacks.1969 Piazza Fontana bombing and 1970 Rome-Messina train attack
On 12 December 1969, people belonging to or sympathizing for Ordine Nuovo placed a bomb in Piazza FontanaPiazza Fontana bombing
The Piazza Fontana Bombing was a terrorist attack that occurred on December 12, 1969 at 16:37, when a bomb exploded at the headquarters of Banca Nazionale dell'Agricoltura in Piazza Fontana in Milan, Italy, killing 17 people and wounding 88...
in Milan, killing 16 and wounding 90. This bombing marked the beginning of the "strategy of tension
Strategy of tension
The strategy of tension is a theory that describes how to divide, manipulate, and control public opinion using fear, propaganda, disinformation, psychological warfare, agents provocateurs, and false flag terrorist actions....
" in Italy. Ordine Nuovo member Delfo Zorzi
Delfo Zorzi
Delfo Zorzi, presently known as , is an Italian-born Japanese citizen accused of terrorism in his country of origin.-Biography:Delfo Zorzi/Roi Hagen was born in Arzignano, near Vicenza, Italy, on July 3, 1947, joined neo-fascist organization Ordine Nuovo in 1966, and later became head of the...
was among those convicted for the crime on June 20, 2001, together with Carlo Maria Maggi
Carlo Maria Maggi
Carlo Maria Maggi was an Italian scholar, writer and poet. Despite being an Accademia della Crusca affiliate, he gained his fame as an author of "dialectal" works in Milanese language, for which he is considered the father of Milanese literature...
and Giancarlo Rognoni, but all were later found not guilty in 2004.
In July 1970, members of Ordine Nuovo bombed the Rome-Messina train, killing 6 and wounding 100.
1974 Piazza della Loggia bombing in Brescia
In May 1974 eight activists were killedPiazza della Loggia bombing
The Piazza della Loggia bombing was a bombing that took place on the morning of 28 May 1974, in Brescia, Italy during an anti-fascist protest which killed eight people and wounded over 90...
in Brescia
Brescia
Brescia is a city and comune in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy. It is situated at the foot of the Alps, between the Mella and the Naviglio, with a population of around 197,000. It is the second largest city in Lombardy, after the capital, Milan...
when an anti-fascist rally was attacked with hand grenades by Ordine Nuovo. On May 19, 2005, the Corte di Cassazione confirmed the arrest warrant against Delfo Zorzi
Delfo Zorzi
Delfo Zorzi, presently known as , is an Italian-born Japanese citizen accused of terrorism in his country of origin.-Biography:Delfo Zorzi/Roi Hagen was born in Arzignano, near Vicenza, Italy, on July 3, 1947, joined neo-fascist organization Ordine Nuovo in 1966, and later became head of the...
, a former Ordine Nuovo member, who was also suspected of being the material perpetrator of the 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing. Alongside Delfo Zorzi, his neo-fascist comrades Carlo Maria Maggi and Maurizio Tramonte, all members of Ordine Nuovo, are also suspected of having organized the Piazza della Loggia bombing in Brescia.
See also
- Carlo CicuttiniCarlo CicuttiniCarlo Cicuttini is a former member of the neo-fascist grouping Ordine Nuovo, who was convicted in absentia in 1987 for his part in a bombing attack in Peteano di Sagrado, 1972...
(member) - Delfo ZorziDelfo ZorziDelfo Zorzi, presently known as , is an Italian-born Japanese citizen accused of terrorism in his country of origin.-Biography:Delfo Zorzi/Roi Hagen was born in Arzignano, near Vicenza, Italy, on July 3, 1947, joined neo-fascist organization Ordine Nuovo in 1966, and later became head of the...
(member) - Franco FredaFranco FredaFranco "Giorgio" Freda is one of the leading intellectuals of the post-war Italian far right. He has been accused of having personally contributed to the Piazza Fontana bombing.-Biography:...
(sympathizer) - Konstantinos PlevrisKonstantinos PlevrisKonstantinos A. Plevris , in English sometimes Constantine Plevris or Kostas Plevris, is a Greek attorney of law of the Greek Supreme Court and far right author and intellectual...
(sympathizer) - Pino RautiPino RautiGiuseppe Umberto "Pino" Rauti is an Italian politician who has been a leading figure on the far right for many years...
(founder) - 1969 Piazza Fontana bombingPiazza Fontana bombingThe Piazza Fontana Bombing was a terrorist attack that occurred on December 12, 1969 at 16:37, when a bomb exploded at the headquarters of Banca Nazionale dell'Agricoltura in Piazza Fontana in Milan, Italy, killing 17 people and wounding 88...
- 1974 Piazza della Loggia bombingPiazza della Loggia bombingThe Piazza della Loggia bombing was a bombing that took place on the morning of 28 May 1974, in Brescia, Italy during an anti-fascist protest which killed eight people and wounded over 90...