Northumberland (UK Parliament constituency)

Northumberland, was a County constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England

Parliament of England

The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England. In 1066, William of Normandy introduced a feudal system, by which he sought the advice of a council of tenants-in-chief and ecclesiastics before making laws...

then of the Parliament of Great Britain

Parliament of Great Britain

The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Acts of Union by both the Parliament of England and Parliament of Scotland...

from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom

Parliament of the United Kingdom

The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom, British Crown dependencies and British overseas territories, located in London...

from 1801 to 1832. It was represented by two Members of Parliament

Member of Parliament

A Member of Parliament is a representative of the voters to a :parliament. In many countries with bicameral parliaments, the term applies specifically to members of the lower house, as upper houses often have a different title, such as senate, and thus also have different titles for its members,...

.

The constituency was split into two two-member divisions, for Parliamentary purposes, by the Reform Act of 1832. The county was then represented by the Northumberland North

North Northumberland (UK Parliament constituency)

North Northumberland was a County constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was represented by two Members of Parliament...

and Northumberland South

South Northumberland (UK Parliament constituency)

South Northumberland was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom...

constituencies.

1290-1640

Parliament	First member	Second member
1300	Sir Luke Tailboys
1311	Guischard de Charron
1311	Roger Mauduit
1314	Roger Mauduit
1331	Roger Mauduit
1334	Roger Mauduit
1371	William Heron
1372	Thomas Surteys	John de Mitford
1373	Sir Bertram (II) Montbourcher
1377	Sir Bertram (II) Montbourcher
1378	Sir John Fenwick
1379	Sir John Heron
1380	Walter de Swinhoe
1381	Adam de Athol (Sir Aymer de Strathbogie of Felton)
1382	Sir Robert Clifford
1386	Sir Bertram Montbourcher	Sir Robert Clavering
1388 (Feb)	Sir Thomas Umfraville	John Mitford
1388 (Sep)	John Mitford
1390 (Jan)	Sir Thomas Umfraville	John Mitford
1390 (Nov)	Sir John Felton	John Mitford
1391	Sir Gerard Heron	John Mitford
1393	Sir Gerard Heron	John Mitford
1394	Sir Gerard Heron	John Mitford
1395	Sir William Swinburne	Sampson Hardyng
1397 (Jan)	Sir Thomas Gray	John Mitford
1397 (Sep)	Sir Gerard Heron	Sir Robert Lisle
1399	Sir Thomas Gray	Sampson Hardyng
1401	Sir Gerard Heron	John Mitford
1402	Sir Gerard Heron	John Mitford
1404 (Jan)	Sir John Widdrington	Sampson Hardyng
1404 (Oct)	Sir William Carnaby	Sir Robert Lisle
1406	Sir John Clavering	Sir Robert Lisle
1407	Sir Edmund Hastings	Robert Harbottle
1410
1411
1413 (Feb)
1413 (May)	John Bertram	William Mitford
1414 (Apr)	Sir John Middleton	Sir Robert Lisle
1414 (Nov)	Sir John Widdrington	Sampson Hardyng
1415
1416 (Mar)	Sir Robert Ogle	William Mitford
1416 (Oct)
1417	Sir John Middleton	Sir Robert Lisle
1417	John Strother
1419	Sir Robert Ogle	William Mitford
1420	Sir Robert Ogle	Nicholas Turpin
1421 (May)	John Manners	Sampson Hardyng
1421 (Dec)	Sir Robert Ogle	William Mitford
1434	Thomas Lilborn	John Cartyngton
1451	Sir John Ogle	William Bertram
1510–1523	No Names Known
1529	Cuthbert Radcliffe	Robert Collingwood
1536
1539
1542
1545
1547	Sir Thomas Hilton	John Bednall
1553 (Mar)
1553 (Oct)	Sir Thomas Grey	Cuthbert Horsley
1554 (Apr)	John Swinburne	Robert Horsley
1554 (Nov)	Sir Thomas Grey	Cuthbert Horsley
1555	Sir Thomas Wharton Thomas Wharton, 2nd Baron Wharton Thomas Wharton, 2nd Baron Wharton was an English peer. He was knighted in 1543 by Seymour-Hertford and married to Anne Radcliffe, elder daughter of Robert first earl of Sussex, in 1547....	George Heron
1558	Sir Thomas Wharton Thomas Wharton, 2nd Baron Wharton Thomas Wharton, 2nd Baron Wharton was an English peer. He was knighted in 1543 by Seymour-Hertford and married to Anne Radcliffe, elder daughter of Robert first earl of Sussex, in 1547....	Sir Robert Ellerker
1558–1589	Sir Thomas Grey I	Cuthbert Horsley
1562–1565	John Vaughan	Robert Lawdon (died 1665)
1571	Sir Henry Percy	Sir William Hilton
1572 (Apr)	Sir Francis Russell	Thomas Layton
1584	Sir Francis Russell	Edward Talbot Edward Talbot, 8th Earl of Shrewsbury Edward Talbot, 8th Earl of Shrewsbury and 8th Earl of Waterford , was the younger brother and nearest male heir of Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury, whom he succeeded as Earl of Shrewsbury and Lord High Steward of Ireland in 1616.He was born in Sheffield, the son of George Talbot, 6th Earl of...
1586	Sir Thomas Grey II	Edward Talbot Edward Talbot, 8th Earl of Shrewsbury Edward Talbot, 8th Earl of Shrewsbury and 8th Earl of Waterford , was the younger brother and nearest male heir of Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury, whom he succeeded as Earl of Shrewsbury and Lord High Steward of Ireland in 1616.He was born in Sheffield, the son of George Talbot, 6th Earl of...
1588 (Oct)	William Carey	Robert Widdrington
1593	Sir William Reade alias Kynnerd	Robert Widdrington
1597	Sir Robert Carey Robert Carey, 1st Earl of Monmouth Robert Carey, 1st Earl of Monmouth was an English nobleman and courtier. He was the youngest son of Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon and Anne Morgan, daughter of Sir Thomas Morgan and Anne Whitney.As a young man he accompanied several diplomatic missions abroad and took part in military expeditions...	William Selby
1601 (Oct)	Sir Robert Carey Robert Carey, 1st Earl of Monmouth Robert Carey, 1st Earl of Monmouth was an English nobleman and courtier. He was the youngest son of Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon and Anne Morgan, daughter of Sir Thomas Morgan and Anne Whitney.As a young man he accompanied several diplomatic missions abroad and took part in military expeditions...	William Selby
1604–1611	Sir Ralph Grey	Sir Henry Widdrington Henry Widdrington Henry Widdrington was an English politician.He was a Member of Parliament for Morpeth from 1661 to his death in 1665....
1614	Sir Henry Widdrington Henry Widdrington Henry Widdrington was an English politician.He was a Member of Parliament for Morpeth from 1661 to his death in 1665....	Sir George Selby, declared inelig. and repl. by Sir William Selby
1621–1622	Sir William Grey	Sir Henry Widdrington Henry Widdrington Henry Widdrington was an English politician.He was a Member of Parliament for Morpeth from 1661 to his death in 1665....
1624	Sir John Fenwick Sir John Fenwick, 1st Baronet Sir John Fenwick, 1st Baronet was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1640 and 1648. He supported the Parliamentary side in the Civil War....	Sir Francis Brandling
1625	Sir John Fenwick Sir John Fenwick, 1st Baronet Sir John Fenwick, 1st Baronet was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1640 and 1648. He supported the Parliamentary side in the Civil War....	Sir Francis Brandling
1626	Sir John Fenwick Sir John Fenwick, 1st Baronet Sir John Fenwick, 1st Baronet was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1640 and 1648. He supported the Parliamentary side in the Civil War....	Sir John Delaval
1628	Sir John Fenwick Sir John Fenwick, 1st Baronet Sir John Fenwick, 1st Baronet was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1640 and 1648. He supported the Parliamentary side in the Civil War....	Sir William Carnaby William Carnaby William Carnaby was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1640. He fought on the Royalist side in the English Civil War....
1629–1640	No Parliaments convened

1640-1832

Year		First member	First party		Second member	Second party
April 1640 Short Parliament The Short Parliament was a Parliament of England that sat from 13 April to 5 May 1640 during the reign of King Charles I of England, so called because it lasted only three weeks....		Sir John Fenwick Sir John Fenwick, 1st Baronet Sir John Fenwick, 1st Baronet was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1640 and 1648. He supported the Parliamentary side in the Civil War....			Sir William Widdrington William Widdrington, 1st Baron Widdrington Sir William Widdrington , of Widdrington, Northumberland, was created 1st Baron Widdrington of Blankney in the Peerage of England on 2 November 1643.He was the son and heir of Sir Henry Widdrington of Widdrington Sir William Widdrington (1610 – 3 September 1651), of Widdrington,...	Royalist
November 1640 Long Parliament The Long Parliament was made on 3 November 1640, following the Bishops' Wars. It received its name from the fact that through an Act of Parliament, it could only be dissolved with the agreement of the members, and those members did not agree to its dissolution until after the English Civil War and...		Henry Percy	Royalist
1642		Sir John Fenwick Sir John Fenwick, 1st Baronet Sir John Fenwick, 1st Baronet was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1640 and 1648. He supported the Parliamentary side in the Civil War....	Parliamentarian
August 1642				Widdrington disabled from sitting - seat vacant
1645					William Fenwick Sir William Fenwick, 2nd Baronet Sir William Fenwick, 2nd Baronet , was an English baronet and MP.He was the eldest surviving son of Sir John Fenwick, 1st Baronet of Wallington Hall, Northumberland and was educated at Morpeth Grammar School and Christ's College, Cambridge, before entering Grays Inn...
December 1648	Both Fenwicks excluded in Pride's Purge Pride's Purge Pride’s Purge is an event in December 1648, during the Second English Civil War, when troops under the command of Colonel Thomas Pride forcibly removed from the Long Parliament all those who were not supporters of the Grandees in the New Model Army and the Independents... - seats vacant
1653 Barebones Parliament Barebone's Parliament, also known as the Little Parliament, the Nominated Assembly and the Parliament of Saints, came into being on 4 July 1653, and was the last attempt of the English Commonwealth to find a stable political form before the installation of Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector...	Not separately represented in the Barebones Parliament Barebones Parliament Barebone's Parliament, also known as the Little Parliament, the Nominated Assembly and the Parliament of Saints, came into being on 4 July 1653, and was the last attempt of the English Commonwealth to find a stable political form before the installation of Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector...
Northumberland's representation was increased to three members in the First First Protectorate Parliament The First Protectorate Parliament was summoned by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell under the terms of the Instrument of Government. It sat for one term from 3 September 1654 until 22 January 1655 with William Lenthall as the Speaker of the House.... and Second Second Protectorate Parliament The Second Protectorate Parliament in England sat for two sessions from 17 September 1656 until 4 February 1658, with Thomas Widdrington as the Speaker of the House of Commons... Parliaments of the Protectorate
1654 First Protectorate Parliament The First Protectorate Parliament was summoned by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell under the terms of the Instrument of Government. It sat for one term from 3 September 1654 until 22 January 1655 with William Lenthall as the Speaker of the House....	William Fenwick Sir William Fenwick, 2nd Baronet Sir William Fenwick, 2nd Baronet , was an English baronet and MP.He was the eldest surviving son of Sir John Fenwick, 1st Baronet of Wallington Hall, Northumberland and was educated at Morpeth Grammar School and Christ's College, Cambridge, before entering Grays Inn... , Robert Fenwick, Henry Ogle
1656 Second Protectorate Parliament The Second Protectorate Parliament in England sat for two sessions from 17 September 1656 until 4 February 1658, with Thomas Widdrington as the Speaker of the House of Commons...	William Fenwick Sir William Fenwick, 2nd Baronet Sir William Fenwick, 2nd Baronet , was an English baronet and MP.He was the eldest surviving son of Sir John Fenwick, 1st Baronet of Wallington Hall, Northumberland and was educated at Morpeth Grammar School and Christ's College, Cambridge, before entering Grays Inn... , Robert Fenwick, Sir Thomas Widdrington Thomas Widdrington Sir Thomas Widdrington SL was an English politician and judge of the 17th century.He and his brother Ralph were of a junior branch of an ancient Northumbrian family and were distantly related to William Widdrington, 1st Baron Widdrington...
Representation reverted to two members in the Third Protectorate Parliament Third Protectorate Parliament The Third Protectorate Parliament sat for one session, from 27 January 1659 until 22 April 1659, with Chaloner Chute and Thomas Bampfylde as the Speakers of the House of Commons...
January 1659 Third Protectorate Parliament The Third Protectorate Parliament sat for one session, from 27 January 1659 until 22 April 1659, with Chaloner Chute and Thomas Bampfylde as the Speakers of the House of Commons...		Sir William Fenwick Sir William Fenwick, 2nd Baronet Sir William Fenwick, 2nd Baronet , was an English baronet and MP.He was the eldest surviving son of Sir John Fenwick, 1st Baronet of Wallington Hall, Northumberland and was educated at Morpeth Grammar School and Christ's College, Cambridge, before entering Grays Inn...			(Sir) Ralph Delaval Sir Ralph Delaval, 1st Baronet Sir Ralph Delaval, 1st Baronet was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1659 and 1685....
May 1659 Rump Parliament The Rump Parliament is the name of the English Parliament after Colonel Pride purged the Long Parliament on 6 December 1648 of those members hostile to the Grandees' intention to try King Charles I for high treason....	Not represented in the restored Rump Rump Parliament The Rump Parliament is the name of the English Parliament after Colonel Pride purged the Long Parliament on 6 December 1648 of those members hostile to the Grandees' intention to try King Charles I for high treason....
April 1660		Sir William Fenwick Sir William Fenwick, 2nd Baronet Sir William Fenwick, 2nd Baronet , was an English baronet and MP.He was the eldest surviving son of Sir John Fenwick, 1st Baronet of Wallington Hall, Northumberland and was educated at Morpeth Grammar School and Christ's College, Cambridge, before entering Grays Inn...			(Sir) Ralph Delaval Sir Ralph Delaval, 1st Baronet Sir Ralph Delaval, 1st Baronet was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1659 and 1685....
1661					Viscount Mansfield Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, KG, PC , styled Viscount Mansfield until 1676, was the only son of the William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and his first wife, Elizabeth Basset. His maternal grandparents were William Basset and Judith Austen, daughter of Thomas...
1677		Sir John Fenwick			Sir Ralph Delaval Sir Ralph Delaval, 1st Baronet Sir Ralph Delaval, 1st Baronet was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1659 and 1685....
1685		Sir John Fenwick			William Ogle
1689		William Forster			Philip Bickerstaffe Philip Bickerstaffe Philip Bickerstaffe was an English merchant and the owner of Amble Works. He was M.P. for Berwick-upon-Tweed 1685; and for Northumberland 1689-1698...
1698		William Forster			Sir Edward Blackett Sir Edward Blackett, 2nd Baronet Sir Edward Blackett, 2nd Baronet was a baronet and a member of the British House of Commons representing Ripon and Northumberland.Blackett was the eldest surviving son of William Blackett and his wife Elizabeth Kirkley...
January 1701		Ferdinando Forster			Hon. William Howard William Howard (MP) The Honourable William Howard was an English Member of Parliament.Howard was a younger son of the 2nd Earl of Carlisle, and brother of the 3rd Earl of Carlisle . He entered Parliament in 1695 as member for Carlisle...
December 1701		Sir Francis Blake			William Loraine
1702		Sir Francis Blake			Bertram Stote
1705		Thomas Forster			Sir John Delaval Sir John Delaval, 3rd Baronet Sir John Delaval, 3rd Baronet was an English politician.He was the fifth son of Sir Ralph Delaval, 1st Baronet and his wife Anne Leslie, daughter of the 1st Earl of Leven. Delaval succeeded his older brother Ralph as baronet in 1696.Delaval sat as Member of Parliament for Morpeth from 1701 until...
1708		Thomas Forster, junior Thomas Forster Thomas Forster was a Northumbrian politician and landowner, who served as general of the Jacobite army in the 1715 Uprising.-Life:...	Tory		Earl of Hertford Algernon Seymour, 7th Duke of Somerset General Algernon Seymour, 7th Duke of Somerset was the son of Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset and his wife, Elizabeth...
1716		Francis Blake Delaval Francis Blake Delaval (1692–1752) Captain Francis Blake Delaval was a Royal Navy officer and Member of Parliament.He was the son of Edward Delaval and his wife Mary, daughter of Sir Francis Blake of Cogges...
1722		Sir William Middleton, Bt
1723					William Wrightson
1724					Ralph Jenison
1741					John Fenwick
1748					Lord Ossulston Charles Bennet, 3rd Earl of Tankerville Charles Bennet, 3rd Earl of Tankerville , styled Lord Ossulston between 1722 and 1753, was a British peer and politician.-Political career:...
1749					Lancelot Allgood
1754					Sir Henry Grey
1757		George Shafto Delaval			Sir Henry Grey
1768		George Shafto Delaval			Sir Edward Blackett Sir Edward Blackett, 4th Baronet Sir Edward Blackett, 4th Baronet was a baronet and member of the British House of Commons for Northumberland....
1774		Lord Algernon Percy Algernon Percy, 1st Earl of Beverley Algernon Percy, 1st Earl of Beverley, FSA was a British peer, known as Lord Algernon Percy from 1766–86....			Sir William Middleton, Bt
1786		Hon. Charles Grey Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, KG, PC , known as Viscount Howick between 1806 and 1807, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 22 November 1830 to 16 July 1834. A member of the Whig Party, he backed significant reform of the British government and was among the...			Sir William Middleton, Bt
1795					Thomas Richard Beaumont Thomas Richard Beaumont Colonel Thomas Richard Beaumont was a British Tory politician and soldier.He was the son of Thomas Beaumont and his wife Anne Ayscough, daughter of Edward Ayscough. Beaumont raised the 21st Light Dragoons in 1794 and afterwards served as the regiment's colonel until 1802...	Tory Tory Toryism is a traditionalist and conservative political philosophy which grew out of the Cavalier faction in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. It is a prominent ideology in the politics of the United Kingdom, but also features in parts of The Commonwealth, particularly in Canada...
1807		Earl Percy Hugh Percy, 3rd Duke of Northumberland Hugh Percy, 3rd Duke of Northumberland KG, PC , styled Earl Percy until 1817, was a British aristocrat and Tory politician who served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland under the Duke of Wellington from 1829 to 1830....
1812		Sir Charles Monck Sir Charles Monck, 6th Baronet Sir Charles Miles Lambert Monck, 6th Baronet succeeded to the Baronetcy of Belsay Castle on the death of his father in 1795...
1818					Thomas Wentworth Beaumont Thomas Wentworth Beaumont Thomas Wentworth Beaumont was a British politician and soldier. In 1831, at the time he inherited his mother's estate, he was the richest commoner in England.-Background:...	Tory Tory Toryism is a traditionalist and conservative political philosophy which grew out of the Cavalier faction in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. It is a prominent ideology in the politics of the United Kingdom, but also features in parts of The Commonwealth, particularly in Canada...
1820		Charles John Brandling
February 1826		Matthew Bell Matthew Bell (MP) Matthew Bell was a Member of Parliament for Northumberland, 1826–1831, and South Northumberland, 1832–1852.-References:...	Tory
July 1826					Hon. Henry Liddell Henry Liddell, 1st Earl of Ravensworth Henry Thomas Liddell, 1st Earl of Ravensworth was a British peer and Member of Parliament for several constituencies....	Tory
1830					Thomas Wentworth Beaumont Thomas Wentworth Beaumont Thomas Wentworth Beaumont was a British politician and soldier. In 1831, at the time he inherited his mother's estate, he was the richest commoner in England.-Background:...	Whig British Whig Party The Whigs were a party in the Parliament of England, Parliament of Great Britain, and Parliament of the United Kingdom, who contested power with the rival Tories from the 1680s to the 1850s. The Whigs' origin lay in constitutional monarchism and opposition to absolute rule...
1831		Viscount Howick Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey Henry George Grey, 3rd Earl Grey , known as Viscount Howick from 1807 until 1845, was an English statesman.-Background:Grey was the eldest son of Prime Minister Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, by his wife the Hon...	Whig British Whig Party The Whigs were a party in the Parliament of England, Parliament of Great Britain, and Parliament of the United Kingdom, who contested power with the rival Tories from the 1680s to the 1850s. The Whigs' origin lay in constitutional monarchism and opposition to absolute rule...
1832 United Kingdom general election, 1832 -Seats summary:-Parties and leaders at the general election:The Earl Grey had been Prime Minister since 22 November 1830. His was the first predominantly Whig administration since the Ministry of all the Talents in 1806-1807....	Constituency abolished - see Northern Northumberland North Northumberland (UK Parliament constituency) North Northumberland was a County constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was represented by two Members of Parliament... , Southern Northumberland South Northumberland (UK Parliament constituency) South Northumberland was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom...

Notes

Elections

The county franchise, from 1430, was held by the adult male owners of freehold land valued at 40 shillings or more. Each elector had as many votes as there were seats to be filled. Votes had to be cast by a spoken declaration, in public, at the hustings, which took place in the town of Alnwick

Alnwick

Alnwick is a small market town in north Northumberland, England. The town's population was just over 8000 at the time of the 2001 census and Alnwick's district population was 31,029....

. The expense and difficulty of voting at only one location in the county, together with the lack of a secret ballot contributed to the corruption and intimidation of electors, which was widespread in the unreformed British political system.

The expense, to candidates, of contested elections encouraged the leading families of the county to agree on the candidates to be returned unopposed whenever possible. Contested county elections were therefore unusual. The Tory Percys, led by the Duke of Northumberland

Duke of Northumberland

The Duke of Northumberland is a title in the peerage of Great Britain that has been created several times. Since the third creation in 1766, the title has belonged to the House of Percy , which held the title of Earl of Northumberland from 1377....

, shared the county representation with the Whig Grey

Earl Grey

Earl Grey is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1806 for General Charles Grey, 1st Baron Grey. He had already been created Baron Grey, of Howick in the County of Northumberland, in 1801, and was made Viscount Howick, in the County of Northumberland, at the same time as...

Family.

Sources

Robert Beatson, A Chronological Register of Both Houses of Parliament (London: Longman, Hurst, Res & Orme, 1807) http://books.google.com/books?vid=024wW9LmFc5kXY0FI2&id=Gh2wKY2rkDUC&printsec=toc&dq=Return+of+Members+of+Parliament&as_brr=1&sig=SK5GVtGLfWQ9ovZDbyZObAyIO5I#PPP9,M1
D Brunton & D H Pennington, Members of the Long Parliament (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954)
Cobbett's Parliamentary history of England, from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the year 1803 (London: Thomas Hansard, 1808) http://www2.odl.ox.ac.uk/gsdl/cgi-bin/library?e=p-000-00---0modhis06--00-0-0-0prompt-10---4------0-1l--1-en-50---20-about---00001-001-1-1isoZz-8859Zz-1-0&a=d&cl=CL1

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.

1290-1640

1640-1832

Elections

See also

Sources