Muslim Students' Association - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

The Muslim Students Association, or Muslim Student Union, of the U.S. and Canada, also known as MSA National, is a religious organization dedicated to establishing and maintaining Islam

Islam

Islam . The most common are and . : Arabic pronunciation varies regionally. The first vowel ranges from ~~. The second vowel ranges from ~~~...

ic societies on college

College

A college is an educational institution or a constituent part of an educational institution. Usage varies in English-speaking nations...

campus

Campus

A campus is traditionally the land on which a college or university and related institutional buildings are situated. Usually a campus includes libraries, lecture halls, residence halls and park-like settings...

es in Canada and the United States. It serves to provide coordination and support for affiliated MSA chapters in colleges across North America. Established in 1963, the organization now has chapters in colleges across the continent, and is the precursor of the Islamic Society of North America

Islamic Society of North America

The Islamic Society of North America , based in Plainfield, Indiana, USA, is a Muslim umbrella group. It has been described in the media as the largest Muslim organization in North America.-History:...

and several other Islamic organizations.

Organization

The Muslim Students Association of the U.S. and Canada is also known as MSA National. It is an umbrella organization

Umbrella organization

An umbrella organization is an association of institutions, who work together formally to coordinate activities or pool resources. In business, political, or other environments, one group, the umbrella organization, provides resources and often an identity to the smaller organizations...

for all of affiliated chapters at various campuses across the continent. Local chapters are only loosely connected with the parent institution, and often take different names, such as "Islamic Students Association", or "Muslim Discussion Group". Not all campus Muslim groups are necessarily affiliated with MSA National.

There is no fixed hierarchy between MSA National and local chapters; as such, the policies and views of the national organization are not necessarily shared by local chapters. The United States and Canada is divided into five zones, three in the US and two in Canada. Each zone has a zonal representative, chosen by the members of the affiliated chapters within that zone. Chapters make up regional councils.

History

The first MSA National chapter was formed in 1963 at the campus of University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

The University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign is a large public research-intensive university in the state of Illinois, United States. It is the flagship campus of the University of Illinois system...

(UIUC) by international students. The initial leadership came from Arabic-speaking members, with the Egyptian-based Muslim Brotherhood

Muslim Brotherhood

The Society of the Muslim Brothers is the world's oldest and one of the largest Islamist parties, and is the largest political opposition organization in many Arab states. It was founded in 1928 in Egypt by the Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna and by the late 1940s had an...

helping to establish the group. A Saudi Arabian charity, the Muslim World League, provided early funding for the group. Early goals for the movement included the promotion of "a self-definition [that] involves initially and fundamentally [an] Islamic identity" of its members, as well as an appropriate Islamic lifestyle while they were in the US.

With time, MSA groups became more interested in seeking how to integrate and institutionalize Islam and Islamic culture into American life. Current issues such as the position of women in Islam and problems in the Islamic countries began to be debated. The groups proved important as mobilizers in developing increasing Muslim political activity in the United States. Student leaders, as these graduated, went on to form the Islamic Society of North America

Islamic Society of North America

. From the 1960s onwards, the MSA engaged in educational activities, including the translation and publishing of works by major Islamic scholars. In 1966 MSA founded the Islamic Book Service, to distribute magazines and books. In addition, books about Islam were distributed on campuses to both Muslims and non-Muslims. In the 1970s, a fiqh

Fiqh

Fiqh is Islamic jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the code of conduct expounded in the Quran, often supplemented by tradition and implemented by the rulings and interpretations of Islamic jurists....

, or legal council was established by MSA; initially the fiqh rendered opinions on minor issues such as the start of Ramadan. By 1988, however, it was making decrees on a broad range of religious and social issues.

Activities

Today, the organization is present in various forms on several campuses across the United States and Canada. In contrast to early membership, members are now frequently American-born Muslims. The groups are funded by campus students as well as the university to which it belongs. Activities include prayer times, lectures, discussion, and social events, and seek to unify Muslim students from different cultural backgrounds. MSAs host "Islamic Awareness Week" activities to educate students about Islam. At a campus level, groups lobby universities for recognition of Islamic holidays and prayer times, the availability and size of prayer rooms and for the provision of religiously permitted food on campus. MSAs engaged in various charitable activities. They raise funds through events known as "Fast-A-Thon

Fast-a-Thon

Fast-A-Thon is an event held in the month of Ramadan on university campuses all across North America to create awareness about the issue of hunger, and also about the Islamic way of life and Muslims...

s", which originated at the University of Tennessee

University of Tennessee

The University of Tennessee is a public land-grant university headquartered at Knoxville, Tennessee, United States...

. The MSA launched a "Peace...not Prejudice" campaign to dispel stereotypes and paint Islam in a positive light.

The Muslim Interscholastic Tournament

Muslim Interscholastic Tournament

The Muslim Inter-Scholastic Tournament consists of annual Regional Tournaments for high school students in the United States and Canada that take place in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, DC, Philadelphia, New York City, Houston, Southern California, and Toronto...

(MIST) was founded in 2001 by a freshman at the University of Houston

University of Houston

The University of Houston is a state research university, and is the flagship institution of the University of Houston System. Founded in 1927, it is Texas's third-largest university with nearly 40,000 students. Its campus spans 667 acres in southeast Houston, and was known as University of...

. It consists of annual Regional Tournaments for high school

High school

High school is a term used in parts of the English speaking world to describe institutions which provide all or part of secondary education. The term is often incorporated into the name of such institutions....

students in the United States and Canada that take place in Atlanta, Boston

Boston

Boston is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper had...

, Detroit, Chicago

Chicago

Chicago is the largest city in the US state of Illinois. With nearly 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous in the US, after New York City and Los Angeles...

, DC, Philadelphia, New York City, Houston, Southern California

Southern California

Southern California is a megaregion, or megapolitan area, in the southern area of the U.S. state of California. Large urban areas include Greater Los Angeles and Greater San Diego. The urban area stretches along the coast from Ventura through the Southland and Inland Empire to San Diego...

, and Toronto. The winners from each Regional Tournament qualify to complete at the annual National Tournament. The tournament

Tournament

A tournament is a competition involving a relatively large number of competitors, all participating in a sport or game. More specifically, the term may be used in either of two overlapping senses:...

features 31 different competitions and lasts two-three days, ending with the Awards Ceremony on the final night.

Controversy

Journalist Deborah Scroggins

Deborah Scroggins

Deborah Scroggins is an American journalist and author. A graduate of Tulane University and Columbia University, she was a reporter and editor for the Atlanta Journal-Constitution from 1987 to 1998...

, in exploring how suspected al-Qaeda

Al-Qaeda

Al-Qaeda is a global broad-based militant Islamist terrorist organization founded by Osama bin Laden sometime between August 1988 and late 1989. It operates as a network comprising both a multinational, stateless army and a radical Sunni Muslim movement calling for global Jihad...

member Aafia Siddiqui

Aafia Siddiqui

Aafia Siddiqui is an American-educated Pakistani cognitive neuroscientist who was convicted of assault with intent to murder her U.S. interrogators in Afghanistan. The charges carried a maximum sentence of life in prison; in September 2010, she was sentenced by a United States district court to 86...

became an Islamist extremist, wrote for Vogue
Vogue (magazine)
Vogue is a fashion and lifestyle magazine that is published monthly in 18 national and one regional edition by Condé Nast.-History:In 1892 Arthur Turnure founded Vogue as a weekly publication in the United States. When he died in 1909, Condé Montrose Nast picked up the magazine and slowly began...

that if Siddiqui "was drawn into terrorism, it may have been through the contacts and friendships she made in the early 1990s working for MIT's Muslim Students Association. Members of the Muslim Brotherhood

Muslim Brotherhood

, the world's oldest and biggest Islamist movement, established the first MSAs in the country... and the movement's ideology continued to influence the MSA long after that. At MIT, several of the MSA's most active members followed the teachings of Abdullah Azzam, a Muslim Brother who was Osama bin Laden

Osama bin Laden

Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden was the founder of the militant Islamist organization Al-Qaeda, the jihadist organization responsible for the September 11 attacks on the United States and numerous other mass-casualty attacks against civilian and military targets...

's mentor. According to Scroggins article, "[Azzam] had established the Al Kifah Refugee Center

Al Kifah Refugee Center

The Al Kifah Refugee Center is a charity that was active in the United Statesand was based in the Faruq Mosque in Brooklyn.-Overview:Al Kifah Refugee Center had clandestine links to forces fighting in Afghanistan dating to the late 1980s, when the fighters enjoyed American support in their struggle...

to function as its worldwide recruiting post, propaganda office, and fund-raising center for the mujahideen
Mujahideen
Mujahideen are Muslims who struggle in the path of God. The word is from the same Arabic triliteral as jihad .Mujahideen is also transliterated from Arabic as mujahedin, mujahedeen, mudžahedin, mudžahidin, mujahidīn, mujaheddīn and more.-Origin of the concept:The beginnings of Jihad are traced...

fighting in Afghanistan... It would become the nucleus of the al-Qaeda organization."

Anwar al-Awlaki

Anwar al-Awlaki

Anwar al-Awlaki was an American and Yemeni imam who was an engineer and educator by training. According to U.S. government officials, he was a senior talent recruiter and motivator who was involved with planning operations for the Islamist militant group al-Qaeda...

, accused of being an al-Qaeda member and who declared jihad against America in 2010, was president of the association at Colorado State University

Colorado State University

Colorado State University is a public research university located in Fort Collins, Colorado. The university is the state's land grant university, and the flagship university of the Colorado State University System.The enrollment is approximately 29,932 students, including resident and...

, where he graduated in 1994.

Ali Asad Chandia

Ali Asad Chandia

Ali Asad Chandia was a third-grade teacher at the Al-Huda School, of Dar-us-Salaam mosque, in College Park, Maryland in the USA....

, who was president of the Muslim Student Association at Montgomery College

Montgomery College

Montgomery College is a public, open access community college located in Montgomery County, Maryland, just outside Washington, D.C. in the United States. The college has three campuses, the largest of which is in Rockville; the other campuses are in Takoma Park/Silver Spring and Germantown...

from 1998 to 1999, was convicted of providing material support to Lashkar-e-Taiba

Lashkar-e-Taiba

Lashkar-e-Taiba – also transliterated as Lashkar-i-Tayyaba, Lashkar-e-Tayyaba, Lashkar-e-Tayyiba, Lashkar-i-Taiba, Lashkar Taiba or LeT – is one of the largest and most active militant Islamist terrorist organizations in South Asia, operating mainly from Pakistan.It was founded by Hafiz Muhammad...

, a Pakistan

Pakistan

Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...

i terrorist organization, and assisting the Virginia Jihad Network

Virginia Jihad Network

The Virginia jihad network was a network of jihadists centered in Northern Virginia.Ali al-Timimi was convicted in 2005 of exhorting his followers to join the Taliban and fight US troops. The young men played paintball in 2000 and 2001 as a means of training for holy war around the globe...

, and sentenced to 15 years in prison.

The University of California Irvine Muslim Student Union is an affiliated chapter of MSA National, which was suspended for the 2010–11 school year for protesting against Israeli Ambassador Michael Oren

Michael Oren

Michael B. Oren is an American-born Israeli historian and author and the Israeli ambassador to the United States...

at a university sponsored event.

External links

United States Campus Chapters

Sorted by ZIP code

ZIP Code

ZIP codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, is properly written in capital letters and was chosen to suggest that the mail travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly, when senders use the...

Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00918, USA
University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA
Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
Drew University, Madison, NJ 07940, USA
Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
Baruch College, New York, NY 10010, USA
Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, USA
Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA
State University of New York at New Paltz, New Paltz, NY 12561, USA
Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13676, USA
Buffalo State College, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA
State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
Monroe Community College, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA 19010, USA
Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22033, USA
Thomas Edison High School, Alexandria, VA 22310, USA
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
the College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA
Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
Guilford College, Greensboro, NC 27410, USA
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201, USA
Georgia Perimeter College, Alpharetta, GA 30022, USA
Northview High School, Johns Creek, GA 30097, USA
Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
University of Alabama at Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37129, USA
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, TN 38501, USA
University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
Berea College, Berea, KY 40404, USA
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
Kent State University, Kent, OH 44420, USA
College of Wooster, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46222, USA
Indiana University Northwest, Gary, Indiana 46408, USA
Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
University of Evansville, Evansville, IN 47722, USA
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
University of Michigan at Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA
Henry Ford Community College, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA
Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
Saginaw Valley State University, University Center, MI 48710, USA
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614, USA
University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
University of Wisconsin at La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
University of Wisconsin at Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI 54702, USA
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
College of DuPage, Glen Ellyn, IL 60137, USA
East West University, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL 60625, USA
Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60626, USA
University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Bradley University, Peoria, IL 61625, USA
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
University of Missouri at St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
Truman State University, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA
University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
Washburn University, Topeka, KS 66621, USA
Emporia State University, Emporia, KS 66801, USA
Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
University of Nebraska at Lincoln Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272, USA
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA
University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
Weber State University, Ogden, UT 84408, USA
Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
University of Southern California, Los Angeles , CA 90089, USA
University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
Diamond Bar High School, Diamond Bar, CA 91765, USA
California State Polytechnic University (Cal Poly), Pomona, CA 91768, USA
University of California, San Diego San Diego, CA 92092, USA
University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
(UCI) Muslim Students Union Irvine, California 92697
California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
Golden Gate University, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA
San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
San Jose State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
San Joaquin Delta College, Stockton, CA 95207, USA
University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
University of Alaska at Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA

Canada Campus Chapters

Sorted by Canadian Postal Code

Canadian postal code

A Canadian postal code is a six-character string that forms part of a postal address in Canada. Like British and Dutch postcodes, Canada's postal codes are alphanumeric. They are in the format A0A 0A0, where A is a letter and 0 is a digit, with a space separating the third and fourth characters...

University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
Dalhousie Student Union, Halifax, NS, B3H 4J2, Canada
University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
Laval University, Québec, QC, G1K 7P4, Canada
McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1X9, Canada
Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1M8, Canada
University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1N8, Canada
Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
University of Toronto at St. George, Toronto, ON, M5T 2Z9, Canada
University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
Wilfrid Laurier University, Kitchener, ON, N2L 3C9, Canada
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada

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