Mounted Warfare TestBed
Encyclopedia
Mounted Warfare TestBed at Fort Knox
, Kentucky, was the premier site for distributed simulation experiments in the US Army for over 20 years. It used simulation systems, including fully manned virtual simulators and computer-generated forces, to perform experiments that examined current and future weapon systems, concepts, and tactics.
"In name only, Cyberspace had its origins in science fiction: its historical beginnings and technological innovations are clearly military (from NASA's primitive flight simulators of the 1940s to the ultra-modern SIMNET-D facilities in Fort Knox, Kentucky)..." - James der Derian, Antidiplomacy
program, which was the first successful program to use low-cost computers to construct virtual simulators whose resources were distributed rather than centralized. These M1 Abrams
and M2 Bradley
simulators, along with the Semi-Automated Forces simulation and the Management Command and Control (MCC) system, allowed the creation of a realistic battlefield where participants could actively fight an enemy using current systems in real time.
The first MWTB site manager, Dick Garvey, established a strong focus on measurement of battlefield effects from Human-in-the-Loop
(HITL) simulation. This was in marked contrast with the then-prevalent approach of using highly scripted, closed-form simulations, where the outcome was defined by the scenario designer. HITL provided an opportunity to evaluate new systems and concepts whose application was not yet fully understood.
With an enthusiastic embrace of technical innovation and a lean management style, the site carried Garvey's initial philosophy to establish many of the concepts and techniques for experimentation using distributed simulation.
program. It fostered numerous innovations, like the development of automated mechanisms for evaluating the performance of the command staff , examination of how situational awareness uncertainty affects decision making, information request, and staff dynamics , development of training programs for digital forces along with redesigned command staff processes for optimally efficient use of digital C2 systems , and aggressive employments of image generation and HLA networking .
Program. The application of widely distributed simulation to classified experimentation was highly developed during these exercises.
technologies work in a dense, urban environment.
composed of a Combined Arms Bn (CAB), one Stryker Infantry Battalion, Force Design Update (FDU) Reconnaissance Squadron, supported by appropriate joint and army enablers against a predominately dismounted enemy that was embedded in a semi-urban environment.. It was one of the first large distributed exercises using OneSAF with classified performance data.
, M2 Bradley
, Stryker
, HMMWV, along with various variants from the Future Combat Systems
program. It incorporated an innovative mobility model for the OneSAF TestBed (OTB) simulation that used SIMNET
and CCTT soil codes in the digital terrain database to provide fine-grained soils with appropriate mobility response for computer-generated entities .
using a Kalman filter. The tactical network it supported used experimental DIS PDUs for the blue and red Common Operating Picture (COP). It also supported an early version of the NetFires system for semi-automated fire support. Multiple SA Servers could be configured in a multi-cell arrangement to use communications effects as defined by a comms model like ALCES or QualNet
.
is a single-soldier manned simulator that incorporates a large sphere that allows a human to walk around the simulated battlefield (like a hamster in a ball). It is based on the ACRT technology, and was used at the MWTB for experiments that examine future weapon systems and tactics and for evaluating soldier behavior.
The simulator is frequently seen at trade shows and science festivals, like the USA Science Festival, the San Diego Science Festival and the Jackson IT Day. It is typically one of the most popular exhibits.
Fort Knox
Fort Knox is a United States Army post in Kentucky south of Louisville and north of Elizabethtown. The base covers parts of Bullitt, Hardin, and Meade counties. It currently holds the Army Human Resources Center of Excellence to include the Army Human Resources Command, United States Army Cadet...
, Kentucky, was the premier site for distributed simulation experiments in the US Army for over 20 years. It used simulation systems, including fully manned virtual simulators and computer-generated forces, to perform experiments that examined current and future weapon systems, concepts, and tactics.
"In name only, Cyberspace had its origins in science fiction: its historical beginnings and technological innovations are clearly military (from NASA's primitive flight simulators of the 1940s to the ultra-modern SIMNET-D facilities in Fort Knox, Kentucky)..." - James der Derian, Antidiplomacy
History
The MWTB started as the initial site of the SIMNET-D program in 1986. SIMNET-D was a spinoff of the SIMNETSIMNET
SIMNET was a wide area network with vehicle simulators and displays for real-time distributed combat simulation: tanks, helicopters and airplanes in a virtual battlefield. SIMNET was developed for and used by the United States military...
program, which was the first successful program to use low-cost computers to construct virtual simulators whose resources were distributed rather than centralized. These M1 Abrams
M1 Abrams
The M1 Abrams is a third-generation main battle tank produced in the United States. It is named after General Creighton Abrams, former Army Chief of Staff and Commander of US military forces in Vietnam from 1968 to 1972. The M1 is a well armed, heavily armored, and highly mobile tank designed for...
and M2 Bradley
M2 Bradley
The Bradley Fighting Vehicle is an American fighting vehicle platform manufactured by BAE Systems Land and Armaments, formerly United Defense.As with other infantry fighting vehicles, the Bradley is designed to transport infantry with armor protection while providing covering fire to suppress enemy...
simulators, along with the Semi-Automated Forces simulation and the Management Command and Control (MCC) system, allowed the creation of a realistic battlefield where participants could actively fight an enemy using current systems in real time.
The first MWTB site manager, Dick Garvey, established a strong focus on measurement of battlefield effects from Human-in-the-Loop
Human-in-the-Loop
Human-in-the-Loop is defined as a model that requires human interaction. HITL is associated with Virtual Modeling & Simulation in the Live, Virtual, and Constructive taxonomy. HITL models may conform to Human factors requirements as is the case of a Mockup...
(HITL) simulation. This was in marked contrast with the then-prevalent approach of using highly scripted, closed-form simulations, where the outcome was defined by the scenario designer. HITL provided an opportunity to evaluate new systems and concepts whose application was not yet fully understood.
With an enthusiastic embrace of technical innovation and a lean management style, the site carried Garvey's initial philosophy to establish many of the concepts and techniques for experimentation using distributed simulation.
1990-1994: CVCC
The first significant user of the MWTB was the Combat Vehicle Command and Control (CVCC) series of experiments by Army Research Institute that examined various aspects of the proposed upgrades to the M1A1 tank, including computerized navigation and digital command-and-control . They were instrumental in developing the training plans for the M1A2. The experiments used a company of SIMNET M1 simulators, augmented by a battalion of BLUFOR from the Semi-Automated Forces system.1995: Anti- Armor Advanced Technology Demonstration (A2ATD)
The A2ATD program used a series of six experiments, along with extensive improvements to simulation technology, to demonstrate the utility of man-in-the-loop distributed simulation to perform credible experiments to support acquisition decisions. By demonstrating a verified, validated and accredited DIS capability, A2ATD established the foundation for subsequent activities at the MWTB and at all of the other Battle Labs.1995: Focused Dispatch
The Focused Dispatch Experiment was one of the first instances of live-virtual-constructive (LVC) simulation. Conducted at Fort Knox and the Western Kentucky Training Area via satellite linkage, its primary purpose was to examine how digital connections might enhance an armored formation's fire support, intelligence, logistics, and battle command, to determine whether enhancements in lethality, survivability, and tempo would result. Real vehicles from Company B of Task Force 2-33 were fitted with Vehicular Data Communications and Positional Awareness Demonstration devices, which transmitted the vehicles' location every 10 seconds into the simulated environment back at Knox. In the simulators at the MWTB, the soldiers from the remaining two companies saw the real vehicles exactly as they would see simulated vehicles.1997-2000: Battle Command Reengineering
Battle Command Reengineering was a series of experiments that looked at how digital command-and-control systems should be incorporated into brigade-and-below units. It also focused on what attributes these systems should have, their impact on other systems in the Army, and on the use of related future systems, like remote sensors and precision fires. It helped pave the way for the Future Combat SystemsFuture Combat Systems
Future Combat Systems was the United States Army's principal modernization program from 2003 to early 2009. Formally launched in 2003, FCS was envisioned to create new brigades equipped with new manned and unmanned vehicles linked by an unprecedented fast and flexible battlefield network...
program. It fostered numerous innovations, like the development of automated mechanisms for evaluating the performance of the command staff , examination of how situational awareness uncertainty affects decision making, information request, and staff dynamics , development of training programs for digital forces along with redesigned command staff processes for optimally efficient use of digital C2 systems , and aggressive employments of image generation and HLA networking .
2002-2003: C4ISR
The C4ISR experiment provided input to the FCS Analysis of Alternatives and the Operational and Objective (O&O) analysis to support the FCS Milestone B decision. The experiment was conducted in a human-in-the-loop, simulation supported, secure environment. The experiment focused on the issues of battle command and how it affected measures of force effectiveness.2004-2007: Omni-Fusion
The Omni-Fusion experiments built on the concepts of Battle Command Re-Engineering and C4ISR to refine designs and concepts for the Future Combat SystemsFuture Combat Systems
Future Combat Systems was the United States Army's principal modernization program from 2003 to early 2009. Formally launched in 2003, FCS was envisioned to create new brigades equipped with new manned and unmanned vehicles linked by an unprecedented fast and flexible battlefield network...
Program. The application of widely distributed simulation to classified experimentation was highly developed during these exercises.
2006: Urban Resolve 2015
The Urban Resolve 2015 was designed to examine Joint Urban Operations (JUO), Military Support for Stabilization, Security, Transition and Reconstruction Operations (SSTRO), and Major Combat Operations (MCO).2008: COIN
The Counter Insurgency Experiment was a large, multi-site exercise that included most members of the BLCSE. It simulated downtown Baghdad, Iraq, with US and Iraqi soldiers, Iraqi police, armed and unarmed civilians from several groups, like Shia and Sunni, and armed insurgents. It examined how Future Combat SystemsFuture Combat Systems
Future Combat Systems was the United States Army's principal modernization program from 2003 to early 2009. Formally launched in 2003, FCS was envisioned to create new brigades equipped with new manned and unmanned vehicles linked by an unprecedented fast and flexible battlefield network...
technologies work in a dense, urban environment.
2009: Complex Web Defense
The Complex Web Defense Experiment examined the effectiveness of systems and tactics of a forcecomposed of a Combined Arms Bn (CAB), one Stryker Infantry Battalion, Force Design Update (FDU) Reconnaissance Squadron, supported by appropriate joint and army enablers against a predominately dismounted enemy that was embedded in a semi-urban environment.. It was one of the first large distributed exercises using OneSAF with classified performance data.
ACRT
The Advanced Reconfigurable Research Tool was a virtual simulator developed using OneSAF TestBed as a software base. It was very modular to allow rapid changes to vehicle characteristics, and it could model many vehicle types, like the M1 AbramsM1 Abrams
The M1 Abrams is a third-generation main battle tank produced in the United States. It is named after General Creighton Abrams, former Army Chief of Staff and Commander of US military forces in Vietnam from 1968 to 1972. The M1 is a well armed, heavily armored, and highly mobile tank designed for...
, M2 Bradley
M2 Bradley
The Bradley Fighting Vehicle is an American fighting vehicle platform manufactured by BAE Systems Land and Armaments, formerly United Defense.As with other infantry fighting vehicles, the Bradley is designed to transport infantry with armor protection while providing covering fire to suppress enemy...
, Stryker
Stryker
The IAV Stryker is a family of eight-wheeled, 4-wheel-drive , armored fighting vehicles derived from the Canadian LAV III and produced by General Dynamics Land Systems, in use by the United States Army. The vehicle is named for two American servicemen who posthumously received the Medal of Honor:...
, HMMWV, along with various variants from the Future Combat Systems
Future Combat Systems
Future Combat Systems was the United States Army's principal modernization program from 2003 to early 2009. Formally launched in 2003, FCS was envisioned to create new brigades equipped with new manned and unmanned vehicles linked by an unprecedented fast and flexible battlefield network...
program. It incorporated an innovative mobility model for the OneSAF TestBed (OTB) simulation that used SIMNET
SIMNET
SIMNET was a wide area network with vehicle simulators and displays for real-time distributed combat simulation: tanks, helicopters and airplanes in a virtual battlefield. SIMNET was developed for and used by the United States military...
and CCTT soil codes in the digital terrain database to provide fine-grained soils with appropriate mobility response for computer-generated entities .
SA Server
The Situational Awareness (SA) Server was an interface between the simulation and tactical networks. It provided Level 1 Sensor FusionSensor fusion
Sensor fusion is the combining of sensory data or data derived from sensory data from disparate sources such that the resulting information is in some sense better than would be possible when these sources were used individually...
using a Kalman filter. The tactical network it supported used experimental DIS PDUs for the blue and red Common Operating Picture (COP). It also supported an early version of the NetFires system for semi-automated fire support. Multiple SA Servers could be configured in a multi-cell arrangement to use communications effects as defined by a comms model like ALCES or QualNet
QualNet
QualNet is a network simulation tool that simulates wireless and wired packet mode communication networks. QualNet Developer is a discrete event simulator used in the simulation of MANET,WiMAX networks, satellite networks, and sensor networks, among others...
.
Tech Control
The Tech Control was a collection of tools that monitored a widely distributed simulation to ensure that configuration management and network performance standards were met. The tools, like the Reporter, the Exercise Manager, and the NetRouter, allowed Tech Control personnel to manage large exercises like COIN with high simulation availability.Data Collection and Analysis
Data Collection and Analysis was primarily based on the collection and correlation of network simulation traffic (DIS PDUs). The data were written to flat files or directly to a Relational Database where they were further processed and analyzed to produce charts, graphs, tables, spreadsheets and presentations for the use of Army Operations Research / Systems Analysts (ORSAs).Virtusphere
The VirtuSphereVirtuSphere
VirtuSphere is a virtual reality device. It is, as the name suggests, spherical. It consists of a 10-foot hollow sphere, which is placed on a special platform that allows the sphere to rotate freely in any direction according to the user’s steps...
is a single-soldier manned simulator that incorporates a large sphere that allows a human to walk around the simulated battlefield (like a hamster in a ball). It is based on the ACRT technology, and was used at the MWTB for experiments that examine future weapon systems and tactics and for evaluating soldier behavior.
The simulator is frequently seen at trade shows and science festivals, like the USA Science Festival, the San Diego Science Festival and the Jackson IT Day. It is typically one of the most popular exhibits.
Names
- 1988: Created as SIMNET-D Mounted Warfare TestBed
- 1990: Renamed Close Combat TestBed (CCTB)
- 1994: Renamed Mounted Maneuver TestBed (MMBL)
- 2004: Renamed Unit of Action Battle Lab (UAMBL)
- 2008: Renamed Maneuver Battle Lab, Constructive and Virtual Simulation Division, Knox (MBL/CVSD-K)
Contractors
The MWTB was always a government-owned, contractor-operated (GOCO) facility. The contractors were:- 1988-1991: Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN)
- 1991-1996: Loral CorporationLoral CorporationLoral Corporation was a defense contractor founded in 1948 in New York by William Lorenz and Leon Alpert as Loral Electronics Corporation. The company's name was taken from the first letters of each founder's surname....
- 1996-2010: Lockheed MartinLockheed MartinLockheed Martin is an American global aerospace, defense, security, and advanced technology company with worldwide interests. It was formed by the merger of Lockheed Corporation with Martin Marietta in March 1995. It is headquartered in Bethesda, Maryland, in the Washington Metropolitan Area....
Contracting Officer's Technical Representative (COTR)
- 1990-1994: Maj Mark Chaney
- 1994-1996: Maj Jeff Wilkinson
- 1996-1998: Maj Mike Landers
- 1998-2005: Maj Joe Burns
- 2005-2008: Jim Cook
- 2008-2010: Steve Burzlaff
Site Manager
- 1988-1992: Dick Garvey
- 1992-1996: Thomas Radgowski
- 1996-1996: John Hughes
- 1996-2004: Don Appler
- 2004-2005: Eberhard Kieslich
- 2005-2010: Ray Bernhagen
Staff Photos
- 1996: Rob Smith, Ken Hunt, Cpt Joe Burns, Jim Lamb, Cpt ??, Jim Cook, Paul Monday, Don Appler, Eb Kieslich, Charles West, Don Debord, Maj Salisbury, Henry Hollingsworth, Berverly Burba, Sgt Vallera, Francis Alves, Carolyn Bow, Bud Maxson, Dan Shultz, Ron Fackler, Tom VanLaere, Linda Wulf
- 2002 Front Row: Eb Kieslich, Cindy Kobbins, Norbilyn Bernardo, Shawana Fax, Paul Monday, Caroline Johnson, Drew Bost, Becky Fitzgerald, Rita Hilton, Angela Scott, Renee Rhodes, John Weiss
- 2002 Back Row: Tom VanLaere, Ranetta Ballard, Mark Underwood, Phil Fraser, Dwight Mohler, Jack Smith, Maj Joe Burns, Charles West, Jon Embry, Don DeBord, Bob Gooden, Rob Smith, Tim Voss, Ron Fackler, Tony Ford, Dan Schultz, Don King, Steve Henry, Hans Hess, Lisa Hoffman, Henry Hollingsworth, Ray Bernhagen
Logos
Videos
- "We are the Mounted Warfare TestBed" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1R2yY0pVjts
- Virtusphere at USA Science Festival http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0vooEa07lpU
Articles
- Carl W. Lickteig (1988) "Design Guidelines and Functional Specifications for Simulation of the Battlefield Management System's (BMS) User Interface" http://www.stormingmedia.us/98/9811/A981102.html
- Robert S. DuBois, Joseph A. Birt (1990) "Developing Training and Evaluation Scenarios for Armor Using Simulation Networking-Developmental (SIMNET-D)" http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA226407
- Michael T. Lawless, Nils D. LaVine (1992) "Reconfigurable Simulator Specifications for Future Main Battle Tanks Within the Close Combat Test Bed" http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA268134
- Nancy Atwood, Beverly Winsch, Kathleen Quinkert, Charles Heiden (1994) "Catlog of Training Tools for Use in Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) Environments" http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA282841
- Mitchell Greess (1994) "Combat Vehicle Command and Control System Architecture Overview" http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA286259
- Colburn, Ellaine ; Farrow, Steve ; MsDonough, Jim (1994) "ADST Multi-Service Distributed Training Testbed (MDT2). Lessons Learned" http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA282380
- Shari R Thomas (1994) "Review of Personnel Susceptibility to Lasers: Simulation in SIMNET-D for CTAS-2.0" http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA293827
- Richard C. Deatz, Katrina A. Greene, William T. Holden, Jr., May H. Throne, Carl W. Lickteig (1999) "Refinement of Prototype Staff Training Methods for Future Forces" http://www.hqda.army.mil/ari/pdf/rr1763.pdf
- Harold J. Gorman, Irfan Hassan (2004) "Future "Battle Command Prototype" for Military Experimentation and Training" http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA432747&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf
- Roxana Tiron (2003) "At Unit of Action Lab, Soldiers Determine Design of FCS", National Defense http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2003/November/Pages/At_Unit3705.aspx
- Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium (2006) "Battle Command System Analysis Methodology in the Cross Command Collaboration Effort (3CE) Environment" http://www.dodccrp.org/events/2006_CCRTS/html/presentations/116.pdf
- Ann Roosevelt (2007) "Army Battle Lab Experiments With Future Force Counterinsurgency Warfare", Defense Daily http://www.defensedaily.com/articles/dd/2007/dd03150704.html
- Dan Caterinicchia (2003) "Battle labs plan simulation exercise", Federal Computer Week http://fcw.com/articles/2003/03/02/battle-labs-plan-simulation-exercise.aspx
- COL Charles Dunn III, MAJ Gregg Powell, MAJ Christopher J. Martin (AS), Michael J. Hamilton, and Charles C. Pangle, II (2004) "Information Superiority/Battle Command (Network Centric Warfare Environment)" http://www.dodccrp.org/events/2004_CCRTS/CD/papers/122.pdf
- Craig T. Doescher, LTC Brian K. Hobson, Dr. Frank T. Myers IIr (2005) "Challenges of Future Battle Command Experimentation: An Analyst’s Perspective" http://www.dodccrp.org/events/10th_ICCRTS/CD/papers/055.pdf
- Lawrence G. Shattuck, Nita Lewis Miller, Gregory A. Miller (2007) "Using the Dynamic Model of Situated Cognition to Assess Network Centric Warfare in Field Settings" http://www.dodccrp.org/events/12th_ICCRTS/CD/html/papers/166.pdf