Minerva (Daum Agora user)
Encyclopedia
Minerva is the internet username of a "netizen
" who wrote about the Korean economy
and the economic policies of the Korean government
. Minerva's writing evoked the ire of the Korean government, when an entry precipitated a run on the South Korean won
. Prosecutors arrested a man they claim to be Minerva, Park Dae-sung, and charged him with the crime of electronically spreading false rumors that damage the public good. The true identity of Minerva, however, remains to be established. The arrest has also drawn international scrutiny. Minerva posted articles in Daum Agora, one of the largest internet debate bulletin boards in South Korea
, from March 2008 to January 2009.
Minerva has successfully predicted major events in the Korean economy and was quick to provide solutions for both the government and households. Despite his warnings, the Korean government's economic policies remained controversial, with Minerva becoming one of the most influential critics of the government's policies. It was under this background that Minerva became known as “the Internet Economic President.” Among the famous predictions Minerva has made were: the collapse of Lehman Brothers
and its potential consequences, and the sharp decline of South Korean currency value against the U.S. dollar at specified time points.
An article was posted by Minerva on December 29, 2008, in the economy section of Daum Agora bulletin boards. The article claimed that the Korean government issued an urgent directive to major financial companies and explicitly mentioned a ban on purchase of U.S. dollars. The Korean Ministry of Strategy and Finance quickly made a statement denying any such move from the government. The Agora post was initially screened from viewing by Daum and was later removed by the author. Minerva responded with an apology for the article.
It was that article that prosecutors are said to be motivated to arrest Minerva. They have regarded it as a false rumor.
Original text is:
Translation of the text is:
However, South Korean law allows the prosecution to appeal the acquittal, and they are doing so. The appeal is expected to be ruled upon in the winter of 2009-10.
: 電氣通信基本法) Minerva is known to have violated is possibly unconstitutional.
Minbyun, Korean Lawyers for a Democratic Society argued that though it is about the criminal penalty, the clause is vague, which is against the Law of Clearance, meaning that the law about crime must be clearly declared for people to understand it, derived from Nulla poena sine lege
, thus this clause is probably unconstitutional. And Korea University
Lawschool Professor Park Kyung-Sin said "The most effective way to oppose rumors, which seem false, is not punishment to the speaker, but ensurance of the freedom of expression."
Many people doubt whether the writings of Minerva are obviously false. There is evidence indicating that the government did control the exchange rate.
Lee Seok-Hyeon, a congressman of Democratic Party
, argued that the government actually requested to restrain buying dollars. According to him, the Ministry of Strategy and Finance called finance managing staffs of the 7 main banks into a meeting in Korea Federation of Banks, Myeongdong
, Dec 26, 2008. In the meeting, the authority asked them for self-restraint on purchasing dollars. Lee Seok-Hyeon said he heard it directly from a man joining the meeting.
Foreign bloggers writing about Korea have cast doubt about the government's handling of the opinionated blogger. Some express concerns that this would mean demise of freedom of speech in Korea.
quoted a government intelligence source on the identity of Minerva. The intelligence representative has been quoted as saying that "the government needed to provide Minerva with correct information and statistics" as the reason for looking up his identity. The source said Minerva is an individual in early 50's who has worked overseas in the stock market business. Minerva subsequently announced that he will no longer post anything on the economy saying that "the country ordered silence".
code Minerva has left in one of his postings. Readme's posting made a wave when he asserted that Minerva is a well-known and influential figure in the South Korean financial circles.
Although the reference to "K" gets reiterated in Shin DongA's articles, readme retorted their version Minerva is a pure fiction. Park, the arrestee, stated he never wrote for Shin DongA. The prosecutors, however, announced that they have no plan to investigate Shin DongA's "Minerva K".
On February 17, 2009, the DongA Ilbo published an apology saying that their Minerva K was not the famous Daum Agora writer and the details are still under investigation.
The prosecutors also tested Park's knowledge by asking a handful of financial jargons he has used in his postings: 1) Tobin's q
, 2) BDI
and freight rates, 3) the LTCM crisis in 1998, 4) spread
, 5) offshore NDF
market, and 6) trickle down. According to the prosecutors, he did not remember Tobin's q but answered to most of questions. He was able to provide lengthy answers to questions 2 and 3.
In February 2009, South Korea's TV broadcaster SBS (Seoul Broadcasting System) has aired an investigative special on Minerva. They gave Park a written test similar to the prosecutors'. The questions were: 1) dynamic hedging, 2) yen carry trade and cross trade, 3) BDI and freight rates, 4) spread (between onshore and) offshore NDF markets, 5) 01001011, a binary code
he left in a posting on his identity in November 2008. Park only answered to questions 3) and 4) in an unsatisfactory way, according to a commentator Damdamdangdang in Daum Agora. In the show, SBS concluded nonetheless that Park is the true Minerva.
Netizen
The term Netizen is a portmanteau of the English words internet and citizen. It is defined as an entity or person actively involved in online communities and a user of the internet, especially an avid one. The term can also imply an interest in improving the internet, especially in regard to open...
" who wrote about the Korean economy
Economy of South Korea
South Korea has a market economy which ranks 15th in the world by nominal GDP and 12th by purchasing power parity , identifying it as one of the G-20 major economies. It is a high-income developed country, with a developed market, and is a member of OECD...
and the economic policies of the Korean government
Government of South Korea
The Government of South Korea is divided into executive, judicial, and legislative branches. The executive and judicial branches operate primarily at the national level, although various ministries in the executive branch also carry out local functions. Local governments are semi-autonomous, and...
. Minerva's writing evoked the ire of the Korean government, when an entry precipitated a run on the South Korean won
South Korean won
The won is the currency of South Korea. A single won is divided into 100 jeon, the monetary subunit. The jeon is no longer used for everyday transactions, and appears only in foreign exchange rates...
. Prosecutors arrested a man they claim to be Minerva, Park Dae-sung, and charged him with the crime of electronically spreading false rumors that damage the public good. The true identity of Minerva, however, remains to be established. The arrest has also drawn international scrutiny. Minerva posted articles in Daum Agora, one of the largest internet debate bulletin boards in South Korea
South Korea
The Republic of Korea , , is a sovereign state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the East China Sea and Republic of China to the south...
, from March 2008 to January 2009.
Minerva has successfully predicted major events in the Korean economy and was quick to provide solutions for both the government and households. Despite his warnings, the Korean government's economic policies remained controversial, with Minerva becoming one of the most influential critics of the government's policies. It was under this background that Minerva became known as “the Internet Economic President.” Among the famous predictions Minerva has made were: the collapse of Lehman Brothers
Lehman Brothers
Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. was a global financial services firm. Before declaring bankruptcy in 2008, Lehman was the fourth largest investment bank in the USA , doing business in investment banking, equity and fixed-income sales and trading Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. (former NYSE ticker...
and its potential consequences, and the sharp decline of South Korean currency value against the U.S. dollar at specified time points.
Objection against KDB's takeover of Lehman Brothers Holdings
Minerva expressed concerns over the planned takeover of Lehman Brothers Holdings, Inc. by the Korean Development Bank (KDB). This was well before the financial instability of the US investment bank was known to the public.Arrest of Minerva
On January 7, 2009, prosecutors arrested a suspect believed to be Minerva for "spreading false rumors on the Internet". The prosecutors announced the anonymous Internet economist was a 30-year-old unemployed man.An article was posted by Minerva on December 29, 2008, in the economy section of Daum Agora bulletin boards. The article claimed that the Korean government issued an urgent directive to major financial companies and explicitly mentioned a ban on purchase of U.S. dollars. The Korean Ministry of Strategy and Finance quickly made a statement denying any such move from the government. The Agora post was initially screened from viewing by Daum and was later removed by the author. Minerva responded with an apology for the article.
It was that article that prosecutors are said to be motivated to arrest Minerva. They have regarded it as a false rumor.
Original text is:
Translation of the text is:
Acquittal and Government Appeal
On April 20, 2009 Park Dae-sung was acquitted and released from jail. The reasoning of the court was that if any of the statements he made were false, he did not know they were false.However, South Korean law allows the prosecution to appeal the acquittal, and they are doing so. The appeal is expected to be ruled upon in the winter of 2009-10.
Arrest and freedom of expression
There are many doubts and criticisms surrounding the arrest. For example, the law (Electronic Communication Fundamental Law, , HanjaHanja
Hanja is the Korean name for the Chinese characters hanzi. More specifically, it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation...
: 電氣通信基本法) Minerva is known to have violated is possibly unconstitutional.
Minbyun, Korean Lawyers for a Democratic Society argued that though it is about the criminal penalty, the clause is vague, which is against the Law of Clearance, meaning that the law about crime must be clearly declared for people to understand it, derived from Nulla poena sine lege
Nulla poena sine lege
Nulla poena sine lege is a legal principle, requiring that one cannot be punished for doing something that is not prohibited by law. This principle is accepted as just and upheld by the penal codes of constitutional states, including virtually all modern democracies...
, thus this clause is probably unconstitutional. And Korea University
Korea University
Korea University is a prestigious nonsectarian, private research university located primarily in Seoul, South Korea, and one of the SKY universities, a historical acronym used in South Korea to refer to Seoul National University, Korea University, and Yonsei University. Founded by Lee Yong-ik in...
Lawschool Professor Park Kyung-Sin said "The most effective way to oppose rumors, which seem false, is not punishment to the speaker, but ensurance of the freedom of expression."
Many people doubt whether the writings of Minerva are obviously false. There is evidence indicating that the government did control the exchange rate.
Lee Seok-Hyeon, a congressman of Democratic Party
Democratic Party (Republic of Korea)
The Democratic Party is a liberal political party in South Korea.The Democratic Party is the main opposition in the 18th Assembly, lasting from 2008 to 2012.-History:...
, argued that the government actually requested to restrain buying dollars. According to him, the Ministry of Strategy and Finance called finance managing staffs of the 7 main banks into a meeting in Korea Federation of Banks, Myeongdong
Myeongdong
Myeong-dong or Myong-dong is a dong in Jung-gu, Seoul, South Korea between Chungmu-ro, Eulji-ro, and Namdaemun-ro. It covers 0.99 km² with a population of 3,529 and is mostly a commercial area, being one of Seoul's main shopping and tourism districts.-History:Myeongdong dates back to the...
, Dec 26, 2008. In the meeting, the authority asked them for self-restraint on purchasing dollars. Lee Seok-Hyeon said he heard it directly from a man joining the meeting.
Foreign bloggers writing about Korea have cast doubt about the government's handling of the opinionated blogger. Some express concerns that this would mean demise of freedom of speech in Korea.
Maeil Business Newspaper's Minerva
On November 11, 2008, Maeil Business NewspaperMaeil Business Newspaper
The Maeil Business Newspaper is South Korea's main daily business newspaper. , it had a circulation of roughly 900,000. Their president is Chang Dae-hwan....
quoted a government intelligence source on the identity of Minerva. The intelligence representative has been quoted as saying that "the government needed to provide Minerva with correct information and statistics" as the reason for looking up his identity. The source said Minerva is an individual in early 50's who has worked overseas in the stock market business. Minerva subsequently announced that he will no longer post anything on the economy saying that "the country ordered silence".
readme's Minerva
There has been a Daum Agora poster claiming to be a distant acquaintance of Minerva's. The reference "Minerva K" comes from his posting, where "K" is an alphabetical equivalent of a binary ASCIIASCII
The American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a character-encoding scheme based on the ordering of the English alphabet. ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text...
code Minerva has left in one of his postings. Readme's posting made a wave when he asserted that Minerva is a well-known and influential figure in the South Korean financial circles.
Shin DongA's Minerva K
Shin DongA , a current event magazine of the DongA Ilbo newspaper published two articles from the purported Minerva. In the first article Minerva summarized his previous postings in Daum Agora. In the second article, following the arrest of Park, he claims "Minerva" is in fact a small group of people in the financial business who are concerned with the nation's economy. Shin DongA's Minerva claimed that Park has been unknown to his group and discredited Park, saying that he revealed serious lack of basic knowledge.Although the reference to "K" gets reiterated in Shin DongA's articles, readme retorted their version Minerva is a pure fiction. Park, the arrestee, stated he never wrote for Shin DongA. The prosecutors, however, announced that they have no plan to investigate Shin DongA's "Minerva K".
On February 17, 2009, the DongA Ilbo published an apology saying that their Minerva K was not the famous Daum Agora writer and the details are still under investigation.
Park Dae-sung
All postings by Minerva come from two IP addresses and a single log-on ID. The prosecutors say they can single out only one person that matches this criterion. Shortly after the arrest, the prosecutors let Park write a short essay on this year's economic perspective. He produced a one-page report which the prosecutors found professionally written. Others pointed out a number of faults in basic knowledge and lack of style. Particularly erroneous was his observation on the growth rate of the Chinese economy, which he expected to become negative in 2009.The prosecutors also tested Park's knowledge by asking a handful of financial jargons he has used in his postings: 1) Tobin's q
Tobin's q
Tobin's q was developed by James Tobin as the ratio between the market value and replacement value of the same physical asset:One, the numerator, is the market valuation: the going price in the market for exchanging existing assets. The other, the denominator, is the replacement or reproduction...
, 2) BDI
Baltic Dry Index
The Baltic Dry Index is a number issued daily by the London-based Baltic Exchange. Not restricted to Baltic Sea countries, the index tracks worldwide international shipping prices of various dry bulk cargoes....
and freight rates, 3) the LTCM crisis in 1998, 4) spread
Spread
Spread may refer to:*Statistical dispersion*Spread , an edible paste put on other foods*the score difference being wagered on in spread betting*the measure of line inclination in rational trigonometry...
, 5) offshore NDF
NDF
In finance, a non-deliverable forward is an outright forward or futures contract in which counterparties settle the difference between the contracted NDF price or rate and the prevailing spot price or rate on an agreed notional amount. It is used in various markets such as foreign exchange and...
market, and 6) trickle down. According to the prosecutors, he did not remember Tobin's q but answered to most of questions. He was able to provide lengthy answers to questions 2 and 3.
In February 2009, South Korea's TV broadcaster SBS (Seoul Broadcasting System) has aired an investigative special on Minerva. They gave Park a written test similar to the prosecutors'. The questions were: 1) dynamic hedging, 2) yen carry trade and cross trade, 3) BDI and freight rates, 4) spread (between onshore and) offshore NDF markets, 5) 01001011, a binary code
Binary code
A binary code is a way of representing text or computer processor instructions by the use of the binary number system's two-binary digits 0 and 1. This is accomplished by assigning a bit string to each particular symbol or instruction...
he left in a posting on his identity in November 2008. Park only answered to questions 3) and 4) in an unsatisfactory way, according to a commentator Damdamdangdang in Daum Agora. In the show, SBS concluded nonetheless that Park is the true Minerva.
Chronology of events
- 2008-3 : Minerva, starts to post in Economics discussions bulletin in Daum's "Agora"
- 2008-7-14 : Minerva, "Households should better prepare for commodity price rises" predicts the heavy impact on Korean households of USA's sub-prime Mortgage Crisis.
- 2008-8-25 : Minerva, "Korean Development Bank has to consider toxic assets that amounts to 50billion KRW" objects to the acquisition of Lehman Brothers by Korean Development Bank. (Lehman shares tumbled over 90% on September 15, 2008)
- 2008-8-29 : Minerva, predicts rise of KRW against USD to 1125 in mid September, 1180~1200 in end of September.
- 2008-9-18 : Minerva, "short cover securities, because KOSPI will fall to 1210~1235". (KOSPI was at that time 1392)
- 2008-10-6 : Minerva, predicts that KRW may surge to 1400 without Korea-US currency swap (KRW went over 1400 against USD in the end of October)
- 2008-11-3 : Minister of Justice, mentioned possible investigation of "Minerva"
- 2008-11-11 : Press report "Minerva is supposed to be a man in early 50s with experience with securities company, having lived and worked overseas," quoting an intelligence agency.
- 2008-11-13 : Minerva, announces s/he will stop posting.
- 2008-11-16 : The Union of Citizens for a Democratic Press, award Minerva a Prize
- 2008-11-17 : KBS, Current Affairs 360, broadcast a programme, 'Why, Minerva is a phenomenon?'
- 2008-11-18 : Professor Kim, Tae Dong, makes an apology regarding the interview with Sisa360 , saying that the interview with himself was distorted by the producer.
- 2008-12 : Shin DongA, a magazine affiliated with DongA Ilbo, published "Minerva"'s contribution arguing that it contacted him secretly. Park Dae-sung denied he has ever contacted Sin DongA
- 2008-12-24 : A staff of Ministry of Strategy and Finance admitted to reporters that he asked for "support" of major importers, exporter, state owned enterprises, and financial institutions.
- 2008-12-29 : Minerva posted on the government intervention, hinting that households, small and medium enterprises, should utilize this opportunity to profit from changing foreign exchange rates.
- 2009-1-5 : Minerva's last posting, "We should rely on hope"
- 2009-1-7 : Minerva arrested by the Prosecutors
- 2009-1-8 : Ministry of Strategy and Finance denies intervening in the criminal prosecution of "Minerva" in a press release
- 2009-1-8: Prosecutors indict "Minerva" .
- 2009-4-20: Park Dae-sung was acquitted and released from jail
External links
- Economist, False God?/online Nostradamus, and the search for his identity
- Financial Times, Financial blogger arrested in South Korea
- AFP, South Korea's arrested Internet pundit pleads not guilty
- Minerva's writings (collected by Collecting Writings of Daum Agora Minerva ) (Minerva writings were all deleted. But the internet community collected his writings and made 4 PDF files which can be freely downloaded.)