Mikhail Chumakov
Encyclopedia
Mikhail Petrovich Chumakov (14 November 1909 – 11 June 1993) was a Soviet microbiologist and virologist most famous for conducting pivotal large-scale clinical trials that led to licensure of Oral Polio Vaccine
(OPV) developed by Albert B. Sabin.
Medical School that was later transformed into I.M. Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy. In 1937 Chumakov participated in a scientific expedition to Khabarovsk region of Soviet Far East that was led by Professor Lev A. Zilber. Together with his colleagues he discovered the etiology of a new transmissible neurological disease called tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and isolated the virus that causes it. He was accidentally infected with the virus and developed encephalitis that led to a permanent loss of hearing and paralysis of the right arm. For this discovery he was awarded Stalin Prize of First Degree in Science and Technology in 1941. In 1948 Chumakov became a corresponding member, and in 1960 a full member of Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. Beginning in the 1940s Chumakov organized multiple medical expeditions to Siberia and other regions of the Soviet Union to investigate outbreaks caused by new viruses. Among viruses discovered and studied by Chumakov are Omsk hemorrhagic fever
and Kemerovo fever viruses,, hantavirus causing renal syndrome, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
virus, and many others. From 1950 he was the Director of the Ivanovsky Institute of Virology in Moscow. In 1955 he organized a new research institute near Moscow to work on vaccines against poliomyelitis
. His work on vaccines against poliomyelitis was done in close collaboration with American scientists including Jonas Salk
and Albert Sabin
. In 1958-1959 he organized the first mass production and clinical trials of Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (OPV) made from live attenuated strains developed by Albert Sabin. This made the Soviet Union the first country to develop, produce, license, and widely use this highly effective vaccine that practically eliminated poliomyelitis from the country in the first few years of its use. The vaccine produced by Chumakov's Institute was exported into more than 60 countries, and was instrumental in stopping large outbreaks of poliomyelitis in Eastern Europe and Japan. The success of the Russian clinical trials was critical to OPV licensure in the United States in 1962, and the vaccine becoming the main tool used in global poliomyelitis eradication
campaign. Chumakov also created a number of other human and veterinarian vaccines, including inactivated vaccine against TBE, measles, influenza and vaccine against Canine distemper
virus that is widely used to protect farmed fur animals. Chumakov published more than 960 research papers, scholarly articles, and books.
Chumakov held a Honoris Causa degree from Academia Leopoldina in Germany and was an Honorary member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He also was an honorary member of Medical Societies and Academies of several other countries. After Chumakov’s death, the Institute that he founded was renamed in his honor as M.P.Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. A main-belt asteroid 5465 Chumakov
discovered by Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina
was also named in his honor.
Polio vaccine
Two polio vaccines are used throughout the world to combat poliomyelitis . The first was developed by Jonas Salk and first tested in 1952. Announced to the world by Salk on April 12, 1955, it consists of an injected dose of inactivated poliovirus. An oral vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin...
(OPV) developed by Albert B. Sabin.
Life and work
Chumakov graduated in 1931 from Moscow State UniversityMoscow State University
Lomonosov Moscow State University , previously known as Lomonosov University or MSU , is the largest university in Russia. Founded in 1755, it also claims to be one of the oldest university in Russia and to have the tallest educational building in the world. Its current rector is Viktor Sadovnichiy...
Medical School that was later transformed into I.M. Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy. In 1937 Chumakov participated in a scientific expedition to Khabarovsk region of Soviet Far East that was led by Professor Lev A. Zilber. Together with his colleagues he discovered the etiology of a new transmissible neurological disease called tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and isolated the virus that causes it. He was accidentally infected with the virus and developed encephalitis that led to a permanent loss of hearing and paralysis of the right arm. For this discovery he was awarded Stalin Prize of First Degree in Science and Technology in 1941. In 1948 Chumakov became a corresponding member, and in 1960 a full member of Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. Beginning in the 1940s Chumakov organized multiple medical expeditions to Siberia and other regions of the Soviet Union to investigate outbreaks caused by new viruses. Among viruses discovered and studied by Chumakov are Omsk hemorrhagic fever
Omsk hemorrhagic fever
Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever is a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by a Flavivirus.It is found in Siberia. It is named for an outbreak in Omsk.-Virology:...
and Kemerovo fever viruses,, hantavirus causing renal syndrome, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever is a widespread tick-borne viral disease, a zoonosis of domestic animals and wild animals, that may affect humans. The pathogenic virus, especially common in East and West Africa, is a member of the Bunyaviridae family of RNA viruses. Clinical disease is rare in...
virus, and many others. From 1950 he was the Director of the Ivanovsky Institute of Virology in Moscow. In 1955 he organized a new research institute near Moscow to work on vaccines against poliomyelitis
Poliomyelitis
Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute viral infectious disease spread from person to person, primarily via the fecal-oral route...
. His work on vaccines against poliomyelitis was done in close collaboration with American scientists including Jonas Salk
Jonas Salk
Jonas Edward Salk was an American medical researcher and virologist, best known for his discovery and development of the first safe and effective polio vaccine. He was born in New York City to parents from Ashkenazi Jewish Russian immigrant families...
and Albert Sabin
Albert Sabin
Albert Bruce Sabin was an American medical researcher best known for having developed an oral polio vaccine.-Life:...
. In 1958-1959 he organized the first mass production and clinical trials of Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (OPV) made from live attenuated strains developed by Albert Sabin. This made the Soviet Union the first country to develop, produce, license, and widely use this highly effective vaccine that practically eliminated poliomyelitis from the country in the first few years of its use. The vaccine produced by Chumakov's Institute was exported into more than 60 countries, and was instrumental in stopping large outbreaks of poliomyelitis in Eastern Europe and Japan. The success of the Russian clinical trials was critical to OPV licensure in the United States in 1962, and the vaccine becoming the main tool used in global poliomyelitis eradication
Poliomyelitis eradication
The global eradication of poliomyelitis is a public health effort to eliminate all cases of poliomyelitis infection around the world. The global effort, begun in 1988 and led by the World Health Organization, UNICEF and The Rotary Foundation, has reduced the number of annual diagnosed cases from...
campaign. Chumakov also created a number of other human and veterinarian vaccines, including inactivated vaccine against TBE, measles, influenza and vaccine against Canine distemper
Canine distemper
Canine distemper is a viral disease that affects animals in the families Canidae, Mustelidae, Mephitidae, Hyaenidae, Ailuridae, Procyonidae, Pinnipedia, some Viverridae and Felidae...
virus that is widely used to protect farmed fur animals. Chumakov published more than 960 research papers, scholarly articles, and books.
Chumakov held a Honoris Causa degree from Academia Leopoldina in Germany and was an Honorary member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He also was an honorary member of Medical Societies and Academies of several other countries. After Chumakov’s death, the Institute that he founded was renamed in his honor as M.P.Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. A main-belt asteroid 5465 Chumakov
5465 Chumakov
5465 Chumakov is a main-belt asteroid discovered on September 9, 1986 by Karachkina, L. G. at Nauchnyj.- External links :*...
discovered by Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina
Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina
Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina is a Soviet and Ukrainian astronomer.Working at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory since 1978, she has discovered a number of asteroids, including the Amor asteroid 5324 Lyapunov and the Trojan asteroid 3063 Makhaon. She has received a Ph.D. in astronomy from I. I...
was also named in his honor.