Many Antenna
Encyclopedia
Many antennas, is a smart antenna
technique, which overcomes the performance limitation of single user multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) techniques. In cellular communication, the maximum number of considered antennas for downlink is 2 and 4 to support 3GPP Long Term Evolution
(LTE} and IMT Advanced
requirements, respectively. Since the available spectrum band will probably limited while the requirement of data rate
will continuously increase in beyond IMT-A to support the mobile multimedia services, it is highly probable that the number of transmit antennas at the base station must be increased up to 8–64 or more. The installation of many antennas at single base stations can have many challenges so it requires to develop several high technologies: new SDMA engine, new beamforming
algorithm and new antenna array.
Smart antenna
Smart antennas are antenna arrays with smart signal processing algorithms used to identify spatial signal signature such as the direction of arrival of the signal, and use it to calculate beamforming vectors, to track and locate the antenna beam on the mobile/target...
technique, which overcomes the performance limitation of single user multiple-input multiple-output
MIMO
In radio, multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO , is the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve communication performance. It is one of several forms of smart antenna technology...
(MIMO) techniques. In cellular communication, the maximum number of considered antennas for downlink is 2 and 4 to support 3GPP Long Term Evolution
3GPP Long Term Evolution
3GPP Long Term Evolution, usually referred to as LTE, is a standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile phones and data terminals. It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies, increasing the capacity and speed using new modulation techniques...
(LTE} and IMT Advanced
IMT Advanced
International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced are requirements issued by the ITU-R of the International Telecommunication Union in 2008 for what is marketed as 4G mobile phone and Internet access service.-Description:...
requirements, respectively. Since the available spectrum band will probably limited while the requirement of data rate
Data rate
Data rate can refer to:* Bit rate, or data transfer rate* Data signaling rate* Data rate units-See also:* Baud rate* Channel capacity* Throughput* Bandwidth everything in this page is falsified...
will continuously increase in beyond IMT-A to support the mobile multimedia services, it is highly probable that the number of transmit antennas at the base station must be increased up to 8–64 or more. The installation of many antennas at single base stations can have many challenges so it requires to develop several high technologies: new SDMA engine, new beamforming
Beamforming
Beamforming is a signal processing technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal transmission or reception. This is achieved by combining elements in the array in a way where signals at particular angles experience constructive interference and while others experience destructive...
algorithm and new antenna array.
- New space-division multiple accessSpace-division multiple accessSpace-Division Multiple Access is a channel access method based on creating parallel spatial pipes next to higher capacity pipes through spatial multiplexing and/or diversity, by which it is able to offer superior performance in radio multiple access communication systems...
(SDMA) engine: multi-user MIMOMulti-user MIMOIn radio, multi-user MIMO is a set of advanced MIMO, multiple-input and multiple-output , technologies that exploit the availability of multiple independent radio terminals in order to enhance the communication capabilities of each individual terminal...
, network MIMO, coordinate multi-point transmission (COMP) (Cooperative diversityCooperative diversityCooperative diversity is a cooperative multiple antenna technique for improving or maximising total network channel capacities for any given set of bandwidths which exploits user diversity by decoding the combined signal of the relayed signal and the direct signal in wireless multihop networks...
), remote radio equipments (RRE). - New beam-forming: linear beam-forming such as MF, ZF and MMSE and non-linear beam-forming (precodingPrecodingPrecoding is a generalization of beamforming to support multi-layer transmission in multi-antenna wireless communications. In conventional single-layer beamforming, the same signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with appropriate weighting such that the signal power is maximized at...
) such as Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP), vector perturbation (VP), and Dirty paper codingDirty paper codingIn telecommunications, dirty paper coding is a technique for efficient transmission of digital data through a channel subjected to some interference known to the transmitter...
(DPC). - New antenna array: direct, remote and wireless antenna array.
- Direct antenna array: linear and 3D phased array, new structure array, and dynamic antenna array.
- Remote and wireless antenna array: distributed antenna array and cooperative beam-forming.
- Multiple air interfaces: single chip antenna array for an energy efficient short-range transmission.
History of multiple antennas in cellular communications
The table summarizes the recent history of multiple antenna techniques in cellular communications. The table includes the future prediction as well for IMT-A and beyond.| Standards | WCDMA | HSDPA | LTE 3GPP Long Term Evolution 3GPP Long Term Evolution, usually referred to as LTE, is a standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile phones and data terminals. It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies, increasing the capacity and speed using new modulation techniques... | IMT Advanced IMT Advanced International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced are requirements issued by the ITU-R of the International Telecommunication Union in 2008 for what is marketed as 4G mobile phone and Internet access service.-Description:... |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deployment | 2003 | 2006 | 2012 | 2015 |
| Peak rate (bit/s) | 384 k | 14 M | 100–320 M | 1 G |
| Bandwidth (MHz) | 5 | 5 | 20 | 40–100 |
| Tx antennas in a macro-cell | 2 | 2 | 2–4 | 4–8 |
| Paradigm | Reliability | Data rate | Peak rate | Average rate |
| Spatial processing | Spatial diversity: circuit | Spatial diversity: packet | Spatial multiplexing (2–4) | Spatial division (2–4) |
See also
- Dynamic single frequency networks (dsfn)
- Spatial multiplexingSpatial multiplexingSpatial multiplexing is a transmission technique in MIMO wireless communication to transmit independent and separately encoded data signals, so-called streams, from each of the multiple transmit antennas...
- Antenna diversityAntenna diversityAntenna diversity, also known as space diversity, is any one of several wireless diversity schemes that uses two or more antennas to improve the quality and reliability of a wireless link. Often, especially in urban and indoor environments, there is no clear line-of-sight between transmitter and...
- Single-frequency networkSingle-frequency networkA single-frequency network or SFN is a broadcast network where several transmitters simultaneously send the same signal over the same frequency channel.-Overview:...
(sfn) - Space–time codeSpace–time codeA space–time code is a method employed to improve the reliability of data transmission in wireless communication systems using multiple transmit antennas...
- Space–time block codeSpace–time block codeSpace–time block coding is a technique used in wireless communications to transmit multiple copies of a data stream across a number of antennas and to exploit the various received versions of the data to improve the reliability of data-transfer...
- BeamformingBeamformingBeamforming is a signal processing technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal transmission or reception. This is achieved by combining elements in the array in a way where signals at particular angles experience constructive interference and while others experience destructive...
- PrecodingPrecodingPrecoding is a generalization of beamforming to support multi-layer transmission in multi-antenna wireless communications. In conventional single-layer beamforming, the same signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with appropriate weighting such that the signal power is maximized at...
- Dirty paper coding (DPC)