Mangifera
Encyclopedia
Mangifera is a genus
of flowering plant
s in the cashew
family, Anacardiaceae
. It contains approximately 69 species, with the most well-known being the Common Mango
(Mangifera indica
). The center of diversity is in subtropical
and tropical
southeast Asia
, while the highest number of species occur in the Malay Peninsula
, Borneo
, and Sumatra
. They are generally canopy
tree
s in lowland rainforests
, reaching a height of 30–40 m (98.4–131.2 ft).
s, especially the Common Mango
(M. indica
). Others, such as M. foetida
, yield astringent fruits that can be eaten pickled
.
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of flowering plant
Flowering plant
The flowering plants , also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants like the gymnosperms and can be distinguished from the gymnosperms by a series of synapomorphies...
s in the cashew
Cashew
The cashew is a tree in the family Anacardiaceae. Its English name derives from the Portuguese name for the fruit of the cashew tree, caju, which in turn derives from the indigenous Tupi name, acajú. It is now widely grown in tropical climates for its cashew nuts and cashew apples.-Etymology:The...
family, Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae are a family of flowering plants bearing fruits that are drupes and in some cases producing urushiol, an irritant. Anacardiaceae include numerous genera with several of economic importance. Notable plants in this family include cashew , mango, poison ivy, sumac, smoke tree, and marula...
. It contains approximately 69 species, with the most well-known being the Common Mango
Mango
The mango is a fleshy stone fruit belonging to the genus Mangifera, consisting of numerous tropical fruiting trees in the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae. The mango is native to India from where it spread all over the world. It is also the most cultivated fruit of the tropical world. While...
(Mangifera indica
Mangifera indica
Mangifera indica is a species of mango in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in the wild in India and cultivated varieties have been introduced to other warm regions of the world...
). The center of diversity is in subtropical
Subtropics
The subtropics are the geographical and climatical zone of the Earth immediately north and south of the tropical zone, which is bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, at latitudes 23.5°N and 23.5°S...
and tropical
Tropics
The tropics is a region of the Earth surrounding the Equator. It is limited in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere at S; these latitudes correspond to the axial tilt of the Earth...
southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia, South-East Asia, South East Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia. The region lies on the intersection of geological plates, with heavy seismic...
, while the highest number of species occur in the Malay Peninsula
Malay Peninsula
The Malay Peninsula or Thai-Malay Peninsula is a peninsula in Southeast Asia. The land mass runs approximately north-south and, at its terminus, is the southern-most point of the Asian mainland...
, Borneo
Borneo
Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located north of Java Island, Indonesia, at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia....
, and Sumatra
Sumatra
Sumatra is an island in western Indonesia, westernmost of the Sunda Islands. It is the largest island entirely in Indonesia , and the sixth largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 with a population of 50,365,538...
. They are generally canopy
Canopy (forest)
In biology, the canopy is the aboveground portion of a plant community or crop, formed by plant crowns.For forests, canopy also refers to the upper layer or habitat zone, formed by mature tree crowns and including other biological organisms .Sometimes the term canopy is used to refer to the extent...
tree
Tree
A tree is a perennial woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or trunk with clear apical dominance. A minimum height specification at maturity is cited by some authors, varying from 3 m to...
s in lowland rainforests
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests , also known as tropical moist forests, are a tropical and subtropical forest biome....
, reaching a height of 30–40 m (98.4–131.2 ft).
Uses
Mangifera species are widely cultivated in Asia and elsewhere. More than 27 species in the genus bear edible, fleshy fruitFruit
In broad terms, a fruit is a structure of a plant that contains its seeds.The term has different meanings dependent on context. In non-technical usage, such as food preparation, fruit normally means the fleshy seed-associated structures of certain plants that are sweet and edible in the raw state,...
s, especially the Common Mango
Mango
The mango is a fleshy stone fruit belonging to the genus Mangifera, consisting of numerous tropical fruiting trees in the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae. The mango is native to India from where it spread all over the world. It is also the most cultivated fruit of the tropical world. While...
(M. indica
Mangifera indica
Mangifera indica is a species of mango in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in the wild in India and cultivated varieties have been introduced to other warm regions of the world...
). Others, such as M. foetida
Mangifera foetida
Mangifera foetida is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.-References:...
, yield astringent fruits that can be eaten pickled
Pickling
Pickling, also known as brining or corning is the process of preserving food by anaerobic fermentation in brine to produce lactic acid, or marinating and storing it in an acid solution, usually vinegar . The resulting food is called a pickle. This procedure gives the food a salty or sour taste...
.
Species
- Mangifera altissimaMangifera altissimaMangifera altissima is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and the Solomon Islands. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...
Blanco - Mangifera andamanicaMangifera andamanicaMangifera andamanica is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is endemic to India.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera austro-indicaMangifera austro-indicaMangifera austro-indica is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is endemic to India.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera austro-yunnanensisMangifera austro-yunnanensisMangifera austro-yunnanensis is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is endemic to China.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera blommesteiniiMangifera blommesteiniiMangifera blommesteinii is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in Indonesia and Malaysia.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera bullataMangifera bullataMangifera bullata is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in Indonesia and possibly Malaysia.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera caesia Jack
- Mangifera camptosperma
- Mangifera campnospermoidesMangifera campnospermoidesMangifera campnospermoides is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is endemic to Indonesia.It is a Critically endangered species threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...
- Mangifera casturiMangifera casturiMangifera casturi was a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It was endemic to Indonesia, but is now considered extinct in the wild.-Source:*...
Kosterm. - Mangifera collinaMangifera collinaMangifera collina is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is endemic to an area near Chiang Mai, Thailand.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera decandra Ding Hou
- Mangifera dewildeiMangifera dewildeiMangifera dewildei is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is endemic to North Sumatra in Indonesia.It is a Vulnerable species threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...
- Mangifera dongnaiensisMangifera dongnaiensisMangifera dongnaiensis is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is endemic to Vietnam.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera flavaMangifera flavaMangifera flava is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in Cambodia and Vietnam.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera foetidaMangifera foetidaMangifera foetida is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.-References:...
Lour. - Mangifera gedebe Miq.
- Mangifera gracilipesMangifera gracilipesMangifera gracilipes is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in Indonesia and Malaysia.-References:* Kochummen, K.M. 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera griffithii Hook.f.
- Mangifera hiemalisMangifera hiemalisMangifera hiemalis is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is endemic to China.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera indicaMangifera indicaMangifera indica is a species of mango in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in the wild in India and cultivated varieties have been introduced to other warm regions of the world...
L. (=M. mekongensis) - [Mangifera pseudoindica}Kosterm
- Mangifera kemanga
- Mangifera lalijiwaMangifera lalijiwaMangifera lalijiwa is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is endemic to Indonesia. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera laurina Blume (=M. longipes)
- Mangifera macrocarpaMangifera macrocarpaMangifera macrocarpa is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
Blume - Mangifera magnificaMangifera magnificaMangifera magnifica is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore.-References:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera minutifoliaMangifera minutifoliaMangifera minutifolia is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is endemic to Vietnam.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera monandraMangifera monandraMangifera monandra is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is endemic to the Philippines. It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera nicobaricaMangifera nicobaricaMangifera nicobarica is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is endemic to India.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera odorataMangifera odorataMangifera odorata is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in Guam, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam....
Griff. - Mangifera orophilaMangifera orophilaMangifera orophila is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is endemic to Malaysia.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera pajangMangifera pajangMangifera pajang is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
Kosterm. - Mangifera paludosaMangifera paludosaMangifera paludosa is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in Indonesia, possibly Malaysia, and Singapore.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera parvifoliaMangifera parvifoliaMangifera parvifolia is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore.-References:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera pedicellataMangifera pedicellataMangifera pedicellata is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is endemic to Indonesia.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera pentandraMangifera pentandraMangifera pentandra is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in Malaysia, Singapore, and possibly Thailand.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
Hook.f. - Mangifera persiciformisMangifera persiciformisMangifera persiciformis or Peach Mango, is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is endemic to China.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera quadrifida Jack ex Wall.
- Mangifera reba Pierre.
- Mangifera rubropetalaMangifera rubropetalaMangifera rubropetala was a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It was found in possibly Indonesia and Malaysia.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera rufocostataMangifera rufocostataMangifera rufocostata is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in Indonesia and Malaysia.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera siamensisMangifera siamensisMangifera siamensis is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in Thailand, Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam.-Source:...
- Mangifera similisMangifera similisMangifera similis is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is endemic to Indonesia.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
Blume - Mangifera sumbawaensisMangifera sumbawaensisMangifera sumbawaensis is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is endemic to Indonesia.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera superbaMangifera superbaMangifera superba is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is endemic to Malaysia.-References:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera swintonioides Kosterm.
- Mangifera sylvaticaMangifera sylvaticaMangifera sylvatica is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Thailand.-References:...
Roxb. - Mangifera taipaMangifera taipaMangifera taipa is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is possibly endemic to Indonesia.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera torquenda Kosterm.
- Mangifera transversalisMangifera transversalisMangifera transversalis is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is endemic to Indonesia.-Source:* World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. . Downloaded on 22 August 2007....
- Mangifera zeylanicaMangifera zeylanicaMangifera zeylanica is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. It is endemic to Sri Lanka. It is very rare and found in dry zone of Sri Lanka. It is called "etamba" in Sinhala-Source:...
(Blume) Hook.f.
Formerly placed here
- Bouea oppositifolia (Roxb.) Meisn. (as M. oppositifolia Roxb.)
- Elaeodendron glaucum (Rottb.) Pers. (as M. glauca Rottb.)
- Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill. (as M. gabonensis Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke)
- Spondias pinnata (J.Koenig ex L.f.) Kurz (as M. pinnata J.Koenig ex L.f.)