Management systems for road safety
Encyclopedia
Paradigms
Progress in the area of prevention is formulated in an environment of beliefs, called paradigms as can be seen in the next table. Some of them can be refereed as professional folklore, i.e. a widely supported set of beliefs with no real basis. For example, the “accident-prone driver” was a belief that was supported by the data in the sense that a small number of drivers do participate in a disproportionate number of accidents, it follows that the identification and removal of this drivers will reduce crashes. A more scientific analysis of the data indicate that this phenomenon can be explained simply by the random nature of the accidents, and not for a specific error-prone attitude of such drivers.| ASPECTS | PARADIGM I | PARADIGM II | PARADIGM III | PARADIGM IV |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Decennia of dominating position | 1900 - 1925/35 | 1925/35 - 1965/70 | 1965/70 - 1980/85 | 1980/85 - present |
| Description | Control of motorised carriage | Mastering traffic situations | Managing traffic system | Managing transport system |
| Main disciplines involved | Law enforcement | Car and road engineering, psychology | Traffic engineering, traffic medicine, advanced statistics | Advanced technology, systems analysis, sociology, communications |
| Terms used about unwanted events | Collision | Accident | Crash, casualty | Suffering, costs |
| Premise concerning unsafety | Transitional problem, passing stage of maladjustment | Individual problem, inadequate moral and skills | Defective traffic system | Risk exposure |
| Data ideals in research | Basic statistics, answers on “What” | Causes of accidents; “Why” | Cost/benefit ratio of means “How” | Multidimensional |
| Organisational form of safety work | Separate efforts on trial and error basis | Co-ordinated efforts on voluntary basis | Programmed efforts, authorised politically | Decentralisation, local management |
| Typical countermeasures | Vehicle codes and inspection, school patrols | The three E’s doctrine, screening of accident prone drivers | Combined samples of measures for diminishing risks | Networking and pricing |
| Effects | Gradual increase in traffic risks and health risks | Rapid increase of health risk with decreasing traffic risk | Successive cycles of decrease of health risks and traffic risks | Continuous reduction of serious road accidents |
From: OECD Road Transport Research
(to be completed)
National programs
A prerequisite for progress in this area is to introduce national programs with clear and quantifiable objectives, some examples are:- ChileChileChile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...
0% growth in fatalities, (down from historical 5-7% annual growth), (CONASET, 1993) - EU, 40% reduction in fatalities for 2010
- DenmarkDenmarkDenmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
40% reduction for 2000 - FinlandFinlandFinland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...
65% reduction for 2005 - United KingdomUnited KingdomThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
33% reduction for 2000 - USA No more than 1.0 fatality for every 100 million vehicle miles traveled (VMT) by 2008
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
has developed a new concept to improve road safety called "Vision Zero
Vision Zero
Vision Zero is a road traffic safety project started in Sweden in 1997 which aims to achieve a highway system with no fatalities or serious injuries in road traffic...
".
Vision Zero is conceived from the ethical base that it can never be acceptable that people are killed or seriously injured when moving within the road transport system. It centres around an explicit goal, and develops into a highly pragmatic and scientifically based strategy which challenges the traditional approach to road safety.
Vision Zero: strategic principles
- The traffic system has to adapt to take better account of the needs, mistakes and vulnerabilities of road users.
- The level of violence that the human body can tolerate without being killed or seriously injured forms the basic parameter in the design of the road transport system.
- Vehicle speed is the most important regulating factor for a safe road traffic. It should be determined by the technical standard of both roads and vehicle so as not to exceed the level of violence that the human body can tolerate.
While the concept envisages responsibility for safety amongst the designers and users of the system, the designer has the final responsibility for "fail-safe" measures.
Vision Zero: system designer has primary responsibility
- System designers are responsible for the design, operation and the use of the road transport system and are thereby responsible for the level of safety within the entire system.
- Road users are responsible for following the rules for using the road transport system set by the system designers.
- If the users fail to comply with these rules due to a lack of knowledge, acceptance or ability, the system designers are required to take the necessary further steps to counteract people being killed or injured.
Management systems
Modern Road Safety makes a distinction between the situation and the management systems necessary to control it, with prevention activities that largely exceeds the self-evident fields of the traditional 3 E (Engineering, Enforcement, Education) approach, first introduced in 1925. Modern Management systems have the aims of be inclusive, i.e. to include explicitly all activities part of such system. Forming an integrated wholeThe more extensive effort to obtain a comprehensive, holistic design of a road safety system, with the direct participation of 123 persons, representatives of different areas of activities, was done in Chile, (CONASET, 1993), utilizing the methodology for the design of social systems developed by Del Valle (1992). The result was the design of the control apparatus for this situation, called “Road Safety System”, defined by its components. An informal test of its completeness can be done simply by consider this management system without any of its components, for example if we remove rescue we simply lose opportunities to save human life coming from activities in this area. It can be used as an outline to assess the completeness of national road safety programs.
Please note than the following table is a systems definition i.e. it is supposed that is parts form an integrated whole.
| Road Safety Management System | |
|---|---|
| A Drivers, Training & Licensing A-1 Training of professional drivers A-2 Training of car drivers A-3 Driver’s testing A-4 Training of driving instructors A-5 Licensing of instructors A-6 Licensing of practical examiners A-7 Driving schools supervision A-8 Permanent grading of drivers | E Enforcement E-1 Drivers enforcement E-2 Technical conditions of vehicles E-3 Technical conditions of roads E-4 Inspection of transport services E-5 Pedestrian enforcement |
| B Management Of Vehicle Quality B-1 Technical specifications B-2 Safety equipment B-3 New vehicle’s certification B-4 Technical inspection B-5 Supervision of vehicle inspection shops B-6 Supervision of maintenance shops B-7 Mechanics Training | F Judicial Action F-1 Prosecution of infractions F-2 Efficient infraction systems F-3 Law modification F-4 Accident investigation F-5 Civil responsibility of the state |
| C Management Of Roads And Public Space C1 Traffic management C2 Signs & markings C3 Safety audit Road safety audit A Road Safety Audit is defined as "the formal safety performance examination of an existing or future road or intersection by an independent, multidisciplinary team... C4 Black spots C5 Maintenance C6 Road safety elements C7 Rest areas for drivers and bus stops C8 Pedestrian facilities C9 Bicycle facilities C10 Land use planning | G Accident Control And Insurance G1 Comprehensive rescue system G2 Comprehensive rehabilitation system G3 Insurance coverage |
| D Management Of Transport Services D1 Remuneration systems D2 Work conditions D3 Permanent grading of personnel D4 Dangerous loads and stowing D5 School children’s transport | H Research & Information H1 Integrated information systems H2 Drivers and infractions register H3 Vehicles register H4 Accident register H5 Preventive indicators register H6 Register of instructors and examiners H7 Accidents studies H8 Users information |
| (Not occupied) | I Education And Communications I1 Curricula I2 Teachers training I3 Didactical materiel I4 Students protection I5 Campaigns |
Semantics
The field of Road safety is handicapped by the terminology. Words have power to them that conveys impressions as well as meanings, phenomena that in this case results in sub-optimal approaches to prevention, as follows:- Road safety
The name “Road safety” have conveyed that in this field the activities need to concentrate on items that properly belong to roads and, by extension, to the roads authorities, keeping a reduced scope of activities in a number of different areas, in spite of their potentially significant contributions. For example, in the UK, Burrough, (1991) indicates that only one-third of the target reduction will be delivered by road safety engineering measures while Koornstra ( 2002) indicates “The contribution of local road engineering to the fatality reductions between 1980 and 2000 are estimated to be 4% for Sweden, 10% for Britain, and 5% for the Netherlands”. Whereas TEC (2003), quotes a research from the Imperial College, London that indicates than the progress in medical technology and care made a significant contribution to the 45% fall of fatalities during the last 20 years, and account for 700 lives saved annually in the UK, and further puts forward that the lack of consideration of the benefits coming from the medical area, suggests that road safety is probably less effective that thought. It is remarkable that implicitly the author of the research doesn’t consider medical activities as a component of a road safety management system.
It reflects confusion between the space where this phenomenon occurs (mainly roads) and the design of the Management systems to control it, in what “Roads” is only a 11% of the activities (one area out of nine in previous table).
- Accident
the use of the word “accident” with its connotations of being and unavoidable event, weaken the resolve to intervene in order to reduce crashes and the resulting harm. Evans (1991) argues that the word “crash” indicates in a simple factual way what is observed, while “Accident” seems to suggest in addition a general explanation of why it occurred.
- Cause of accidents
Road safety recognizes that crashes, and their consequences, are multifactor events, Ogden (1996) indicates: “An approach based in notions of cause and blame is simplistic in the extreme”. In short, crashes have factors not causes .
- Problem-solving
Old approaches emphasize the concept of problem-solving in Road safety, but it is more correct to recognize that Road safety activities doesn’t solve problems. For instance, when a safer road design is implemented, hopefully the number of crashes, or their seriousness, will go down, but they will not disappear. It is more correct to say the implementation of correct policies, programs and measures will reduce numbers or consequences of crashes, but they will no be ´´solved´´.
This realization is important, because it changes the focus from a problem that will go away if we devote enough resources to it, to a situation requiring on-going management. This management in turn requires the development of scientifically based techniques, witch will enable us to predict with confidence that safety resources are well-spent and likely to be effective.