Malian presidential election, 2007
Encyclopedia
A presidential election was held in Mali
on 29 April 2007. President Amadou Toumani Touré
ran for re-election against seven other candidates and won in the first round with about 71% of the vote, according to final results.
, the President of the National Assembly, was nominated as the presidential candidate of his party, the Rally for Mali
, on January 28, 2007. On February 18, former Foreign Minister Tiébilé Dramé
was nominated as the candidate of the Party for National Rebirth
(PARENA), and on February 24 Oumar Mariko
was nominated as the candidate of African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence
. Sidibé Aminata Diallo
, a female professor, announced on 12 March that she intended to stand as the candidate of the Rally for Sustainable Education and Development. The former ruling party, the Alliance for Democracy in Mali
(ADEMA), decided to support the re-election of the incumbent president, Amadou Toumani Touré. Former Defense Minister Soumeylou Boubèye Maiga, who was Vice-President of ADEMA, was expelled from ADEMA for opposing this; he intended to run for president himself, and was designated as the candidate of his movement, Convergences 2007, on March 24. The National Union for the Republic (UNPR) nominated Modibo Sangaré as its candidate on March 26. President Touré announced his candidacy in the town of Nioro du Sahel
on March 27. On the same day, the Social Democratic Convention
nominated Mamadou Blaise Sangaré
as its candidate.
On April 1, the Constitutional Court issued a provisional list of eight candidates who would contest the election: President Touré, Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, Mamadou Blaise Sangaré, Tiébilé Dramé, Soumeylou Boubèye Maiga, Oumar Mariko, Sidibe Aminata Diallo, and Madiassa Maguiraga. Modibo Sangaré's candidacy was rejected by the court on the grounds that he had not paid the required bond of 10 million CFA francs. No requests were filed for the invalidation of any of the eight candidates on the provisional list, and therefore the Court confirmed the list as final on April 3. Six of the eight approved candidates previously ran in the 2002 presidential election
; Maiga and Diallo were the exceptions. Diallo was the first woman to ever run for president in Mali; a woman had attempted to run in 2002, but her candidacy had been rejected.
In order to have their candidacies accepted by the court, candidates were required to be sponsored by at least ten members of the National Assembly
or at least five communal advisors from each of the country's regions, as well as Bamako
, the capital (a minimum of 45 combined). Touré was sponsored by 414 communal advisors, Keïta was sponsored by 17 members of parliament, Mamadou Blaise Sangaré was sponsored by 11 members of parliament, Dramé was sponsored by 87 communal advisors, Maiga was sponsored by 114 communal advisors, Mariko was sponsored by 71 communal advisors, Diallo was sponsored by 14 members of parliament, and Maguiraga was sponsored by 55 communal advisors. The introduction of sponsors, in addition to an increase in the guarantee that had to be paid, was considered responsible for the significant reduction in the number of candidates from the 2002 election, when there were 24 candidates.
with 71.7%; it was worst in Bamako, with 30.6%. The total distribution percentage was subsequently raised to about 66.7%, apparently due to Malians abroad obtaining the cards.
On April 24, the Front for Democracy and the Republic
(FDR), a coalition that includes four of the opposition candidates (Keïta, Dramé, Maiga, and Sangaré) and 16 parties sharply criticized the way the election was being prepared. It alleged serious problems with the electoral list, which it said had been manipulated, and criticized the use of fingerprints on ballot papers and the failure to allow the presence of its representatives when the military votes. The coalition said that the election would not be transparent or credible. On April 28, local government minister Kafougouna Koné denied the accusation that the government manipulated the electoral list, saying that its problems were due to the lack of information available to the government.
Prior to the election, Touré was considered likely to win; he ran as an independent but was backed by a coalition, the Alliance for Democracy and Progress
, composed of 43 parties. Keïta was considered the strongest opposition candidate. If no candidate won the election on April 29, a second round was scheduled for May 13.
On May 1, the four FDR candidates, rejecting the official results, said that they would try to have the election annulled. In a statement, Keïta's campaign said that it would release different results. The FDR withdrew from participation in the national commission for the centralization of the results; it objected to the handling of Bamako's results, saying that it had not been included in part of the validation process and that the results had been released without its approval. Foreign observers, however, endorsed the election as free and fair. Results reported from 28 out of 49 areas showed Touré with 72% of the vote, while Keïta had 15%. On May 2, results accounting for 51% of registered voters (including many who did not vote) showed Touré still holding a large lead with 58.3% of the vote against 25% for Keïta.
According to full provisional results announced on May 3, Touré won the election with 68.31% of the vote (1,563,640 out of 2,288,993 votes) and Keïta took second place with 18.59% (425,609 votes). Dramé was in third place with 2.9% of the vote and Mariko was in fourth with 2.7%. Voter turnout was placed at 36.17%, with 2.3 million out of 6.9 million registered voters participating. On May 4, slightly different results were announced: 70.89% for Touré (1,622,579 votes), 19.08% for Keïta (436,781 votes), 3.04% for Dramé (69,584 votes) 2.74% for Mariko (62,709 votes), 1.57% for Sangaré (35,951 votes), 1.46% for Maïga (33,366 votes), 0.54% for Diallo (12,326 votes), and 0.30% for Maguiraga (6,857 votes).
Diallo and Maguiraga accepted Touré's victory on May 4. The FDR, however, continued to call on the Constitutional Court to annul the election, describing it as a farce and rejecting the results.
Final results were announced by the Constitutional Court on May 12, confirming Touré's victory and slightly raising his score to 71.20%. On May 19, Keïta said that the FDR would abide by the court's decision and would focus on the July 2007 parliamentary election
. Some observers argued that this concession by the FDR was due to the massive scale of the victory attributed to Touré, which made its own claims appear untenable.
In a press conference on May 29, Mariko denounced the electoral commission and the Constitutional Court for their handling of the election, saying that the former should be dissolved. He was also sharply critical of the FDR, in which he did not participate.
Touré was sworn in for his second term on 8 June 2007.
Mali
Mali , officially the Republic of Mali , is a landlocked country in Western Africa. Mali borders Algeria on the north, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the Côte d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west. Its size is just over 1,240,000 km² with...
on 29 April 2007. President Amadou Toumani Touré
Amadou Toumani Touré
Amadou Toumani Touré is the president of Mali. He overthrew a military ruler, Moussa Traoré in 1991, then handed power to civilian authorities the next year...
ran for re-election against seven other candidates and won in the first round with about 71% of the vote, according to final results.
Pre-campaign
Ibrahim Boubacar KeïtaIbrahim Boubacar Keïta
Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta is a Malian politician. He was Prime Minister of Mali from 1994 to 2000 and President of the National Assembly of Mali from 2002 to 2007. He is currently the President of the Rally for Mali political party....
, the President of the National Assembly, was nominated as the presidential candidate of his party, the Rally for Mali
Rally for Mali
The Rally for Mali is a Malian political party created by Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta in June 2001.In October 2000, Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, the former prime minister of Mali, resigned from incumbent President Alpha Oumar Konaré's party, the Alliance for Democracy in Mali-African Party for Solidarity...
, on January 28, 2007. On February 18, former Foreign Minister Tiébilé Dramé
Tiébilé Dramé
Tiébilé Dramé is a Malian politician.Dramé was born in Nioro du Sahel. He studied at the Ecole normale supérieure in Bamako before obtaining his Advanced studies diploma in African history from the University of Paris...
was nominated as the candidate of the Party for National Rebirth
Party for National Rebirth
The Party for National Rebirth is a Malian political party, created in 1995 by activists from the National Congress for Democratic Initiative . The Party for National Rebirth is headed by Tiébilé Dramé, who ran for the presidency in 2002, gaining 4 % of the votes, coming in fourth place...
(PARENA), and on February 24 Oumar Mariko
Oumar Mariko
Oumar Mariko is a Malian doctor, politician and noted former student activist. He is the secretary general of African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence and has twice run for President of Mali, in 2002 and 2007....
was nominated as the candidate of African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence
African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence
The African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence is a left-wing political party in Mali. It was founded by Cheick Oumar Sissoko and Oumar Mariko in 1996; Sissoko is the party's President and Mariko is its Secretary-General, the top post in the party...
. Sidibé Aminata Diallo
Sidibé Aminata Diallo
-Academia:Diallo is a member of the faculty of Economic Sciences and Management at the University of Bamako, where she specializes in land management.-Politics:...
, a female professor, announced on 12 March that she intended to stand as the candidate of the Rally for Sustainable Education and Development. The former ruling party, the Alliance for Democracy in Mali
Alliance for Democracy in Mali
The Alliance for Democracy in Mali-Pan-African Party for Liberty, Solidarity and Justice is a political party in Mali....
(ADEMA), decided to support the re-election of the incumbent president, Amadou Toumani Touré. Former Defense Minister Soumeylou Boubèye Maiga, who was Vice-President of ADEMA, was expelled from ADEMA for opposing this; he intended to run for president himself, and was designated as the candidate of his movement, Convergences 2007, on March 24. The National Union for the Republic (UNPR) nominated Modibo Sangaré as its candidate on March 26. President Touré announced his candidacy in the town of Nioro du Sahel
Nioro du Sahel
Nioro du Sahel often referred to as simply Nioro is a town and commune in the Kayes Region of western Mali, 241 km from the city of Kayes. It is located 275 miles north-west of the capital Bamako...
on March 27. On the same day, the Social Democratic Convention
Social Democratic Convention
The Social Democratic Convention is a political party in Mali. In the 29 April 2007 presidential election, the party's candidate, Mamadou Blaise Sangaré, won 1.58 % of the popular vote....
nominated Mamadou Blaise Sangaré
Mamadou Blaise Sangaré
Mamadou Bakary "Blaise" Sangaré is a Malian politician. He is the President of the Social Democratic Convention ....
as its candidate.
On April 1, the Constitutional Court issued a provisional list of eight candidates who would contest the election: President Touré, Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, Mamadou Blaise Sangaré, Tiébilé Dramé, Soumeylou Boubèye Maiga, Oumar Mariko, Sidibe Aminata Diallo, and Madiassa Maguiraga. Modibo Sangaré's candidacy was rejected by the court on the grounds that he had not paid the required bond of 10 million CFA francs. No requests were filed for the invalidation of any of the eight candidates on the provisional list, and therefore the Court confirmed the list as final on April 3. Six of the eight approved candidates previously ran in the 2002 presidential election
Malian presidential election, 2002
Mali held a presidential election in 2002 to choose the President of Mali. The first round was held on 28 April 2002 and the second round was held on 12 May...
; Maiga and Diallo were the exceptions. Diallo was the first woman to ever run for president in Mali; a woman had attempted to run in 2002, but her candidacy had been rejected.
In order to have their candidacies accepted by the court, candidates were required to be sponsored by at least ten members of the National Assembly
National Assembly of Mali
The unicameral National Assembly of Mali is the country's legislative body.The current National Assembly, formed following elections held on 14 and 28 July 2002, has a total of 160 members. 147 members are directly elected in single or multi-member constituencies using the Two-Round system...
or at least five communal advisors from each of the country's regions, as well as Bamako
Bamako
Bamako is the capital of Mali and its largest city with a population of 1.8 million . Currently, it is estimated to be the fastest growing city in Africa and sixth fastest in the world...
, the capital (a minimum of 45 combined). Touré was sponsored by 414 communal advisors, Keïta was sponsored by 17 members of parliament, Mamadou Blaise Sangaré was sponsored by 11 members of parliament, Dramé was sponsored by 87 communal advisors, Maiga was sponsored by 114 communal advisors, Mariko was sponsored by 71 communal advisors, Diallo was sponsored by 14 members of parliament, and Maguiraga was sponsored by 55 communal advisors. The introduction of sponsors, in addition to an increase in the guarantee that had to be paid, was considered responsible for the significant reduction in the number of candidates from the 2002 election, when there were 24 candidates.
Voter registration
Voter registration cards began to be distributed in Bamako on March 30. By April 7, less than 3% of the voter cards had been distributed. On April 14, the cards were made easier to obtain, but by April 25 less than 50% were thought to have been distributed. The latter date was a public holiday in order to encourage voters to get the cards prior to the deadline at midnight, after which it was reported that about 63.78% had been distributed. The best rate of distribution was in Mopti RegionMopti Region
Mopti is the fifth administrative region of Mali, covering 79,017 km². Its capital is the city of Mopti.-Geography:Mopti Region is bordered by Tombouctou Region to the north, Ségou Region to the southwest, and Burkina Faso to the southeast....
with 71.7%; it was worst in Bamako, with 30.6%. The total distribution percentage was subsequently raised to about 66.7%, apparently due to Malians abroad obtaining the cards.
Campaign
The campaign for the election began on April 8 and continued until midnight on April 27. Fodié Touré, the head of the electoral commission, said on April 16 that more than a thousand foreign observers had sought permission to monitor the election. He said later that 900 observers, from Mali and abroad, had been accredited.On April 24, the Front for Democracy and the Republic
Front for Democracy and the Republic
The Front for Democracy and the Republic is an opposition coalition in Mali that fought the presidential election on 29 April 2007 and the parliamentary election of 1 July and 22 July 2007. The FDR is an umbrella organisation, bringing together 16 independent political parties and groups...
(FDR), a coalition that includes four of the opposition candidates (Keïta, Dramé, Maiga, and Sangaré) and 16 parties sharply criticized the way the election was being prepared. It alleged serious problems with the electoral list, which it said had been manipulated, and criticized the use of fingerprints on ballot papers and the failure to allow the presence of its representatives when the military votes. The coalition said that the election would not be transparent or credible. On April 28, local government minister Kafougouna Koné denied the accusation that the government manipulated the electoral list, saying that its problems were due to the lack of information available to the government.
Prior to the election, Touré was considered likely to win; he ran as an independent but was backed by a coalition, the Alliance for Democracy and Progress
Alliance for Democracy and Progress (Mali)
The Alliance for Democracy and Progress is an alliance of political parties in Mali, that supports president Amadou Toumani Touré. In the 1 July and 22 July 2007 Malian parliamentary elections, the member parties of the alliance won 113 out of 160 seats....
, composed of 43 parties. Keïta was considered the strongest opposition candidate. If no candidate won the election on April 29, a second round was scheduled for May 13.
Post-election
A day after the election, a presidential spokesman claimed victory for Touré, while Keïta's campaign director alleged fraud, and the FDR claimed there were widespread irregularities. Results accounting for 18.2% of registered voters (including many who did not vote) showed Touré with 61.3% of the vote and Keïta as a distant second with 29.8%. In Bamako, Touré won 54.2% and Keïta won 38.8%; Touré's lead was bigger in rural areas, where he won about 71% against 18% for Keïta. Voter turnout was placed at 24% in Bamako and 38% in the countryside.On May 1, the four FDR candidates, rejecting the official results, said that they would try to have the election annulled. In a statement, Keïta's campaign said that it would release different results. The FDR withdrew from participation in the national commission for the centralization of the results; it objected to the handling of Bamako's results, saying that it had not been included in part of the validation process and that the results had been released without its approval. Foreign observers, however, endorsed the election as free and fair. Results reported from 28 out of 49 areas showed Touré with 72% of the vote, while Keïta had 15%. On May 2, results accounting for 51% of registered voters (including many who did not vote) showed Touré still holding a large lead with 58.3% of the vote against 25% for Keïta.
According to full provisional results announced on May 3, Touré won the election with 68.31% of the vote (1,563,640 out of 2,288,993 votes) and Keïta took second place with 18.59% (425,609 votes). Dramé was in third place with 2.9% of the vote and Mariko was in fourth with 2.7%. Voter turnout was placed at 36.17%, with 2.3 million out of 6.9 million registered voters participating. On May 4, slightly different results were announced: 70.89% for Touré (1,622,579 votes), 19.08% for Keïta (436,781 votes), 3.04% for Dramé (69,584 votes) 2.74% for Mariko (62,709 votes), 1.57% for Sangaré (35,951 votes), 1.46% for Maïga (33,366 votes), 0.54% for Diallo (12,326 votes), and 0.30% for Maguiraga (6,857 votes).
Diallo and Maguiraga accepted Touré's victory on May 4. The FDR, however, continued to call on the Constitutional Court to annul the election, describing it as a farce and rejecting the results.
Final results were announced by the Constitutional Court on May 12, confirming Touré's victory and slightly raising his score to 71.20%. On May 19, Keïta said that the FDR would abide by the court's decision and would focus on the July 2007 parliamentary election
Malian parliamentary election, 2007
A parliamentary election was held in Mali on 1 July 2007 and 22 July. In the first round, there were about 1,400 candidates for 147 seats in the National Assembly....
. Some observers argued that this concession by the FDR was due to the massive scale of the victory attributed to Touré, which made its own claims appear untenable.
In a press conference on May 29, Mariko denounced the electoral commission and the Constitutional Court for their handling of the election, saying that the former should be dissolved. He was also sharply critical of the FDR, in which he did not participate.
Touré was sworn in for his second term on 8 June 2007.