Malaysia-Vietnam border
Encyclopedia
Malaysia and Vietnam
are two South-east Asian countries with maritime boundaries
which meet in the Gulf of Thailand
and South China Sea
. The two countries have overlapping claims over the continental shelf in the Gulf of Thailand. Both countries have, however, come to an agreement to jointly exploit the natural resources in the disputed area pending resolution of the dispute over sovereignty.
In the South China Sea, Malaysia and Vietnam are involved in the multi-national claims over some of the Spratly Islands
and adjacent waters.
agreement between the two countries.
The continental shelf claim limit of the two countries do not coincide because of the different maritime
baselines each country uses to calculate the equidistant line. This has resulted in an area of overlapping claims. The Vietnamese continental shelf limit was proclaimed in 1971 by the then South Vietnamese government and was the equidistant line between the Malaysian and Vietnamese mainlands without taking into account offshore islands. Malaysia's claim is made through a territorial sea and continental shelf map published by its Mapping and Survey Department in 1979 showing the boundary, drawn as the equidistant line between Malaysia's Redang Island and the Vietnamese shore, ignoring islands off its coast.
The eastern terminus of any future Malaysia–Vietnam border seems to have been established at northern terminus of the 1969 Indonesia-Malaysia continental shelf border
at a point designated as Point 20, with the coordinates 6° 05.8' N 105° 49.2' E. Point 20 is the equidistant point from the baselines of Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam. Although not determined by any tripartite agreement, bilateral agreements governing the Indonesia-Malaysia
and Indonesia-Vietnam
maritime borders as well as the agreement to establish the Malaysia-Vietnam joint development Defined Area (see below) virtually set Point 20 as the common tripoint for the three countries.
The western terminus of the Malaysia–Vietnam border, which should also be the common tripoint for Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, has not been determined as the borders between the three countries are subject to dispute. The determination of the tripoint would require the disputes involving the Malaysia-Thailand
and Malaysia–Vietnam borders to be settled.
Interestingly, Thailand and Vietnam has agreed to a continental shelf boundary, with "Point C" as the eastern terminus of their common continental shelf border. This point (with coordinates 07° 48' 00" N, 103° 02' 30" E) coincides with Point 43 in the 1979 map produced by Malaysia's Mapping and Survey Department depicting the country's territorial sea and continental shelf claims. In Malaysia's perspective, Point 43/Point C would be the common tripoint for Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, and thus the westernmost terminus of the Malaysia-Vietnam common border. Thailand and Vietnam do not recognise this position as they does not recognise Malaysia's continental shelf boundary asserted in the 1979 map.
Both countries signed a memorandum of understanding on 5 June 1992 to allow joint exploitation of natural resources in the area of overlapping claims, which the agreement called the Defined Area. The western portion of the overlapping claim area is also claimed by Thailand and is currently included in the Malaysia-Thailand joint development area
. The Defined Area established under the 1992 MOU does not include this area. In 1999, all three countries agreed in principle to jointly develop this area using joint development principles.
involving the continental shelf as well as the islands of the Spratly group
. Both Malaysia and Vietnam are two of several countries asserting claims over the islands and waters of the area. Because of the uncertainty, no maritime border agreement exists for the area.
Malaysia currently occupies one island - Swallow Reef
or Pulau Layang-Layang - five reefs and one shoal. It also claims two marine features currently occupied by Vietnam, namely Amboyna Cay
and Barque Canada Reef. Amboyna Cay is also claimed by the Philippines. Malaysia claims Commodore Reef which is occupied by the Philippines and Royal Charlotte Reef which is currently not occupied.
All the features claimed by Malaysia are also claimed by Vietnam and China (as well as Taiwan). Five features currently occupied by Malaysia are claimed by the Philippines and one is claimed by Brunei
.
and Barque Canada Reef/Lizzie Weber Reef - are claimed by Malaysia.
Other features claimed by Vietnam are currently occupied by China, the Philippines and Taiwan.
For details of the Spratly Islands dispute, see the Spratly Islands
page.
, Malaysia and Vietnam on 6 May 2009 jointly submitted to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf a notification of the two countries' extended continental shelf
claims. The "defined area" claimed in the joint submission covered a stretch of the South China Sea which lay in between the 200 nautical mile limit of the two countries. The area in question includes part of the Spratly Islands
and its adjacent waters.
The joint submission stated that the area was already subject to overlapping claims, including by both the submitting countries. The submission did not define the extended continental shelf claim of each country but merely defined the area which both countries were jointly claiming. Nevertheless, Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Abdul Razak said the two countries had reached a broad understanding as to the apportionment of the defined area.
China, which is one of the claimants of the Spratly Islands and its adjacent waters, lodged a note with the UN Secretary-General on 7 May 2009 objecting to the extended continental shelf submission. The basis for the objection was that the area claimed was under Chinese sovereignty. Premier Wen Jiabao later said all countries with territorial claims in the South China Sea should strictly follow the Declaration on the Code of Conduct on the South China Sea.
Vietnam responded to China's note the following day, stating in a note that it had legal rights to claim the area defined in the joint submission. It also disputed China's claim over the area. Malaysia also responded with a note asserting its legal right to claim the area and stating that it recognised the overlapping claims by various countries over the area. During a state visit to China in June, Malaysian prime minister Najib Abdul Razak said China and Malaysia had reached an understanding and agreed to continue negotiations over all territorial disputes.
Another objection to the Malaysia-Vietnam joint submission was received from the Philippines on 4 August 2009. The note said the defined area was subject to a claim by the Philippines as well as subject to territorial disputes over "some of the islands in the area including North Borneo
." In its reply on 18 August 2009, Vietnam stated its legal right to lodge the submission and reasserted its "indisputable sovereignty" over the Spratly and Paracel Islands. Malaysia's reply on 21 August 2009 also stated its legal right to lodge the submission and said there was an earlier invitation to the Philippines to join the joint submission which was ultimately rejected. Malaysia also rejected the Philippines' assertion of sovereignty claims over North Borneo, pointing to the separate judgement of Judge Ad Hoc Franck in the Sipadan and Ligitan Case of the International Court of Justice.
Presentation of the submission was made to the Commission on 27 August 2009 during its 24th session. The commission decided to defer any consideration on the submission to a future date.
The defined area, which is also known as Block PM-3 CAA (Commercial Arrangement Area), is about 1,350 km square. Oil production began in 1997 from the Bunga Kekwa field.
Vietnam
Vietnam – sometimes spelled Viet Nam , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam – is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea –...
are two South-east Asian countries with maritime boundaries
Maritime boundary
Maritime boundary is a conceptual means of division of the water surface of the planet into maritime areas that are defined through surrounding physical geography or by human geography. As such it usually includes areas of exclusive national rights over the mineral and biological resources,...
which meet in the Gulf of Thailand
Gulf of Thailand
The Gulf of Thailand , also known in to Malays as Teluk Siam literally meant Gulf of Siam, is a shallow arm of the South China Sea.-Geography:...
and South China Sea
South China Sea
The South China Sea is a marginal sea that is part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from the Singapore and Malacca Straits to the Strait of Taiwan of around...
. The two countries have overlapping claims over the continental shelf in the Gulf of Thailand. Both countries have, however, come to an agreement to jointly exploit the natural resources in the disputed area pending resolution of the dispute over sovereignty.
In the South China Sea, Malaysia and Vietnam are involved in the multi-national claims over some of the Spratly Islands
Spratly Islands
The Spratly Islands are a group of more than 750 reefs, islets, atolls, cays and islands in the South China Sea. The archipelago lies off the coasts of the Philippines and Malaysia , about one third of the way from there to southern Vietnam. They comprise less than four square kilometers of land...
and adjacent waters.
Gulf of Thailand
Both Malaysia and Vietnam have overlapping claims over the seabed in the Gulf of Thailand. There is currently no boundaryBorder
Borders define geographic boundaries of political entities or legal jurisdictions, such as governments, sovereign states, federated states and other subnational entities. Some borders—such as a state's internal administrative borders, or inter-state borders within the Schengen Area—are open and...
agreement between the two countries.
The continental shelf claim limit of the two countries do not coincide because of the different maritime
Ocean
An ocean is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by ocean, a continuous body of water that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas.More than half of this area is over 3,000...
baselines each country uses to calculate the equidistant line. This has resulted in an area of overlapping claims. The Vietnamese continental shelf limit was proclaimed in 1971 by the then South Vietnamese government and was the equidistant line between the Malaysian and Vietnamese mainlands without taking into account offshore islands. Malaysia's claim is made through a territorial sea and continental shelf map published by its Mapping and Survey Department in 1979 showing the boundary, drawn as the equidistant line between Malaysia's Redang Island and the Vietnamese shore, ignoring islands off its coast.
The eastern terminus of any future Malaysia–Vietnam border seems to have been established at northern terminus of the 1969 Indonesia-Malaysia continental shelf border
Indonesia-Malaysia border
The border between the Southeast Asian countries of Indonesia and Malaysia consist of both a land border separating the two countries' territories on the island of Borneo as well as maritime boundaries along the length of the Straits of Malacca, in the South China Sea and in the Celebes Sea.The...
at a point designated as Point 20, with the coordinates 6° 05.8' N 105° 49.2' E. Point 20 is the equidistant point from the baselines of Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam. Although not determined by any tripartite agreement, bilateral agreements governing the Indonesia-Malaysia
Indonesia-Malaysia border
The border between the Southeast Asian countries of Indonesia and Malaysia consist of both a land border separating the two countries' territories on the island of Borneo as well as maritime boundaries along the length of the Straits of Malacca, in the South China Sea and in the Celebes Sea.The...
and Indonesia-Vietnam
Indonesia-Vietnam border
The border between Indonesia and Vietnam is a maritime border located in the South China Sea to the north of Indonesia's Natuna Islands. The two countries signed an agreement to determine their continental shelf boundary on 26 June 2003 in Hanoi, Vietnam....
maritime borders as well as the agreement to establish the Malaysia-Vietnam joint development Defined Area (see below) virtually set Point 20 as the common tripoint for the three countries.
The western terminus of the Malaysia–Vietnam border, which should also be the common tripoint for Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, has not been determined as the borders between the three countries are subject to dispute. The determination of the tripoint would require the disputes involving the Malaysia-Thailand
Malaysia-Thailand border
The Malaysia-Thailand border consists of both a land boundary across the Malay Peninsula and maritime boundaries in the Straits of Malacca and the Gulf of Thailand/South China Sea. Malaysia lies to the south of the border while Thailand lies to the north...
and Malaysia–Vietnam borders to be settled.
Interestingly, Thailand and Vietnam has agreed to a continental shelf boundary, with "Point C" as the eastern terminus of their common continental shelf border. This point (with coordinates 07° 48' 00" N, 103° 02' 30" E) coincides with Point 43 in the 1979 map produced by Malaysia's Mapping and Survey Department depicting the country's territorial sea and continental shelf claims. In Malaysia's perspective, Point 43/Point C would be the common tripoint for Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, and thus the westernmost terminus of the Malaysia-Vietnam common border. Thailand and Vietnam do not recognise this position as they does not recognise Malaysia's continental shelf boundary asserted in the 1979 map.
| Point | Longtitude (E) | Latitude (N) | Remarks | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continental shelf boundary turning point coordinates in Malaysia's 1979 map | ||||
| 41 | 105° 49'.2 | 6° 5'.8 | Same as Point 20 (northern terminus) of the Indonesia-Malaysia continental shelf boundary Indonesia-Malaysia border The border between the Southeast Asian countries of Indonesia and Malaysia consist of both a land border separating the two countries' territories on the island of Borneo as well as maritime boundaries along the length of the Straits of Malacca, in the South China Sea and in the Celebes Sea.The... and the western terminus of the Indonesia-Vietnam continental shelf boundary Indonesia-Vietnam border The border between Indonesia and Vietnam is a maritime border located in the South China Sea to the north of Indonesia's Natuna Islands. The two countries signed an agreement to determine their continental shelf boundary on 26 June 2003 in Hanoi, Vietnam.... ; Point E of the Malaysia-Vietnam joint development Defined Area |
|
| 42 | 104° 30'.0 | 6° 48'.25 | Same as Point F of the Defined Area | |
| 43 | 103° 2'.5 | 7° 48'.0 | Same as Point C (eastern terminus) of the agreed Thailand-Vietnam continental shelf boundary | |
| Continental shelf boundary claimed by Vietnam | ||||
| 1 | 105° 49'.2 | 6° 5'.8 | Same as Point 20 (northern terminus) of the Indonesia-Malaysia continental shelf boundary Indonesia-Malaysia border The border between the Southeast Asian countries of Indonesia and Malaysia consist of both a land border separating the two countries' territories on the island of Borneo as well as maritime boundaries along the length of the Straits of Malacca, in the South China Sea and in the Celebes Sea.The... and western terminus of the Indonesia-Vietnam continental shelf boundary Indonesia-Vietnam border The border between Indonesia and Vietnam is a maritime border located in the South China Sea to the north of Indonesia's Natuna Islands. The two countries signed an agreement to determine their continental shelf boundary on 26 June 2003 in Hanoi, Vietnam.... ; Point E of the Malaysia-Vietnam joint development Defined Area |
|
| 2 | 103° 52'.0 | 7° 3'.0 | Same as Point D of the Defined Area | |
| 3 | 103° 35'.71 | 7° 18'.31 | Same as Point C of the Defined Area | |
| 4 | 103° 2'.5 | 7° 48'.0 | Same as Point 43 in the 1979 Malaysian map and Point C (eastern terminus) of the agreed Thailand-Vietnam continental shelf boundary | |
Both countries signed a memorandum of understanding on 5 June 1992 to allow joint exploitation of natural resources in the area of overlapping claims, which the agreement called the Defined Area. The western portion of the overlapping claim area is also claimed by Thailand and is currently included in the Malaysia-Thailand joint development area
Malaysia-Thailand joint development area
The Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area is a 7,250 km square area in the Gulf of Thailand which was created as an interim measure to exploit the natural resources in the seabed or continental shelf claimed by the two countries and to share the proceeds equally. The arrangement does not...
. The Defined Area established under the 1992 MOU does not include this area. In 1999, all three countries agreed in principle to jointly develop this area using joint development principles.
South China Sea
Malaysia and Vietnam both have overlapping claims in the South China SeaSouth China Sea
The South China Sea is a marginal sea that is part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from the Singapore and Malacca Straits to the Strait of Taiwan of around...
involving the continental shelf as well as the islands of the Spratly group
Spratly Islands
The Spratly Islands are a group of more than 750 reefs, islets, atolls, cays and islands in the South China Sea. The archipelago lies off the coasts of the Philippines and Malaysia , about one third of the way from there to southern Vietnam. They comprise less than four square kilometers of land...
. Both Malaysia and Vietnam are two of several countries asserting claims over the islands and waters of the area. Because of the uncertainty, no maritime border agreement exists for the area.
Malaysian claim
Malaysia claims a portion of the South China Sea together with 11 islands and other marine features in the Spratly group on the basis that they are within its continental shelf. Brunei, China, the Philippines and Vietnam also have overlapping claims over the entire or a portion of the area claimed by Malaysia.Malaysia currently occupies one island - Swallow Reef
Swallow Reef
Swallow Reef, known as Layang-Layang Island in Malaysia, Danwan Jiao in China, Celerio in the Philippines and Đá Hoa Lau in Vietnam, is an uninhabited oceanic atoll of the Spratly Islands situated approximately 300 km northwest of Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Swallow Reef has a total land area of...
or Pulau Layang-Layang - five reefs and one shoal. It also claims two marine features currently occupied by Vietnam, namely Amboyna Cay
Amboyna Cay
Amboyna Cay or An Bang Island is an island of Spratly Islands in South China Sea. With an area of 1.6 hectares, it is the thirteenth largest Spratly island and the sixth largest among Vietnamese-occupied Spratly islands. It has two parts: east part consists of sand and coral, and west part is...
and Barque Canada Reef. Amboyna Cay is also claimed by the Philippines. Malaysia claims Commodore Reef which is occupied by the Philippines and Royal Charlotte Reef which is currently not occupied.
All the features claimed by Malaysia are also claimed by Vietnam and China (as well as Taiwan). Five features currently occupied by Malaysia are claimed by the Philippines and one is claimed by Brunei
Brunei-Malaysia border
The border between Brunei and Malaysia consist of a 481.3 km land border and substantial lengths of maritime borders stretching from the coastline of the two countries to the edge of the continental shelf in the South China Sea....
.
| Point | Longtitude (E) | Latitude (N) | Remarks | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malaysia's continental shelf claim according to its 1979 map | ||||
| 52 | 109° 38'.6 | 6° 18'.2 | This point is the eastern terminus of the Indonesia-Vietnam border Indonesia-Vietnam border The border between Indonesia and Vietnam is a maritime border located in the South China Sea to the north of Indonesia's Natuna Islands. The two countries signed an agreement to determine their continental shelf boundary on 26 June 2003 in Hanoi, Vietnam.... and the northern terminus of the Indonesia-Malaysia border Indonesia-Malaysia border The border between the Southeast Asian countries of Indonesia and Malaysia consist of both a land border separating the two countries' territories on the island of Borneo as well as maritime boundaries along the length of the Straits of Malacca, in the South China Sea and in the Celebes Sea.The... off the western extremity of Sarawak |
|
| 53 | 111° 34' | 7° 027'.75 | ||
| 54 | 112° 30'.75 | 8° 23'.75 | ||
| 55 | 113° 16'.25 | 8° 44'.42 | ||
| 56 | 113° 39' | 8° 33'.92 | ||
| 57 | 113° 47'.75 | 8° 24'.42 | ||
| 58 | 113° 52'.42 | 8° 24'.43 | ||
| 59 | 114° 19'.83 | 8° 23'.75 | ||
| 60 | 114° 29'.17 | 8° 30'.25 | ||
| 61 | 114° 50'.12 | 8° 28'.17 | ||
| 62 | 115° 10'.58 | 8° 55' | ||
| 63 | 115° 8'.75 | 8° 49'.08 | ||
| 64 | 115° 54'.08 | 8° 19'.92 | ||
| 65 | 116° 03'.5 | 8° 01'.5 | ||
| 66 | 116° 00' | 7° 40' | This is the western starting point of the treaty defined boundary between Malaysia and the Philippines | |
Vietnamese claim
Vietnam claims the entire Spratly Islands group based on historic grounds, and as such, claims all 11 islands and other marine features occupied as well as claimed by Malaysia. It currently has possession of six islands, 17 reefs and three banks and of these, one island and a reef - Amboyna CayAmboyna Cay
Amboyna Cay or An Bang Island is an island of Spratly Islands in South China Sea. With an area of 1.6 hectares, it is the thirteenth largest Spratly island and the sixth largest among Vietnamese-occupied Spratly islands. It has two parts: east part consists of sand and coral, and west part is...
and Barque Canada Reef/Lizzie Weber Reef - are claimed by Malaysia.
Other features claimed by Vietnam are currently occupied by China, the Philippines and Taiwan.
For details of the Spratly Islands dispute, see the Spratly Islands
Spratly Islands
The Spratly Islands are a group of more than 750 reefs, islets, atolls, cays and islands in the South China Sea. The archipelago lies off the coasts of the Philippines and Malaysia , about one third of the way from there to southern Vietnam. They comprise less than four square kilometers of land...
page.
Extended continental shelf claims
Pursuant to Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the SeaUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , also called the Law of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea treaty, is the international agreement that resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea , which took place from 1973 through 1982...
, Malaysia and Vietnam on 6 May 2009 jointly submitted to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf a notification of the two countries' extended continental shelf
Territorial waters
Territorial waters, or a territorial sea, as defined by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, is a belt of coastal waters extending at most from the baseline of a coastal state...
claims. The "defined area" claimed in the joint submission covered a stretch of the South China Sea which lay in between the 200 nautical mile limit of the two countries. The area in question includes part of the Spratly Islands
Spratly Islands
The Spratly Islands are a group of more than 750 reefs, islets, atolls, cays and islands in the South China Sea. The archipelago lies off the coasts of the Philippines and Malaysia , about one third of the way from there to southern Vietnam. They comprise less than four square kilometers of land...
and its adjacent waters.
The joint submission stated that the area was already subject to overlapping claims, including by both the submitting countries. The submission did not define the extended continental shelf claim of each country but merely defined the area which both countries were jointly claiming. Nevertheless, Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Abdul Razak said the two countries had reached a broad understanding as to the apportionment of the defined area.
China, which is one of the claimants of the Spratly Islands and its adjacent waters, lodged a note with the UN Secretary-General on 7 May 2009 objecting to the extended continental shelf submission. The basis for the objection was that the area claimed was under Chinese sovereignty. Premier Wen Jiabao later said all countries with territorial claims in the South China Sea should strictly follow the Declaration on the Code of Conduct on the South China Sea.
Vietnam responded to China's note the following day, stating in a note that it had legal rights to claim the area defined in the joint submission. It also disputed China's claim over the area. Malaysia also responded with a note asserting its legal right to claim the area and stating that it recognised the overlapping claims by various countries over the area. During a state visit to China in June, Malaysian prime minister Najib Abdul Razak said China and Malaysia had reached an understanding and agreed to continue negotiations over all territorial disputes.
Another objection to the Malaysia-Vietnam joint submission was received from the Philippines on 4 August 2009. The note said the defined area was subject to a claim by the Philippines as well as subject to territorial disputes over "some of the islands in the area including North Borneo
North Borneo
North Borneo was a British protectorate under the sovereign North Borneo Chartered Company from 1882 to 1946. After the war it became a crown colony of Great Britain from 1946 to 1963, known in this time as British North Borneo. It is located on the northeastern end of the island of Borneo. It is...
." In its reply on 18 August 2009, Vietnam stated its legal right to lodge the submission and reasserted its "indisputable sovereignty" over the Spratly and Paracel Islands. Malaysia's reply on 21 August 2009 also stated its legal right to lodge the submission and said there was an earlier invitation to the Philippines to join the joint submission which was ultimately rejected. Malaysia also rejected the Philippines' assertion of sovereignty claims over North Borneo, pointing to the separate judgement of Judge Ad Hoc Franck in the Sipadan and Ligitan Case of the International Court of Justice.
Presentation of the submission was made to the Commission on 27 August 2009 during its 24th session. The commission decided to defer any consideration on the submission to a future date.
Joint development area
The overlapping claim area of the continental shelf was designated as a joint development area by the two countries where all fossil fuel resources in the area is shared between Malaysia and Vietnam. The joint development area was created through the Memorandum of Understanding between Malaysia and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam for the Exploration and Exploitation of Petroleum in a Defined Area of the Continental Shelf involving the Two Countries on 5 June 1992.The defined area, which is also known as Block PM-3 CAA (Commercial Arrangement Area), is about 1,350 km square. Oil production began in 1997 from the Bunga Kekwa field.
| Point | Longtitude (E) | Latitude (N) | Remarks | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boundary coordinates of the Malaysia-Vietnam joint development area | ||||
| A | 103° 42'.5 | 7° 22' | Same as Point D of the border of the Malaysia-Thailand joint development area Malaysia-Thailand joint development area The Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area is a 7,250 km square area in the Gulf of Thailand which was created as an interim measure to exploit the natural resources in the seabed or continental shelf claimed by the two countries and to share the proceeds equally. The arrangement does not... . |
|
| B | 103° 39' | 7° 20' | ||
| C | 103° 35'.71 | 7° 18'.31 | ||
| D | 103° 52' | 7° 3' | ||
| E | 105° 49'.2 | 6° 5'.8 | Same as Point 41 in the 1979 Malaysia map. Also Point 25 (northern terminus) of the South China Sea (Sarawak) portion of the Indonesia-Malaysia continental shelf border Indonesia-Malaysia border The border between the Southeast Asian countries of Indonesia and Malaysia consist of both a land border separating the two countries' territories on the island of Borneo as well as maritime boundaries along the length of the Straits of Malacca, in the South China Sea and in the Celebes Sea.The... . |
|
| F | 104° 30' | 6° 48'.25 | Same as Point 42 in the 1979 Malaysia map. The border then returns to Point A. | |
See also
- Brunei–Malaysia border
- Indonesia–Malaysia border
- Indonesia–Vietnam border
- Malaysia–Thailand border
- Malaysia–Philippines border
- Spratly IslandsSpratly IslandsThe Spratly Islands are a group of more than 750 reefs, islets, atolls, cays and islands in the South China Sea. The archipelago lies off the coasts of the Philippines and Malaysia , about one third of the way from there to southern Vietnam. They comprise less than four square kilometers of land...