Lymphotoxin beta receptor
Encyclopedia
Lymphotoxin beta receptor is a receptor for lymphotoxin
Lymphotoxin
Lymphotoxin is a lymphokine cytokine.It is a protein that is produced by Th1 type T-cells and induces vascular endothelial cells to change their surface adhesion molecules to allow phagocytic cells to bind to them.Lymphotoxin is homologous to Tumor Necrosis Factor beta, but secreted by T-cells...

 which in humans is encoded by the LTBR gene
Gene
A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains...

.

Function

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the tumor necrosis factor
Tumor necrosis factor receptor
A tumor necrosis factor receptor , or death receptor, is a trimeric cytokine receptor that binds tumor necrosis factors . The receptor cooperates with an adaptor protein , which is important in determining the outcome of the response A tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR), or death receptor, is a...

 (TNF) family of receptors. It is expressed on the surface of most cell types, including cells of epithelial
Epithelium
Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body, and also form many glands. Functions of epithelial cells include secretion, selective...

 and myeloid
Myeloid
The term myeloid suggests an origin in the bone marrow or spinal cord, or a resemblance to the marrow or spinal cord.In hematopoiesis, the term "myeloid cell" is used to describe any leukocyte that is not a lymphocyte...

 lineages, but not on T
T cell
T cells or T lymphocytes belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells , by the presence of a T cell receptor on the cell surface. They are...

 and B
B cell
B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response . The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction...

 lymphocyte
Lymphocyte
A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system.Under the microscope, lymphocytes can be divided into large lymphocytes and small lymphocytes. Large granular lymphocytes include natural killer cells...

s. The protein specifically binds the lymphotoxin
Lymphotoxin
Lymphotoxin is a lymphokine cytokine.It is a protein that is produced by Th1 type T-cells and induces vascular endothelial cells to change their surface adhesion molecules to allow phagocytic cells to bind to them.Lymphotoxin is homologous to Tumor Necrosis Factor beta, but secreted by T-cells...

 membrane form (a complex of lymphotoxin-alpha and lymphtoxin-beta). The encoded protein and its ligand play a role in the development and organization of lymphoid tissue and transformed cells. Activation of the encoded protein can trigger apoptosis.

Not only does the LTBR help trigger apoptosis, it can lead to the release of the cytokine
Cytokine
Cytokines are small cell-signaling protein molecules that are secreted by the glial cells of the nervous system and by numerous cells of the immune system and are a category of signaling molecules used extensively in intercellular communication...

 interleukin 8
Interleukin 8
Interleukin-8 is a chemokine produced by macrophages and other cell types such as epithelial cells. It is also synthesized by endothelial cells, which store IL-8 in their storage vesicles, the Weibel-Palade bodies...

. Overexpression of LTBR in HEK293 cells
HEK cell
Human Embryonic Kidney 293 cells, also often referred to as HEK 293, 293 cells, or less precisely as HEK cells are a specific cell line originally derived from human embryonic kidney cells grown in tissue culture. HEK 293 cells are very easy to grow and transfect very readily and have been...

 increases IL-8 promoter activity and leads to IL-8 release. LTBR is also essential for development and organization of the secondary lymphoid organs and chemokine release.

Structure

The Ramachandran plots show that 64.6% of all residues were in a favored region.
This structure was found using X-ray diffraction. The resolution is 3.50 angstroms.
The alpha and beta angles are 90 degrees while the gamma angle is 120 degrees.

Interactions

Lymphotoxin beta receptor has been shown to interact
Protein-protein interaction
Protein–protein interactions occur when two or more proteins bind together, often to carry out their biological function. Many of the most important molecular processes in the cell such as DNA replication are carried out by large molecular machines that are built from a large number of protein...

 with Diablo homolog
Diablo homolog
Diablo homolog, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DIABLO gene . DIABLO is also referred to as second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases or SMAC.- Function :...

 and TRAF3
TRAF3
TNF receptor-associated factor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRAF3 gene.-Interactions:TRAF3 has been shown to interact with CD30, CD27, Lymphotoxin beta receptor, Nucleoporin 62, CD40, TNFSF14, RANK, Caspase 3 and TANK....

.

External links

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