List of Troma Team Video Titles
Encyclopedia
Troma Entertainment was founded out of the rubble of Lloyd Kaufman’s Armor Films in 1974 as a production company. In 1995, Kaufman and vice president Michael Herz formed Troma Team Video who would handle all of their distribution instead of going through a third company. Since 1995, they have been releasing Troma titles (including titles the company has bought since being formed and a mighty collection of older classics with The Roan Group) on DVD and virally. They started re-releasing their films on Blu-ray in 2010.

This is a list of films currently being distributed by Troma Team Video.

The Tromasterpiece Collection

  • Cannibal! The Musical (vol. 1)
  • Redneck Zombies (vol. 2)
  • The Last Horror Film (vol.3)
  • Combat Shock (vol.4)
  • Mad Dog Morgan (vol.5)
  • Troma's War (vol.6)

Troma Blu-Ray

  • Mother's Day (1980)
  • Class of Nuke 'Em High (1986)
  • Surf Nazis Must Die (1987)
  • Tromeo & Juliet (1996)
  • Pep Squad (1998)
  • Poultrygeist: Night of the Chicken Dead (2006)
  • Dark Nature (2009)

Remakes

  • Mother's Day
    Mother's Day (2010 film)
    Mother's Day is an upcoming American horror- thriller film directed by Darren Lynn Bousman. It is a remake of Charles Kaufman's 1980 film of the same name and was written by Scott Millam.-Plot:...

     (2011)
  • The Toxic Avenger (2013)

2011
2011 in film
The year 2011 is notable for containing the release of the most film sequels in a single year, at 27 sequels. The following tables list films that are in production or have completed production and will be released in the United States and Canada at some point in 2011.- Highest-grossing films :...

 

  • Toxic Twins: The Toxic Avenger V
  • Father's Day
  • Mr. Bricks: A Heavy Metal Murder Musical
  • Teenape Vs. the Nazi Monster Apocalypse
  • Astron-6

2010
2010 in film
The year 2010 saw many new films released worldwide. 2010 saw a dramatic increase and prominence in the use of 3D-technology in filmmaking and film releases after the success of Avatar in the format, with releases such as Alice in Wonderland, Clash of the Titans, Jackass 3D, all animated films and...

 

  • Klown Kamp Massacre
  • Blood Junkie
  • Grim
  • Blood Oath
  • Killer Yacht Party
  • Sexy Workout
  • Obsession Letters To David Lynch
  • Spaceman
  • LA
  • Mr. Hollywood
  • Superstar
  • Surfin' In the USA
  • What is Art?

2009
2009 in film
The year 2009 saw the release of many films. Seven made the top 50 list of highest-grossing films, and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced that as of this year, their Best Picture category would consist of ten nominees, rather than five .- Highest-grossing films :Please note...

 

  • Purge
  • Direct Your Own Damn Movie!
  • Heavy Mental: A Rock-n-Roll Blood Bath
  • Jessicka Rabid
  • Post Traumatic: An American Nightmare
  • The Chainsaw Sally Show
  • The Killer Bra
  • My Best Maniac
  • Dark Nature
  • The Ghost of Marquis de Sade
  • 10 Things Every Golfer Should Know
  • Penisella

2008
2008 in film
This is a list of all major films made in 2008.-Highest-grossing films:Please note that following the tradition of the English-language film industry, these are the top grossing films that were first released in the USA in 2008...

 

  • Poultry in Motion: Truth Is Stranger Than Chicken
  • Dead Eyes Open
  • Splendor and Wisdom
  • Bloodspit
  • The Seduction of Dr.Fugazzi
  • Tasteless
  • Shameless
  • Vanity Insanity
  • Lazer Ghosts 2: Return to Laser Cove

2007
2007 in film
This is a list of major films released in 2007.-Top grossing films:Please note that following the tradition of the English-language film industry, these are the top grossing films that were first released in the USA in 2007...

 

  • Meat Weed America
  • Blood, Boobs & Beast
  • Crazy Animal
  • A Nocturne: Night of the Vampire
  • Jack to the Max

2006
2006 in film
- Highest-grossing films :Please note that following the tradition of the English-language film industry, these are the top-grossing films that were first released in the United States in 2006...

 

  • Poultrygeist: Night of the Chicken Dead
  • The Evolved Part 1
    The Evolved
    The Evolved is a feature film produced in London, UK in 2006. The film has been released by American distribution company Troma Entertainment of New York, creators of The Toxic Avenger. The film is notable for its outrageous content that includes violence presented comically. Notable also are the...

  • Special Needs
    Special Needs (film)
    Special Needs is a dark comedy/satire about three reality TV producers creating show about people with physical and mental disabilities. The film was written and directed by Isaak James.- External links :* at Internet Movie Database...

  • Cyxork 7
  • Yeti: A Love Story
  • Big Foot
  • Meat Weed Madness
  • The Demons Among Us
  • I Need to Lose Ten Pounds

2005
2005 in film
- Highest-grossing films :Please note that following the tradition of the English-language film industry, these are the top-grossing films that were first released in the United States in 2005...

 

  • Make Your Own Damn Movie!
    Make Your Own Damn Movie!
    Make Your Own Damn Movie is both a book and a DVD set about Troma Entertainment and independent film in general.-Book:Make Your Own Damn Movie!: Secrets of a Renegade Director is written by Lloyd Kaufman published by St. Martin's, in 2003...

  • Space Daze
    Space Daze
    Space Daze is a 2005 sci-fi comedy film written and directed by J.W. Norton and distributed by Troma Entertainment. It stars James Vallo, Byron Thames and features a cameo from Corey Feldman.-Plot:...

  • Coons! Night of the Bandits of the Night
    Coons! Night of the Bandits of the Night
    Coons! Night of the Bandits of the Night is a 2005 musical comedy horror satire film written and directed by Travis Irvinewith a budget of $5000....

  • Eyes of the Chameleon
  • Pot Zombies
  • Rock 'n' Roll Space Patrol Action is Go!
  • Belcebú: Diablos Lesbos
  • Virgin Beasts
  • Actium Maximus: War of the Alien Dinosaurs
  • Hick Trek 2: The Next Aggravation
  • No Substitute for Victory: From Vietnam to Iraq
  • Mike Jacobs' Explosive Golf

2004
2004 in film
The year 2004 in film involved some significant events. Major releases of sequels took place. It included blockbuster films like Shrek 2, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, The Passion of the Christ, Meet the Fockers, Blade: Trinity, Spider-Man 2, Alien vs. Predator, Kill Bill Vol...

 

  • LolliLove
    LolliLove
    LolliLove is a mockumentary co-written by, directed by and starring Jenna Fischer. The film satirizes a hip, misguided Southern California couple who decide to make a difference in the lives of the homeless by giving them lollipops with a cheery slogan on the wrapper.-Production:The film stars...

  • The Thick Brown Line
  • Offensive Behaviour
  • Emily
  • The Incredible Torture Trio
  • Marijuana's Revenge

2003
2003 in film
The year 2003 in film involved some significant events. Releases of sequels took place with movies like The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, 2 Fast 2 Furious, Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle, The Matrix Reloaded, The Matrix Revolutions, Pokémon Heroes, Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines,...

 

  • Tales from the Crapper
    Tales from the Crapper
    Tales from the Crapper is a 2004 straight-to-video anthology film that was a spoof of the Tales from the Crypt comics. The film was released by Troma Entertainment.-Plot:...

  • Bazaar Bizarre
  • Zombiegeddon
  • Doggie Tails
  • The Wounded
  • Coming Distractions

2002
2002 in film
The year 2002 in film involved some significant events. The first significant releases of sequels took place between The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones, Men in Black II, Analyze That, Spy Kids 2: The Island of...

 

  • All the Love You Cannes!
    All the Love You Cannes!
    All the Love You Cannes! is a 2002 documentary film directed by Lloyd Kaufman, Gabriel Friedman, and Seth McGrath.The film chronicles Troma Entertainment's annual pilgrimage to the Cannes Film Festival in order to take on the "elitist media conglomerates" and features interviews with Quentin...

  • Apocalypse Soon: The Making of Citizen Toxie

2001
2001 in film
The year 2001 in film involved some significant events, including the first of the Harry Potter series and also the first of The Lord of the Rings trilogy...

 

  • Suicide
  • Real Time: Siege at Lucas Street Market
  • Outlaw Prophet
  • Farts of Darkness: The Making of Terror Firmer
  • Rockabilly Vampire: Burnin' Love

2000
2000 in film
The year 2000 in film involved some significant events.The top grosser worldwide was Mission: Impossible II. Domestically in North America, Gladiator won the Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Actor ....

 

  • Citizen Toxie: The Toxic Avenger IV
    Citizen Toxie: The Toxic Avenger IV
    Citizen Toxie: The Toxic Avenger Part IV is a 2000 American superhero comedy film released by Troma Entertainment, directed by Lloyd Kaufman...

  • Superstarlet A.D.
  • The Rowdy Girls
  • Viral Assassins
  • Ángel Negro
  • Dumpster Baby
  • Eve's Beach Fantasy

1999
1999 in film
The year 1999 in film involved several noteworthy events and has been called "The Year That Changed Movies". Several significant feature films, including Stanley Kubrick's final film Eyes Wide Shut, Pedro Almodóvar's first Oscar-winning film All About My Mother, science fiction The Matrix, Deep...

 

  • Fatty Drives the Bus
  • Shakespeare in... and Out
  • The Hall Monitor
  • Sergio Lapel's Drawing Blood
  • Go To Hell
  • Nightfall
  • Alien Blood

1998
1998 in film
-Events:* February 14 - Sharon Stone marries Phil Bronstein.* Former child star Gary Coleman is charged with assaulting a young female bus driver at a California shopping mall.-Top grossing films:...

 

  • Terror Firmer
    Terror Firmer
    Terror Firmer is a 1999 American comedy horror film, directed by Lloyd Kaufman, written by Patrick Cassidy and Douglas Buck, and starring Will Keenan and Alyce LaTourelle. The film was produced by the Troma Entertainment company, known for distributing campy exploitation films...

  • Decampitated
    Decampitated
    Decampitated is a 1998 independent American horror comedy film directed by Matt Cunningham and distributed on video by Troma Entertainment....

  • The Chosen One: Legend of the Raven
    The Chosen One: Legend of the Raven
    The Chosen One: Legend of the Raven is a 1998 B-movie directed by Lawrence Lanoff, co-written by Khara Bromiley and Sam Rappaport, and distributed by Troma Films...

  • Jefftowne
    Jefftowne
    jefftowne is a 1998 documentary shot and directed by Daniel Kraus and distributed by Troma Entertainment. It chronicles the life of Jeff Towne, a 40 year old Iowa City resident who suffers from Downs Syndrome, obesity, alcoholism, and circulation problems...

  • Pep Squad
  • Sucker: The Vampire
  • Fag Hag
  • Lost in Hollywood

1997
1997 in film
-Events:* The original Star Wars trilogy's Special Editions are released.* Production begins on Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace.* Titanic becomes the first film to gross US$1,000,000,000 at the box office making it the highest grossing film in history until Avatar broke the record in 2010.*...

 

  • Bugged!
    Bugged!
    Bugged! is a 1997 horror-comedy film written and directed by Roland K. Armstrong and distributed by Troma Entertainment.Featuring an all black cast, Bugged! tells the story of a group of bumbling exterminators who are called over to the house of an attractive young novelist to rid her house of...

  • Legend of the Chupacabra
  • Blood Sisters of Lesbian Sin
  • Mommy 2: Mommy's Day

1996
1996 in film
Major releases this year included Scream, Independence Day, Fargo, Trainspotting, The English Patient, Twister, Mars Attacks!, Jerry Maguire and a version of Evita starring Madonna.-Events:...

 

  • Tromeo & Juliet
    Tromeo and Juliet
    Tromeo and Juliet is a 1996 independent transgressive comedy film adaptation of William Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet from Troma Entertainment...

  • Killer Condom
    Killer Condom
    Killer Condom is a 1996 German horror comedy based on the comic book of the same name by Ralf König. It was directed by Martin Walz and featured Jörg Buttgereit as its special effects coordinator and H.R...

  • The Imitators
  • Macabre Pair of Shorts
  • Tight Spot
  • Vendetta

1994
1994 in film
1994 was a significant year in film.The top grosser worldwide was The Lion King, which to date stands as the highest-grossing traditionally-animated film of all time...

 

  • Class of Nuke 'Em High 3: The Good, the Bad and the Subhumanoid
    Class of Nuke 'Em High 3: The Good, the Bad and the Subhumanoid
    The Class of Nuke 'Em High 3: The Good, the Bad and the Subhumanoid is a 1994 comedy, horror, science-fiction film directed by Eric Louzil and distributed by Troma Entertainment.-Plot:...

  • Witchcraft 666: The Devil's Mistress
  • Flesh Eaters From Outer Space

1993
1993 in film
The year 1993 in film involved many significant films, including the blockbuster hits Jurassic Park, The Fugitive and The Firm. -Events:...

 

  • Cannibal! The Musical
    Cannibal! The Musical
    Cannibal! The Musical is a 1993 independent film directed by co-creator of South Park, Trey Parker, while studying at the University of Colorado at Boulder...

  • Teenage Catgirls in Heat
    Teenage Catgirls in Heat
    Teenage Catgirls in Heat is a 1993 comedy film co-written and directed by Scott Perry and distributed by Troma Entertainment.-Plot:...

  • The Troma System
  • Eye of the Stranger
  • Tuesday Never Comes
  • Death Dancers

1992
1992 in film
The year 1992 in film involved many significant films. -Top grossing films:-Awards:Academy AwardsGolden Globe AwardsNational Film Awards...

 

  • There's Nothing Out There
  • State of Mind
  • Fraternity Demon

1991
1991 in film
The year 1991 in film involved some significant events.-Events:*April 28 - Bonnie Raitt marries actor Michael O'Keefe in New York* Terminator 2: Judgment Day, became one of the landmarks for science fiction action films with its groundbreaking visual effects from Industrial Light & Magic.*November...

 

  • Toxic Crusaders
    Toxic Crusaders
    Toxic Crusaders is an animated series based on The Toxic Avenger films. It features Toxie, the lead character of the films leading a trio of misfit superheroes who combat pollution. This followed a trend of environmentally considerate cartoons of the time, including Captain Planet and the...

  • Class of Nuke 'Em High 2: Subhumanoid Meltdown
    Class of Nuke 'Em High 2: Subhumanoid Meltdown
    Class of Nuke 'Em High Part II: Subhumanoid Meltdown is a 1991 sequel to the 1986 minor-hit Class of Nuke 'Em High. Notably there are no characters carried over from the first film .-Plot:Tromaville's nuclear reactor has been rebuilt and the Nukamama Corporation...

  • Dead Dudes in the House
    Dead Dudes in the House
    Dead Dudes in the House is a 1991 independent horror film written and directed by James Riffel and distributed by Troma Entertainment....

  • Body Parts
  • Cybernator
  • Tomcat Angels
  • Cause of Death

1990
1990 in film
The year 1990 in film involved some significant events.-Events:* CGI technique is expanded with motion capture for CGI characters, used in Total Recall .* The first digitally-manipulated matte painting is used, in Die Hard 2....

 

  • Sgt. Kabukiman N.Y.P.D.
    Sgt. Kabukiman N.Y.P.D.
    Sgt. Kabukiman N.Y.P.D. is a 1990 comedic superhero film directed by Lloyd Kaufman and Michael Herz and distributed by Troma Entertainment.-Synopsis:...

  • Def by Temptation
    Def by Temptation
    Def by Temptation is a horror film directed by James Bond III and stars Kadeem Hardison, Samuel L. Jackson, and Bill Nunn. It was released in March of 1990. The director James Bond III played the character Doc in the children's television series The Red Hand Gang.-Synopsis:The story is set in New...

  • Maniac Nurses Find Ecstasy
    Maniac Nurses Find Ecstasy
    Maniac Nurses Find Ecstasy is a 1990 Hungarian erotic horror film written, directed, and produced by Léon Paul De Bruyn Maniac Nurses Find Ecstasy (also known as Bloodsucking Freaks II) is a 1990 Hungarian erotic horror film written, directed, and produced by Léon Paul De Bruyn Maniac Nurses Find...

  • Getting Lucky
    Getting Lucky
    Getting Lucky is a 1990 American fantasy-comedy film directed and written by Michael Paul Girard.- Plot :...

  • A Nymphoid Barbarian in Dinosaur Hell
  • Luther the Geek
  • Strangest Dreams: Invasion of the Space Preachers
  • Time Barbarians
  • Twisted Justice
  • No Way Back

1989
1989 in film
-Events:* Batman is released on June 23, and goes on to gross over $410 million worldwide.* Actress Kim Basinger and her brother Mick purchase Braselton, Georgia, for $20 million...

 

  • The Toxic Avenger Part II
    The Toxic Avenger Part II
    The Toxic Avenger Part II is a 1989 comedy horror film released by Troma Entertainment. It was directed by Lloyd Kaufman and features The Toxic Avenger in an adventure to Japan to meet his father. The film has received cult status among a new audience almost a generation after it was first released...

  • The Toxic Avenger Part III: The Last Temptation of Toxie
    The Toxic Avenger Part III: The Last Temptation of Toxie
    The Toxic Avenger III: The Last Temptation of Toxie was released in 1989 by Troma Entertainment. It is effectively a direct sequel to The Toxic Avenger Part II because when director Lloyd Kaufman made that movie he realized he shot too much material for one film.-Plot:After getting Apocalypse Inc....

  • Tale of Two Sisters
    Tale of Two Sisters
    Tale of Two Sisters is a 1989 drama film about two sisters who, having not seen each other for 5 years, catch up and relive childhood experiences. It directed by Adam Rifkin, narrated by Charlie Sheen and starring Claudia Christian and Valerie Breiman as two sisters...

  • Fortress of Amerikkka
    Fortress of Amerikkka
    Fortress of Amerikkka is a 1989 action film directed by Eric Louzil and distributed by Troma Entertainment. The movie follows John Whitecloud, a criminal rebel who's out for revenge against a corrupt Sheriff and a militia run by a crazed General...

  • Beware! Children at Play
    Beware! Children at Play
    Beware! Children at Play is a 1989 horror film directed by Mik Cribben and distributed by Troma Entertainment.-Plot:The film follows the inhabitants of a small rural town whose children are disappearing at an alarming rate and whose adults are simultaneously being killed in a ritualistic fashion...

  • They Call Me Macho Woman!
    They Call Me Macho Woman!
    They Call Me Macho Woman! is a 1989 action film written and directed by Patrick G. Donahue and distributed by Troma Entertainment.The story follows city woman Susan Morris , who decides to escape her banal urban life and goes looking for a house in the country...

  • Blades
  • Invasion for Flesh & Blood
  • Mr. Robbie

1988
1988 in film
-Top grossing films :- Awards :Academy Awards:* Act of Piracy* Action Jackson, starring Carl Weathers, Craig T. Nelson, Vanity, Sharon Stone* The Adventures of Baron Munchausen* Akira* Alice...

 

  • Troma's War
    Troma's War
    Troma's War, also known as 1,000 Ways to Die in the United States, is a 1988 action/adventure film written by Lloyd Kaufman and Mitchell Dana and directed by Michael Herz and Lloyd Kaufman...

  • Rabid Grannies
    Rabid Grannies
    Rabid Grannies is a 1988 Belgian horror film directed by Emmanuel Kervyn.-Plot:The plot revolves around a large family who gather for their two grandmothers' birthday in the country side...

  • Evil Clutch
    Evil Clutch
    Evil Clutch is a 1989 Italian horror film written and directed by Andreas Marfori and distributed by Troma Entertainment.An American college student joins her Italian boyfriend for a romantic weekend trip...

  • Dr. Hackenstein
    Dr. Hackenstein
    Dr. Hackenstein is a 1988 comedy horror film written and directed by Richard Clark and distributed by Troma Entertainment. After the death of his wife, Dr...

  • Contra Conspiracy
    Contra Conspiracy
    Contra Conspiracy is a 1988 action film written and directed by Thomas Dewier which is now distributed by Troma Entertainment. The film was produced by City Lights...

  • Death by Dialogue
    Death by Dialogue
    Death by Dialogue is a 1988 horror film co-written and directed by Thomas Dewier and distributed by Troma Entertainment.-Plot:The plot centers on a group of college students who go up to a typically creepy mansion for spring break. Unfortunately for all, they stumble upon a possessed horror novel,...

  • Ragin' Cajun
  • Bloodspell
  • Mirror of Death

1987
1987 in film
-Events:*January 31 - The Cure for Insomnia premieres at The School of the Art Institute in Chicago, Illinois, to officially become the world's longest film according to Guinness World Records....

 

  • Redneck Zombies
    Redneck Zombies
    Redneck Zombies is a 1987 very low budget independent horror comedy trash film directed by Pericles Lewnes and released by Troma Entertainment.-Plot:...

  • Surf Nazis Must Die
    Surf Nazis Must Die
    Surf Nazis Must Die is a 1987 American comedy film directed by Peter George and starring Gail Neely, Barry Brenner, and Robert Harden. It was produced by The Institute, a production company formed by Peter George, Craig A...

  • Blood Hook
    Blood Hook
    -Plot:The plot of the film revolves around a murderer killing fishermen with an over-sized fishhook during a Wisconsin fishing festival. The film was shot on location in the community of Hayward, Wisconsin; the town's landmark giant fiberglass muskie is prominently featured in the film...

  • Skeleton Coast
  • The Newlydeads
  • Plutonium Baby
  • Mommy's Epitaph
  • Deadly Daphne's Revenge
  • Jonathan of the Night

1986
1986 in film
-Events:*April 12 - Actor Morgan Mason marries The Go-Go's Belinda Carlisle.*April 26 - Actor Arnold Schwarzenegger marries television journalist Maria Shriver.*May - Actress Heather Locklear marries Mötley Crüe drummer Tommy Lee....

 

  • Class of Nuke 'Em High
    Class of Nuke 'Em High
    Class of Nuke 'Em High, also known as Atomic High School, is a 1986 film made by cult classic B-movie production group Troma Entertainment. It was directed by Richard W. Haines and Lloyd Kaufman under the pseudonym Samuel Weil...

  • Hollywood Zap!
    Hollywood Zap!
    Hollywood Zap! is a 1986 comedy film written and directed by an obscure Canadian film-maker, David Cohen and distributed by Troma Entertainment, a company known for its low-budget exploitation films. The film features a large number of unusual character actors, including Chuck Mitchell and Tony...

  • Nightmare Weekend
    Nightmare Weekend
    Nightmare Weekend is a 1986 horror film directed by Henry Sala and distributed by Troma Entertainment. It features the first film role of NYPD Blue actress Andrea Thompson.-Plot:A brilliant professor invents a computer machine meant to better society...

  • Play Dead

1985
1985 in film
-Events:* 3 December - Roger Moore steps down from the role of James Bond after twelve years and seven films. He is replaced by Timothy Dalton.* The Academy Award for Best Picture was won by Out Of Africa, while the highest grossing film was Back to the Future.* Bliss wins AFI Award for best Movie...

 

  • When Nature Calls
    When Nature Calls
    When Nature Calls is a 1985 spoof comedy written and directed by Charles Kaufman and starring Academy Award nominee David Strathairn in an early performance...

  • Screamplay
    Screamplay
    Screamplay is a 1985 American horror film directed by Rufus Butler Seder.-Plot:Aspiring screenwriter Edgar Allen arrives in Hollywood carrying his most valuable possessions: a battered suitcase and a typewriter. Edgar Allen's best attribute is his wild imagination...

  • Igor and the Lunatics
    Igor and the Lunatics
    Igor and the Lunatics is a 1985 horror film directed by Billy Parolini and distributed by Troma Entertainment. The film follows Igor, a maniacal cult leader, and his group of murderous followers who, after being sent to prison after a killing spree, are released sixteen years later, only to return...

  • Star Worms II: Attack of the Pleasure Pods

1984
1984 in film
-Events:* The Walt Disney Company founds Touchstone Pictures to release movies with subject matter deemed inappropriate for the Disney name.* Tri-Star Pictures, a joint venture of Columbia Pictures, HBO, and CBS, releases its first film....

 

  • The Toxic Avenger
    The Toxic Avenger
    The Toxic Avenger is a 1984 comedy horror film released by Troma Entertainment, known for producing low budget B-movies with campy concepts. Virtually ignored upon its first release, The Toxic Avenger caught on with filmgoers after a long and successful midnight movie engagement at the famed...

  • Combat Shock
    Combat Shock
    Combat Shock is a 1986 drama film written and directed by Buddy Giovinazzo and distributed by Troma Entertainment.The plot of the film takes place in Staten Island, and follows an unemployed Vietnam veteran living in total poverty with his nagging wife, his deformed baby due to Ricky having been...

  • Zombie Island Massacre
    Zombie Island Massacre
    Zombie Island Massacre is a 1984 horror film directed by John N. Carter and starring famed congressman's wife and Playboy model, Rita Jenrette...

  • Ellie

1983
1983 in film
-Events:*February 11 - The Rolling Stones concert film Let's Spend the Night Together opens in New York*May 25 - Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi, the final film in the original Star Wars trilogy, is released. Like the previous films, it goes on to become the top grossing picture of...

 

  • The First Turn-On!
    The First Turn-On!
    The First Turn-On! is a 1983 comedy film directed by Lloyd Kaufman and Michael Herz of Troma Entertainment. It was the last in a series of four "sexy comedies" that helped establish Troma as a film studio, starting with 1979's Squeeze Play!, 1981's Waitress! and 1982's Stuck on You!.The First...

  • Monster in the Closet
    Monster in the Closet
    Monster in the Closet is a 1986 horror/comedy with a veteran cast, including Howard Duff and John Carradine, as well as The Black Eyed Peas' Stacy Ferguson and Paul Walker in early roles. The film was distributed by Troma Entertainment...

  • Carnage

1982
1982 in film
-Events:* March 26 = I Ought to Be in Pictures, starring Walter Matthau, Ann-Margret and Dinah Manoff is released. Manoff would not appear in another movie until 1987's Backfire.* June = PG-rated film E.T...

 

  • The Last Horror Film
    The Last Horror Film
    The Last Horror Film is a 1982 cult horror film directed by David Winters and starring Joe Spinell and Caroline Munro...

  • Ferocious Female Freedom Fighters
    Ferocious Female Freedom Fighters
    Ferocious Female Freedom Fighters is a 1982 action-comedy film directed by Jopi Burnama and Charles Kaufman, the brother of Lloyd Kaufman, president of Troma Entertainment, who distributed the film....

  • Nightbeast
    Nightbeast
    Nightbeast is a 1982 science fiction/horror film directed by cult director Don Dohler. It is a remake/sequel of sorts to Dohler's first film The Alien Factor. The story concerns a small town sheriff who must stop a rampaging alien from killing the residents of Perry Hall. Most of the cast of The...

  • Stuck on You!
  • Curse of the Cannibal Confederates
    Curse of the Cannibal Confederates
    Curse of the Cannibal Confederates is a 1982 horror film directed by Tony Malanowski and distributed by Troma Entertainment...

  • Dreams Come True
  • Circle of Two

1980
1980 in film
- Events :* May 21 - Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back is released and is the biggest grosser of the year ....

 

  • Mother's Day
  • The Children
    The Children (1980 film)
    The Children is a 1980 low budget horror film, written and produced by Carlton J. Albright. The movie is about five children in a small town who, thanks to a yellow toxic cloud, are transformed into bloodless zombies with black fingernails who microwave every living thing they put their hands on...

  • Beyond Evil
    Beyond Evil
    Beyond Evil is a 1980 horror film directed by Herb Freed and starring John Saxon.-Plot:When an architect and his bride move into their dream home—a colonial mansion—they find that their new digs have a rich history ... of bloody violence...

  • Escape From Hell
    Escape from Hell (1980 film)
    Escape from Hell is a 1980 thriller distributed by Troma Entertainment.A group of abused, scantily-clad female prisoners devise a plan to rebel against their oppressors and escape from their penitentiary....

  • Nightmare Never Ends

1970s

  • Mad Dog Morgan
    Mad Dog Morgan
    Mad Dog Morgan is a 1976 Australian bushranger film directed by Philippe Mora and starring Dennis Hopper, Jack Thompson and David Gulpilil. It is based upon the life of Dan Morgan...

  • Squeeze Play!
    Squeeze Play!
    Squeeze Play! is a 1979 comedy film from Troma Entertainment directed by Lloyd Kaufman and Michael Herz. It was Troma’s first major hit before The Toxic Avenger, and the first in a line of four "sexy comedies", followed by Waitress!, Stuck on You!, and The First Turn-On!.-Plot:A group of New Jersey...

  • Blood Sucking Freaks
    Blood Sucking Freaks
    Blood Sucking Freaks is a 1976 horror-exploitation film. Shot under the title Sardu: Master of the Screaming Virgins, it was retitled The Incredible Torture Show during its original theatrical run....

  • Hanging Woman
    Hanging Woman
    The Hanging Woman is a 1973 horror film directed by José Luis Merino and distributed by Troma Entertainment.- Plot :A ghostly murder after another occurs on the castle of Count Mihajli after his death...

  • Cry Uncle!
    Cry Uncle!
    Cry Uncle! is a 1971 film in the Troma library. It is directed by John G. Avildsen and stars Allen Garfield. The story, based on the Michael Brett novel Lie A Little, Die A Little, follows the misadventures of a slobbish private detective who is hired by a millionaire to investigate a murder...

  • The Battle of Love's Return
    The Battle of Love's Return
    The Battle of Love's Return is a 1971 comedy film written, directed, produced, and starring Lloyd Kaufman, the co-founder of Troma Entertainment, his first major film after his student production The Girl Who Returned....

  • Video Vixens
    Video Vixens
    Video Vixens is a 1975 sex comedy directed by Ron Sullivan under the pseudonym Henri Pachard. It is currently distributed by Troma Entertainment.The plot follows the fictional television broadcast station WKLITT as they broadcast a stag film award show...

  • Great White Death
    Great White Death
    Great White Death is a 1981 documentary/mondo film about great white sharks narrated by Glenn Ford. The film is notable for its Faces of Death-like footage of actual shark attacks....

  • Preacherman
    Preacherman
    Preacherman is a 1971 American comedy film written, directed, and starring Albert T. Viola. The film revolves around a backwoods country preacher who visits a small North Carolina town in order to swindle money from his followers and moonshiners, and also bed a few buxom blondes. It was distributed...

  • East End Hustle
    East End Hustle
    East End Hustle is a 1976 drama film directed by Frank Vitale and distributed by Troma Entertainment. The plot revolves around a high-priced prostitute who leads a rebellion of hookers against their sadistic pimps....

  • Garden of the Dead
    Garden of the Dead
    Garden of the Dead is a 1972 horror film directed by low-budget film director John Hayes and stars Duncan McLeod, Lee Frost and Susan Charney.-Plot:...

  • Fore Play
    Fore Play
    Fore Play is a 1975 comedy film co-directed by future Academy Award-winner John G. Avildsen. It is currently being distributed by Troma Entertainment...

  • Sugar Cookies
    Sugar Cookies (film)
    Sugar Cookies is a 1973 soft-core crime film directed by Theodore Gershuny. It was co-written by future president of Troma Entertainment Lloyd Kaufman and produced by future director Oliver Stone....

  • Pigs
    Daddy's Deadly Darling
    Daddy's Deadly Darling is a 1972 horror film directed by Marc Lawrence and currently distributed by Troma Entertainment....

  • The G.I. Executioner
    The G.I. Executioner
    The G.I. Executioner is a 1975 action film co-written and directed by Joel M. Reed, the director of the 1976 cult classic Blood Sucking Freaks.-Overview:...

  • Alien Thunder
    Alien Thunder
    Alien Thunder is a 1974 Canadian western film directed by Claude Fournier and starring Donald Sutherland.-Synopsis:...

  • Big Gus, What's the Fuss?
    Big Gus, What's the Fuss?
    Big Gus, What's the Fuss? was a 1973 Israeli comedy film directed by Ami Artzi and American director Lloyd Kaufman, the president of Troma Entertainment...

  • Croaked: Frog Monster from Hell
    Croaked: Frog Monster from Hell
    Croaked: Frog Monster from Hell is a 1982 horror film directed by Bill Rebane. The plot of Croaked involves a group of campers terrorized by a vicious half-man/half-frog creature...

  • Hot Summer in Barefoot County
    Hot Summer in Barefoot County
    Hot Summer in Barefoot County is a 1974 comedy film directed by Will Zens and distributed by Troma Entertainment. The plot involves an undercover agent who is sent to small southern town in order to uncover an underground moon-shining ring, but when he finds out that the town is filled with...

  • The Butchers
    The Butchers
    The Butchers The Butchers The Butchers (also known as Maxie and Murderer's Keep is a 1970 thriller directed by Paulmichael Miekhe and distributed by Troma Entertainment. The film follows a deaf girl who witnesses a dead body being stashed in a nearby butcher shop...

  • Crazed
    Nicole (film)
    Nicole is a 1978 American thriller directed by Istvan Ventilla and starring Leslie Caron.-Plot:...

  • Demented Death Farm Massacre
    Demented Death Farm Massacre
    Demented Death Farm Massacre is a 1971 horror film directed by Fred Olen Ray and Donn Davison and features screen legend John Carradine as 'The Judge of Hell', who narrates the story.-Plot:After a group...

  • The Capture of Bigfoot
    The Capture of Bigfoot
    The Capture of Bigfoot is a 1979 horror film from Bill Rebane, the director of Monster A-Go-Go. The plot revolves around a man trying to catch a bigfoot...

  • Albino
    Albino (film)
    Albino is a 1976 German thriller directed by Jürgen Goslar and starring Christopher Lee, James Faulkner and Sybil Danning filmed on location during the Rhodesian bush war...

  • Centerfold Girls
    Centerfold Girls
    Centerfold Girls is a thriller directed by John Peyser and distributed by Troma Entertainment. The film is about a sadistic serial killer who targets the centerfolds of popular men's magazines.-External links:...

  • Ginger in the Morning
    Ginger in the Morning
    Ginger in the Morning is a 1974 comedy film starring Sissy Spacek as a hitchhiker. It was also the first American film appearance of a young Fred Ward.- Cast :-External links:* – at the Troma Entertainment movie database...

  • God's Gun
    God's Gun
    God's Gun is a 1975 Italian / Israeli Spaghetti western directed by Gianfranco Parolini and starring Lee Van Cleef...

  • Acting Out
  • No Substitute for Victory
  • Innocents From Hell
  • California Fever

1960s

  • Scream, Baby, Scream
    Scream, Baby, Scream
    Scream, Baby, Scream is a 1969 American horror film directed by Joseph Adler and written by Larry Cohen, who went on to write such horror classics as It's Alive and Q: The Winged Serpent.-Plot:...

  • Shark!
    Shark! (film)
    Shark! is a 1969 American action film directed by Samuel Fuller and starring Burt Reynolds. The film was based on the Victor Canning novel His Bones are Coral with the original screeplay written by Ken Hughes...

  • Madigan's Millions
    Madigan's Millions
    Madigan's Millions , is a 1968 Italian-Spanish movie directed by Stanley Prager and produced by Sidney W. Pink....

  • The Girl Who Returned
    The Girl Who Returned
    The Girl Who Returned is a 1969 American comedy film, notable as the directorial debut of Lloyd Kaufman, future co-founder and president of Troma Entertainment. It was made during his sophomore year at Yale University....

  • The Christmas Kid
    The Christmas Kid
    The Christmas Kid is a 1967 western film directed by Sidney W. Pink and distributed in America by Troma Entertainment.-Plot:...

  • The Fat Spy
    The Fat Spy
    The Fat Spy is a 1966 Z movie that attempts to parody teenage beach party films. It was filmed at Cape Coral, Florida. It is featured in the 2004 documentary The 50 Worst Movies Ever Made. Briefly released to theaters in 1966, it was rarely seen until the 1990s, when it was released to the public...

  • Sweet Sound of Death
  • Psycho A-Go Go
  • Drums of Tabu
  • A Witch Without a Broom

1950s

  • Albert Schweitzer
    Albert Schweitzer (film)
    Albert Schweitzer is a German biographical documentary made in 1957, directed by Jerome Hill. It won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for 1957.-Cast:* Fredric March - Voice of Albert Schweitzer* Albert Schweitzer - Himself...

  • Radar Men from the Moon
    Radar Men from the Moon
    Radar Men from the Moon is the first Commando Cody serial, in 12 chapters, starring newcomer George Wallace as Cody and Aline Towne as his sidekick Joan Gilbert, with serial veteran Roy Barcroft as the evil Retik, the Ruler of the Moon. The director was Fred C...

  • D.O.A.
    D.O.A. (1950 film)
    D.O.A. , a film noir drama film directed by Rudolph Maté, is considered a classic of the genre. The frantically paced plot revolves around a doomed man's quest to find out who has poisoned him – and why – before he dies.Leo C...

  • Three Guys Named Mike
    Three Guys Named Mike
    Three Guys Named Mike is a 1951 American black-and-white film by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, directed by Charles Walters.Described as a "lighthearted and lightweight story" by Turner Classic Movies, Three Guys Named Mike chronicles the story of a flight attendant and three men.-Production:The credits...

  • Rage at Dawn
    Rage at Dawn
    Rage at Dawn is a 1955 American Western film by RKO Pictures starring Randolph Scott and Forrest Tucker, and featuring Denver Pyle, Edgar Buchanan, and J. Carrol Naish...

  • The Painted Hills
    The Painted Hills
    The Painted Hills, also known as Lassie's Adventures in the Goldrush, is a 1951 action film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and directed by Harold F. Kress...

  • Jack and the Beanstalk
    Jack and the Beanstalk (1952 film)
    Jack and the Beanstalk is a 1952 American family comedy film starring the comedy team of Abbott and Costello. It is a comic revision of the classic Jack and the Beanstalk fairy tale.-Plot:...

  • The Big Trees
    The Big Trees
    The Big Trees is a 1952 film starring Kirk Douglas and directed by Felix E. Feist. It was Kirk Douglas's final film for Warner Brothers, a film he did for free in exchange for the studio agreeing to release him from his long-term contract....

  • Indiscretion of an American Wife
  • Suddenly
    Suddenly (1954 film)
    Suddenly is an American film noir  directed by Lewis Allen with a screenplay written by Richard Sale. The drama features Frank Sinatra, Sterling Hayden, James Gleason and Nancy Gates, among others....

  • Carnival Story
    Carnival Story
    Carnival Story is a 1954 film directed by Kurt Neumann, starring Anne Baxter and Steve Cochran, and released by RKO Radio Pictures. The film was shot in 3-D, but was only released to theaters in 2D...

  • Last Time I Saw Paris

1940s

  • The Corpse Vanishes
    The Corpse Vanishes
    The Corpse Vanishes is a 1942 American mystery and horror film directed by Wallace Fox. The screenplay was written by Harvey Gates. The film stars Bela Lugosi as a mad scientist who injects his aging wife with fluids from virginal young brides in order to preserve her beauty...

  • The Ape
    The Ape
    The Ape is a 1940 American horror film made for Monogram Pictures, co-written by Curt Siodmak and starring Boris Karloff.-Plot outline:Dr. Bernard Adrian is a kindly mad scientist who seeks to cure a young woman's polio. He needs spinal fluid from a human to complete the formula for his...

  • Dead Men Walk
    Dead Men Walk
    Dead Men Walk is a 64 minute, 1943, United States, black-and-white horror film produced by Sigmund Neufeld for Producers Releasing Corporation . It is an original story and screenplay by Fred Myton, starring George Zucco, Mary Carlisle, Nedrick Young and Dwight Frye, directed by Sam Newfield...

  • The Monster Maker
    The Monster Maker
    The Monster Maker is a 1944 Science Fiction/Horror Movie starring J. Carrol Naish and Ralph Morgan. This was the first movie where Albert Glasser was the composer, and he wrote the score for US$250.-Plot:...

  • Zorro's Black Whip
    Zorro's Black Whip
    Zorro's Black Whip is a 1944 Republic Pictures film serial starring Linda Stirling. The film was made after the popular 1940 20th Century-Fox remake of The Mark of Zorro and Republic was unable to use the character himself, but still wanted to capitalize on it. However, and despite the title,...

  • Dick Tracy, Detective
    Dick Tracy (1945 film)
    Dick Tracy is a 1945 film based on the Dick Tracy comic strip created by Chester Gould. It is the first feature film adaptation of the comic strip, and the first part of a quadrilogy...

  • Dick Tracy vs. Cueball
    Dick Tracy vs. Cueball
    Dick Tracy vs. Cueball is a 1946 film starring Morgan Conway as Dick Tracy. It is the second part of the Dick Tracy quadrilogy.-Plot summary:...

  • Dick Tracy's Dilemma
    Dick Tracy's Dilemma
    Dick Tracy's Dilemma is a 1947 film starring Ralph Byrd as Dick Tracy. It is the third part of the Dick Tracy quadrilogy.-Plot summary:...

  • Dick Tracy Meets Gruesome
    Dick Tracy Meets Gruesome
    Dick Tracy Meets Gruesome is a 1947 thriller film starring Ralph Byrd, Anne Gwynne, and Boris Karloff. It is the fourth and last movie in the Dick Tracy series.-Synopsis:A gang of criminals discover a nerve gas, which freezes people and can make them appear dead...

  • That Uncertain Feeling
    That Uncertain Feeling (film)
    That Uncertain Feeling is a 1941 comedy film directed by Ernst Lubitsch and starring Merle Oberon, Melvyn Douglas and Burgess Meredith. The film is about the bored wife of an insurance salesman who meets an eccentric pianist and seeks a divorce. The screenplay by Walter Reisch and Donald Ogden...

  • Invisible Ghost
    Invisible Ghost
    Invisible Ghost is a horror film starring Bela Lugosi, shot in black and white, and directed by Joseph H. Lewis.-Plot:Lugosi plays Kessler, a man controlled by homicidal impulses beyond his control. He is being controlled by his wife, who had left him for another man...

  • British Intelligence
    British Intelligence (film)
    British Intelligence is a 1940 spy film set in World War I. It was directed by Terry O. Morse and starred Boris Karloff and Margaret Lindsay. Released in the USA in January 1940, the Warner Bros. B picture was based on a 1918 play Three Faces East written by Anthony Paul Kelly that was produced on...

  • Captain Kidd
    Captain Kidd (1945 film)
    Captain Kidd is a film starring Charles Laughton, Randolph Scott, Barbara Britton, and John Carradine, directed by Rowland V. Lee, produced by Benedict Bogeaus and James Nasser, music conduced by Werner Janssen, and released by United Artists. The film has entered the public domain since the...

  • In Old Cheyenne
  • Bowery at Midnight
    Bowery at Midnight
    Bowery at Midnight is a horror film starring Bela Lugosi. Lugosi plays a psychology professor by day who, secretly and under an assumed name, runs a Bowery soup kitchen by night called the Bowery Friendly Mission...

  • King of the Cowboys
    King of the Cowboys
    King of the Cowboys is a 1943 movie directed by Joseph Kane and starring Roy Rogers and Smiley Burnette...

  • Adventure in Iraq
    Adventure in Iraq
    Adventure in Iraq is a 1943 American Warner Bros. adventure film directed by D. Ross Lederman based on a play by William Archer. The film stars John Loder and Ruth Ford.-Plot:Three Americans in an airplane flying to Egypt crash-land in Iraq...

  • Nabonga
    Nabonga
    Nabonga is a PRC film made in 1943 starring Buster Crabbe and in her debut, Julie London. It was retitled Jungle Woman in the British Empire.- Plot :...

  • Angel on My Shoulder
    Angel on My Shoulder (film)
    Angel on My Shoulder is a 1946 American fantasy film about a deal between the Devil and a dead man. It was an independent production, produced by Charles R. Rogers and David W. Siegel, directed by Archie Mayo, written by Harry Segall and Roland Kibbee, and released by United Artists...

  • Roll on Texas Moon
    Roll on Texas Moon
    Roll on Texas Moon is a 1946 American film starring Roy Rogers....

  • Africa Screams
    Africa Screams
    Africa Screams is a 1949 comedy film starring Abbott and Costello and directed by Charles Barton.-Plot:Diana Emerson is in the book department of Klopper's Department store looking for a copy of the book Dark Safari, written by the famed explorer Cuddleford...

  • Flash Gordon Conquers The Universe
  • Underground
  • Lady Gangster
  • Kid Dynamite
  • Hands Across the Boarder
  • Enemy of Women
  • Blood on the Sun
  • Helldorado
  • Apache Rose
  • The Perils of Paulie
  • The Time of Your Life

1930s

  • White Zombie
    White Zombie (film)
    White Zombie is a 1932 American independent Pre-Code horror film directed and produced by brothers Victor Halperin and Edward Halperin, respectively. The screenplay by Garnett Weston tells the story of a young woman's transformation into a zombie at the hands of an evil voodoo master. Béla Lugosi...

  • The Gorilla
  • Billy the Kid Returns
    Billy the Kid Returns
    Billy the Kid Returns is a 1938 American film directed by Joseph Kane and starring Roy Rogers.-Plot:Following the shooting of Billy the Kid by his former friend Sheriff Pat Garrett lookalike deputy sherriff Roy Rogers,assisted by travelling musical instrument salesman Frog Millhouse, takes his...

  • Days of Jesse James
    Days of Jesse James
    Days of Jesse James is a 1939 American film directed by Joseph Kane and starring Roy Rogers.-Cast:*Roy Rogers as Roy Rogers*George "Gabby" Hayes as Gabby Whittaker*Don "Red" Barry as Jesse James*Pauline Moore as Mary Whittaker...

  • The New Adventures of Tarzan
    The New Adventures of Tarzan
    The New Adventures of Tarzan is a 1935 American film serial in 12 chapters. It is a more authentic version of the character than most other adaptations, with Tarzan as a cultured and well educated gentleman as in the original Edgar Rice Burroughs novels. It was filmed during the same period as the...

  • Tarzan's Revenge
    Tarzan's Revenge
    Tarzan's Revenge is an adventure film starring Glenn Morris in his only outing as Tarzan. Eleanor Holm, a popular swimming star, co-starred as Eleanor Reed. The movie was produced by Sol Lesser, written by R. Lee Johnson and Jay Vann and directed by D. Ross Lederman...

  • Zorro Rides Again
    Zorro Rides Again
    Zorro Rides Again is a 12-chapter Republic film serial. It was the eighth of the sixty-six Republic serials, the third with a western theme and the last produced in 1937. The serial was directed by William Witney & John English and starred John Carroll as a modern descendant of the original Zorro...

  • Zorro's Fighting Legion
    Zorro's Fighting Legion
    Zorro's Fighting Legion is a 1939 Republic Pictures film serial consisting of twelve chapters. It features Reed Hadley as Zorro. The plot revolves around his alter-ego Don Diego's fight against the evil Don Del Oro....

  • The Broken Melody
    The Broken Melody (1934 film)
    The Broken Melody is a 1934 British musical drama film directed by Bernard Vorhaus and starring John Garrick, Margot Grahame, Merle Oberon and Austin Trevor. A composer kills his wife's lover and, having escaped from the prison on Devil's Island, returns to France and writes an opera about the...

  • His Private Secretary
    His Private Secretary
    His Private Secretary is a 1933 comedy film starring Evalyn Knapp and John Wayne.-Cast:* Evalyn Knapp - Marion Hall* John Wayne - Dick Wallace* Reginald Barlow - Mr. Wallace* Alec B. Francis - Rev. Hall* Arthur Hoyt - Little* Natalie Kingston - Polly...

  • Dixiana
  • The Milky Way
    The Milky Way (1936 film)
    The Milky Way is a 1936 comedy film starring Harold Lloyd. Directed by comedy veteran Leo McCarey, the film was written by Grover Jones, Frank Butler and Richard Connell based on a play of the same name by Lynn Root and Harry Clork which was presented on Broadway in 1934.An example of the popular...

  • Rawhide Terror
  • Sins of the Children
  • The Legion of Missing Men
    The Legion of Missing Men
    The Legion of Missing Men is a 1937 Monogram Pictures film about the French Foreign Legion set in the French protectorate of Morocco. Directed by Hamilton MacFadden, it stars Ralph Forbes who had also served in the cinematic Foreign Legion in Beau Geste and Beau Ideal .Singer and actress Hala...

  • Light of Western Stars
  • Silver Horde
  • Millie
  • Behind Office Doors
  • The Lady Refuses
  • Kept Husbands
  • Illegal
  • The Last Frontier
  • Bird of Paradise
  • Kennell Murder Case
  • Tarzan the Fearless
  • Of Human Bondage
  • Blue Steel
  • The Mysterious Mr.Wong
  • The Lucky Texan
  • West of the Divide
  • Paradise Canyon
  • The Fighting Westerner
  • Hell Town
  • Undersea Kingdom
  • Something To Sing About
  • Where Trails Divide
  • The Secret of Dr.Kildare
  • Way Down South
  • They Made Me a Criminal
  • Fisherman's Warf
  • Nancy Drew, Reporter

See also


External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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