List of Soviet computer systems
Encyclopedia
This is the list of Soviet computer systems. The Russian
abbreviation EVM (ЭВМ), present in some of the names below, means “электронная вычислительная машина”, literally “electronic computing machine.”
Russian language
Russian is a Slavic language used primarily in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Turkmenistan and Estonia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics...
abbreviation EVM (ЭВМ), present in some of the names below, means “электронная вычислительная машина”, literally “electronic computing machine.”
Hardware
- 5E** (5Э**) series - military computers
- 5E51 (5Э51)
- 5E53 (5Э53)
- 5E76 (5Э76) - IBM/360 clone, military version
- 5E92 (5Э92)
- 5E92b (5Э92б)
- and many over ...
- A series — ES EVMES EVMES EVM was a series of clones of IBM's System/360 and System/370 mainframes, released in the Comecon countries under the initiative of the Soviet Union since the 1960s. Production continued until 1998...
-compatible military computers - AgatAgat computerThe Agat was a series of 8-bit computers produced in the Soviet Union. A clone of the Apple II with some modifications, it was only partially compatible with Apple. Commissioned by the USSR Ministry of Radio, for many years it was a popular microcomputer in Soviet schools...
(Агат) — Apple IIApple IIThe Apple II is an 8-bit home computer, one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products, designed primarily by Steve Wozniak, manufactured by Apple Computer and introduced in 1977...
clone - Aragats (Арагац)
- Argon — a series of military real-time computers
- ATM TurboATM (computer)ATM is a ZX Spectrum clone, developed in Moscow, in 1991, by two firms, MicroArt and ATM. It has Z80 at 7 MHz, 1024k RAM, 128k ROM, AY-8910 , 8-bit DAC, 8-bit 8-channel ADC, RS-232, Centronics, Beta Disk Interface, IDE interface, AT/XT keyboard, text mode , and 3 graphics modes.- Graphics...
— improved ZX Spectrum clone - BESMBESMBESM is the name of a series of Soviet mainframe computers built in 1950-1960s. The name is an acronym for "Bolshaya Elektronno-Schetnaya Mashina" , literally "Large Electronically Computing Machine". The series began as a successor to MESM...
(БЭСМ) — series of mainframeMainframe computerMainframes are powerful computers used primarily by corporate and governmental organizations for critical applications, bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing.The term originally referred to the...
s - BestaBesta (computer)Besta — a Soviet Unix-based graphics workstation. Their production started in 1988. More than 1,000 Besta workstations were produced.There were several modifications of the computer.Besta-88 had a Motorola 68020 CPU and VME bus....
(Беста) — Unix box, Motorola 68020-based, Sun-3Sun-3Sun-3 was the name given to a series of UNIX computer workstations and servers produced by Sun Microsystems, launched on September 9th, 1985. The Sun-3 series were VMEbus-based systems similar to some of the earlier Sun-2 series, but using the Motorola 68020 microprocessor, in combination with the...
clone - Elektronika D3-28
- Dnepr (Днепр)
- Dubna 48KDubna 48KThe Dubna 48K is a Soviet clone of the ZX Spectrum home computer. It was based on an analogue of the Zilog Z80 microprocessor...
— improved ZX Spectrum clone - ElbrusElbrus (computer)The Elbrus is a line of Soviet and Russian computer systems developed by Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering.In 1992 a spin-off company Moscow Center of SPARC Technologies was created and continued development....
(Эльбрус) — high-end mainframe series - ElektronikaElektronikaElectronika is the brand name used for many different electronic products such as calculators, electronic watches, portable games and radios in the Soviet Union and, nowadays, in Russia...
(Электроника) family- DVKDVKDVK is a Soviet PDP-11-compatible personal computer.The design is also known as Elektronika MS-0501 and Elektronika MS-0502.Earlier models of DVK series were based on K1801VM1 or K1801VM2 microprocessors with 16 bit address bus. In the later models, the KM1801VM3 microprocessor was used.-...
family (ДВК) — PDP-11PDP-11The PDP-11 was a series of 16-bit minicomputers sold by Digital Equipment Corporation from 1970 into the 1990s, one of a succession of products in the PDP series. The PDP-11 replaced the PDP-8 in many real-time applications, although both product lines lived in parallel for more than 10 years...
clones - Elektronika BK-0010 (БК-0010, БК-0011) — LSI-11 clone home computer
- UKNCUKNCUKNC was a Soviet PDP-11-compatible educational computer, aimed at teaching school informatics courses. It is also known as Elektronika MS-0511...
(УКНЦ) — educational, PDP11-like - Elektronika 60, Elektronika 100
- Elektronika 85 - Clone of DEC Professional (computer)DEC Professional (computer)The Professional 325 and Professional 350 were PDP-11 compatible microcomputers introduced in 1982 by Digital Equipment Corporation as high-end competitors to the IBM PC...
350 (F11) - Elektronika 85.1 - Clone of DEC Professional (computer)DEC Professional (computer)The Professional 325 and Professional 350 were PDP-11 compatible microcomputers introduced in 1982 by Digital Equipment Corporation as high-end competitors to the IBM PC...
380 (J11) - Elektronika SS BIS (Электроника СС БИС) — Cray clone
- DVK
- ES EVMES EVMES EVM was a series of clones of IBM's System/360 and System/370 mainframes, released in the Comecon countries under the initiative of the Soviet Union since the 1960s. Production continued until 1998...
(ЕС ЭВМ), IBM mainframeIBM mainframeIBM mainframes are large computer systems produced by IBM from 1952 to the present. During the 1960s and 1970s, the term mainframe computer was almost synonymous with IBM products due to their marketshare...
clone - ES PEVMES PEVMES PEVM was a Soviet clone of the IBM PC in 1980s.The computers and software were adapted in Minsk, Belarus, at the Scientific Research Institute of Electronic Computer Machines ....
(ЕС ПЭВМ), IBM PC compatibleIBM PC compatibleIBM PC compatible computers are those generally similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT. Such computers used to be referred to as PC clones, or IBM clones since they almost exactly duplicated all the significant features of the PC architecture, facilitated by various manufacturers' ability to... - GVS-100HRS-100HRS-100, ХРС-100, GVS-100 or ГВС-100, was a third generation hybrid computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute and engineers from USSR in the period from 1968. to 1971. Three systems HRS-100 were deployed in Academy of Sciences of USSR in Moscow and Novosibirsk in 1971. and 1978...
(ГВС-100, Гибридная Вичислителная Система) - Hybrid Computer System - HobbitHobbit (computer)Hobbit is a Soviet/Russian 8-bit home computer, based on the Sinclair ZX Spectrum hardware architecture.It also featured a CP/M mode and Forth mode or LOGO mode, with the Forth or LOGO operating environment residing in an on-board ROM chip....
(improved ZX Spectrum clone) - Iskra (Искра) - common name for many computers with different architecture
- Iskra-1030Iskra-1030The Iskra 1030 was an Intel 8086 compatible personal computer produced in Kursk, USSR. It was produced at the Scetmash factory .-Specification:The Iskra 1030M produced from 1989 comprised:...
- Intel 8086Intel 8086The 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor chip designed by Intel between early 1976 and mid-1978, when it was released. The 8086 gave rise to the x86 architecture of Intel's future processors...
XT clone
- Iskra-1030
- Irisha (Ириша)
- Kiev (Киев)
- KVM-1 (КВМ-1)
- Korvet (Корвет)
- Krista
- KronosKronos (computer)Kronos is a 32-bit workstation of a proprietary architecture developed in the mid-1980s in Akademgorodok, a research center of the Russian Academy of Science near Novosibirsk....
(Кронос) - M-1 — one of the earliest stored program computers (1950-1951)
- M series — series of mainframes and mini-computers
- MESM (МЭСМ)
- Micro-80 (Микро-80)
- Microsha (Микроша)
- MinskMinsk family of computersMinsk family of mainframe computers was developed and produced in the Byelorussian SSR from 1959 to 1975. Its further progress was stopped by a political decision of switching to IBM System/360 clone family known as ES EVM during the brief period of détente....
(Минск) - MIRMir (computer)MIR is the name of a series of early Soviet computers, developed from 1965 to 1969 in a group headed by Victor Glushkov. It stands for «Машина для Инженерных Расчётов» . It was designed as a relatively small-scale computer for use in engineering and scientific applications...
, МИР (:uk:ЕОМ "МИР-1", :uk:ЕОМ "МИР-2") - NairiNairi (computer)In 1964, at the Yerevan Research Institute of Mathematical Machines , a computer called Nairi was developed and launched into production. In 1965, in the same institute a modified version called Nairi-M was developed and in 1967 versions called Nairi-S and Nairi-2 were developed. In 1970, versions...
(Наири) - Orion-128 (Орион-128)
- PentagonPentagon (computer)The Pentagon home computer was a clone of the British-made Sinclair ZX Spectrum 128. It was manufactured by amateurs in the former Soviet Union. Its PCB was copied all over the USSR, which made it the most widespread Soviet ZX Spectrum clone...
(improved ZX Spectrum clone) - Poisk (Поиск) — IBM PC XT clone
- ProminProminPromin, or sodium glucosulfone is a sulfone drug that was investigated for the treatment of malaria, tuberculosis and leprosy. It is broken down in the body to dapsone, which is the therapeutic form.-History:...
(Проминь) - PS-2000, PS-3000 — multiprocessor mainframes
- Razdan (Раздан)
- Radon — real-time computer, designed for anti-aircraft defense
- Radon 'Z' — ZX Spectrum clone
- Radio-86RK (Радио 86РК)
- Scorpion (improved ZX Spectrum clone)
- SetunSetunSetun was a balanced ternary computer developed in 1958 at Moscow State University. The device was built under the lead of Sergei Sobolev and Nikolay Brusentsov. It was the only modern ternary computer, using three-valued ternary logic instead of two-valued binary logic prevalent in computers...
(Сетунь) — unique balanced ternaryBalanced ternaryBalanced ternary is a non-standard positional numeral system , useful for comparison logic. It is a ternary system, but unlike the standard ternary system, the digits have the values −1, 0, and 1...
computer. - SM EVMSM EVMSM EVM was the general name for several types of Soviet and Comecon minicomputers produced in the 1970s and 1980s. Production began in 1975....
(СМ ЭВМ) — most models were PDP-11PDP-11The PDP-11 was a series of 16-bit minicomputers sold by Digital Equipment Corporation from 1970 into the 1990s, one of a succession of products in the PDP series. The PDP-11 replaced the PDP-8 in many real-time applications, although both product lines lived in parallel for more than 10 years...
clones, while some others were HP 2100HP 2100The HP 2100 was a series of minicomputers produced by Hewlett-Packard from the mid-1960s to early 1990s. The 2100 was also a specific model in this series. The series was renamed HP 1000 by the 1970s and sold as real-time computers, complementing the more complex IT-oriented HP 3000, and would be...
, VAXVAXVAX was an instruction set architecture developed by Digital Equipment Corporation in the mid-1970s. A 32-bit complex instruction set computer ISA, it was designed to extend or replace DEC's various Programmed Data Processor ISAs...
or Intel compatible - Sneg http://www.computer-museum.ru/histussr/vesna.htm (Снег)
- Specialist (Специалист)
- StrelaStrela computerStrela computer was the first mainframe computer manufactured serially in the Soviet Union, beginning in 1953.This first-generation computer had 6200 vacuum tubes and 60,000 semiconductor diodes....
(Стрела) - SVS
- TsUM-1 (ЦУМ-1)
- TIA-MC-1TIA-MC-1TIA-MC-1 — Телевизионный Игровой Автомат Многокадровый Цветной , Russian arcade videogame hardware, with replaceable game programs, one of the most famous Soviet Union arcade machines. Developed in Vinnytsia, Ukraine by Extreme-Ukraine company in the mid-1980s under the leadership of V.B. Gerasimov...
An arcade system - UM (УМ)
- UralUral (computer)Ural is a computer series built in Soviet Union.- History :The Ural was developed at the Electronic Computer Producing Manufacturer of Penza in the Soviet Union and was produced between 1959 and 1964. In total 139 were made...
(Урал) — mainframe series - Vector-06C (Вектор-06Ц)Vector-06CVector-06C is a home computer that was designed and mass produced in USSR in the late 1980s.- History :Vector-06C was created by Soviet engineers Donat Temirazov and Alexander Sokolov from Kishinev, Moldovan SSR . On 33rd National Radio Exhibition the design was honoured with the grand...
- Vesna and Sneg http://www.computer-museum.ru/histussr/vesna.htm — early mainframes
Operating systems
- For KronosKronos (computer)Kronos is a 32-bit workstation of a proprietary architecture developed in the mid-1980s in Akademgorodok, a research center of the Russian Academy of Science near Novosibirsk....
- For BESM
- D-68 (Д-68, Диспетчер-68, Dispatcher-68)
- DISPAK (“Диспетчер Пакетов,” Dispatcher of the Packets)
- DUBNADubnaDubna is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It has a status of naukograd , being home to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, an international nuclear physics research centre and one of the largest scientific foundations in the country. It is also home to MKB Raduga, a defence aerospace company...
(“ДУБНА”)
- For ES EVMES EVMES EVM was a series of clones of IBM's System/360 and System/370 mainframes, released in the Comecon countries under the initiative of the Soviet Union since the 1960s. Production continued until 1998...
- DOS/ES (“Disk Operation system for ES EVM”)
- OS/ES (“Disk Operation system for ES EVM”)
- For SM EVMSM EVMSM EVM was the general name for several types of Soviet and Comecon minicomputers produced in the 1970s and 1980s. Production began in 1975....
- RAFOS (РАФОС), FOBOS (ФОБОС) and FODOS (ФОДОС) — RT-11RT-11RT-11 was a small, single-user real-time operating system for the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11 family of 16-bit computers...
clones - OSRV (ОСРВ) — RSX-11M clone, one of the most popular Soviet multi-user systems
- DEMOSDEMOSDEMOS was a Unix-like operating system developed in the Soviet Union...
— BSD-based Unix-like; later was ported to x86 and some other architectures - INMOS (ИНМОС, Инструментальная мобильная операционная система)
- RAFOS (РАФОС), FOBOS (ФОБОС) and FODOS (ФОДОС) — RT-11
- For 8-bit microcomputers
- MicroDOS (МикроДОС) — CP/MCP/MCP/M was a mass-market operating system created for Intel 8080/85 based microcomputers by Gary Kildall of Digital Research, Inc...
2.2 clone
- MicroDOS (МикроДОС) — CP/M
- For ZX Spectrum clones
- iS-DOSIS-DOSiS-DOS is a disk operating system for Russian ZX Spectrum clones. iS-DOS has been developed in 1990 or 1991, by Iskra Soft .It handles floppy disks , hard disks, and CD-ROM...
, TASiS - DNA OS
- iS-DOS
- For different platforms
- MISS (Multipurpose Interactive timeSharing System) - ES EVMES EVMES EVM was a series of clones of IBM's System/360 and System/370 mainframes, released in the Comecon countries under the initiative of the Soviet Union since the 1960s. Production continued until 1998...
ES1010, ES EVMES EVMES EVM was a series of clones of IBM's System/360 and System/370 mainframes, released in the Comecon countries under the initiative of the Soviet Union since the 1960s. Production continued until 1998...
ES1045, D3-28M, PC-compatible, etc.
- MISS (Multipurpose Interactive timeSharing System) - ES EVM
- MOS (operating system)MOS (operating system)MOS signifies 'Mobile Operating System' . It was a Soviet clone of Unix in the 1980s. This operating system was commonly found on SM EVM minicomputers; it was also ported to ES EVM and Elbrus. MOS was also used in high-end PDP-11 clones....
- a Soviet clone of Unix in the 1980s