List of MBTA bus routes
Encyclopedia
The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, often referred to as the MBTA or simply The T, is the public operator of most bus, subway, commuter rail and ferry systems in the greater Boston, Massachusetts, area. Officially a "body politic and corporate, and a political subdivision" of the...

 bus division
MBTA Bus
The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority operates a large number of bus lines in the greater Boston area. Some routes are for transport within the city; others bring passengers from surrounding areas to stops on the rail lines of the MBTA.The MBTA also operates bus rapid transit service; see...

 operates the following bus
Bus
A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry passengers. Buses can have a capacity as high as 300 passengers. The most common type of bus is the single-decker bus, with larger loads carried by double-decker buses and articulated buses, and smaller loads carried by midibuses and minibuses; coaches are...

 routes, in Boston
Boston
Boston is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper had...

, Massachusetts
Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2010...

, many of which are descendants of the streetcar routes of the Boston Elevated Railway
Boston Elevated Railway
The Boston Elevated Railway was a precursor first to the Metropolitan Transit Authority in Massachusetts, now the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, operating rapid transit, streetcars and buses in the Boston, Massachusetts area. It was formerly known as the West End Street Railway.The...

 or a suburb
Suburb
The word suburb mostly refers to a residential area, either existing as part of a city or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city . Some suburbs have a degree of administrative autonomy, and most have lower population density than inner city neighborhoods...

an company.

Silver Line

The Silver Line (internally 741, 742, 746 and 749) is a bus rapid transit
Bus rapid transit
Bus rapid transit is a term applied to a variety of public transportation systems using buses to provide faster, more efficient service than an ordinary bus line. Often this is achieved by making improvements to existing infrastructure, vehicles and scheduling...

 system marketed as rapid transit
Rapid transit
A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway, metro or metropolitan railway system is an electric passenger railway in an urban area with a high capacity and frequency, and grade separation from other traffic. Rapid transit systems are typically located either in underground tunnels or on...

.
  • SL1: Airport–South Station via Waterfront
  • SL2: Design Center;South Station via Waterfront
  • SL4: Dudley Square–South Station via Washington
  • SL5: Dudley Square–Downtown Crossing via Washington

Crosstown Express

The crosstown (CT) buses provide limited-stop
Limited-stop
In public transport, a limited-stop bus, tram or train service is a service that operates along the same route as a local bus service, but omits certain stops in order to offer a faster trip between the places served. The term is normally used on routes with a mixture of fast and slow services...

 service with free transfers to subways.
  • CT1 (internally 701) Central Square
    Central Square (Cambridge)
    Central Square is an area in Cambridge, Massachusetts centered on the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Prospect Street and Western Avenue. , formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Columbia Street, Sidney Street and Main Street, is also considered a part of the Central Square area...

    /Cambridge
    Cambridge, Massachusetts
    Cambridge is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, in the Greater Boston area. It was named in honor of the University of Cambridge in England, an important center of the Puritan theology embraced by the town's founders. Cambridge is home to two of the world's most prominent...

     - B.U. Medical Center/Boston Medical Center
    Boston Medical Center
    Boston Medical Center is a non-profit 639 licensed-bed medical center in Boston, Massachusetts. It was created by the formal merger of Boston City Hospital which was the first municipal hospital in the United States and Boston University Medical Center Hospital in July 1996 which was sponsored...

     via M.I.T.
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology
    The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT has five schools and one college, containing a total of 32 academic departments, with a strong emphasis on scientific and technological education and research.Founded in 1861 in...

  • CT2 (internally 747 and 748) Sullivan Station - Ruggles Station
    Ruggles (MBTA station)
    Ruggles Station is a MBTA subway station on the Orange Line; it is also a MBTA commuter rail station serving the Providence/Stoughton, Franklin, and Needham Lines. It is located at the intersection of Ruggles and Tremont Streets, where the Roxbury neighborhood begins and borders with the nearby...

     via Kendall/MIT
    Kendall/MIT (MBTA station)
    Kendall/MIT is a station on the rapid transit Red Line in Kendall Square at the intersection of Broadway and Main Street, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Trains emerge from the Red Line tunnel just east of the station to cross the Charles River via the Longfellow Bridge...

  • CT3 (internally 708) Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
    Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
    Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts is a major flagship teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School. It was formed out of the 1996 merger of Beth Israel Hospital and New England Deaconess Hospital...

     - Andrew Station
    Andrew (MBTA station)
    Andrew is a station on the rapid transit Red Line at Dorchester Avenue at Andrew Square, by Southampton Street, Dorchester Street, and Boston Street in South Boston, Massachusetts...

     via B.U. Medical Center

1-202

These routes all serve the immediate Boston
Boston
Boston is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper had...

 area, and most were inherited from the Metropolitan Transit Authority. They are numbered roughly clockwise from southeast to northeast, with 4 the furthest south in South Boston (1 was a combination of the 47 and 76 in 1962) and 121 the furthest north (roughly) in East Boston. Numbers from 131 to 137 are former Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway
Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway
The Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway was a streetcar and later bus company in eastern Massachusetts, serving most suburbs of Boston, Massachusetts...

 routes in the Melrose
Melrose, Massachusetts
-Government:Robert J. Dolan is the mayor. Melrose is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives by Paul Brodeur . Katherine Clark is the state senator for wards 1 through 5 and Thomas McGee is the state senator for wards 6 and 7. Melrose is part of the seventh Congressional...

 area. 170 and 171 are special low-service routes, the 170 a variant of the 70 and the 171 a replacement for early morning CT3 service (when it was cut back from Logan Airport). Routes from 191 to 197 are single round trips in the early morning, mainly meant for subway fare collectors but open to the public. 201 and 202 were redesignations of the two directions of the 20 loop in March 2005.
  • 1 Harvard/Holyoke Gate - Dudley Staton via Mass. Ave
  • 4 North Station - World Trade Center via Federal Courthouse & South Station
  • 5 City Point -McCormack Housing via Andrew Station
  • 7 City Point - Otis & Summer Streets via South Station
  • 8 Harbor Point/UMass - Kenmore Station via B.U. Medical Center & Dudley Station
  • 9 City Point - Copley Square via Broadway Station
  • 10 City Point - Copley Square via Andrew Station & B.U. Medical Center
  • 11 City Point - Downtown BayView
  • 14 Roslindale Sq. - Heath Street via Dudley Sta., Grove Hall & Jackson Square Station
  • 15 Kane Sq. or Fields Corner Sta. - Ruggles Sta. via Uphams Corner
  • 16 Forest Hills Station - Andrew Station or UMass via Columbia Road
  • 17 Fields Corner Station - Andrew Station via Uphams Corner & Edward Everett Square
  • 18 Ashmont Station - Andrew Station via Fields Corner Station
  • 19 Fields Corner Sta. - Kenmore or Ruggles Sta. via Grove Hall & Dudley Station
  • 21 Ashmont Sta. - Forest Hills Sta. via Morton St.
  • 22 Ashmont Sta. - Ruggles Sta. via Talbot Ave. & Jackson Sq.
  • 23 Ashmont Sta. - Ruggles Sta. via Washington St.
  • 24 Wakefield Ave. & Truman Highway - Mattapan or Ashmont Sta. via River Street
  • 26 Ashmont Sta. - Norfolk & Morton Belt Line
  • 27 Mattapan Sta. - Ashmont Sta. via River St.
  • 28 Mattapan Sta. - Ruggles Sta. via Dudley Sta.
  • 29 Mattapan Sta. - Jackson Sq., Sta. via Seaver St. & Columbus Ave.
  • 30 Mattapan Sta. - Forest Hills Sta. via Cummins Highway & Roslindale Sq.
  • 31 Mattapan Sta. - Forest Hills Sta. via Morton St
  • 32 Wolcott Sq. or Cleary Sq. - Forest Hills Sta. via Hyde Park Ave
  • 33 Dedham Line - Mattapan Sta. via River St.
  • 34 Dedham Line - Forest Hills Sta. via Washington St.
  • 34E Walpole Center- Forest Hills Sta. via Washington St. (variations of route go through Dedham Mall, East Walpole, or Walpole Street)
  • 35 Dedham Mall/Stimson St. - Forest Hills Station via Belgrade Ave. & Center St.
  • 36 Charles River Loop or V.A. Hospital - Forest Hills Sta. via Belgrade Ave. & Center St.
  • 37 Baker & Vermont Sts. - Forest Hills Sta. via Belgrade Ave. & Centre St.
  • 38 Wren St. - Forest Hills Sta. via Centre & South Streets
  • 39 Forest Hills Sta. - Back Bay Sta. via Huntington Ave.
  • 40 Georgetowne - Forest Hills Sta. via Washington St. & West Boundary Rd
  • 41 Centre & Eliot Sts. - JFK/UMass Station via Dudley Sta., Centre St. & Jackson Sq. Station
  • 42 Forest Hills Sta. - Dudley or Ruggles Sta. via Washington St.
  • 43 Ruggles Station - Park & Tremont Sts. via Tremont St.
  • 44 Jackson Sq. Sta. - Ruggles Sta. via Seaver St. & Humboldt Ave.
  • 45 Franklin Park Zoo - Ruggles Sta. via Blue Hill Avenue
  • 47 Central Sq., Cambridge - Broadway Station via B.U. Medical Center, Dudley Station & Longview Medical Area
  • 48 Jamaica Plain Loop Monument - Jackson Square Station via Green Street and Stony Brook Sta.
  • 50 Cleary Square - Forest Hills Station via Roslindale Square
  • 51 Cleveland Circle - Forest Hills Sta. via Hancock Village
  • 52 Dedham Mall or Charles River Loop - Watertown Yard via Oak Hill & Newton Center
  • 55 Jersey & Queensberry - Copley Sq. or Park & Tremont Sts. via Ipswich St.
  • 57 Watertown Yard - Kenmore Sta. via Newton Corner & Brighton Center
  • 57A Oak Square Via Brighton (During weekday rush hours)
  • 59 Needham Junction - Watertown Sq. via Newtonville
  • 60 Chestnut Hill - Kenmore Station via Brookline Village & Cypress St.
  • 62 Bedford V.A. Hospital - Alewife Station via Lexington Center & Arlington Heights
  • 64 Oak Square - University Park, Cambridge or Kendall/MIT via North Beacon St.
  • 65 Brighton Center - Kenmore Sta. via Washington St., Brookline Village & Brookline Ave.
  • 66 Harvard Square - Dudley Station via Allston & Brookline Village
  • 67 Turkey Hill - Alewife Station via Arlington Center
  • 68 Harvard/Holyoke Gate - Kendall/M.I.T. via Broadway
  • 69 Harvard/Holyoke Gate - Lechmere Sta. via Cambridge St.
  • 70 Cedarwood, No. Waltham or Watertown Sq. - University Park via Central Sq., Cambridge, Arsenal St., and Western Ave.
  • 70A Cedarwood, No. Waltham or Watertown Sq. - University Park via Centra Sq., Cambridge, Arsenal St., and Western Ave.
  • 71 Watertown Square - Harvard Station via Mt. Auburn St. (trolleybus)
  • 72 Huron Ave. - Harvard Station via Concord Ave (trolleybus)
  • 73 Waverley Sq. - Harvard Station via Trapelo Road (trolleybus)
  • 74 Belmont Center - Harvard Station via Concord Ave.
  • 75 Belmont Center - Harvard Station via Concord Ave,
  • 76 Hanscom/Lincoln Labs - Alewife Station via Lexington Center & Civil Air Terminal
  • 77 Arlington Heights - Harvard Station via Massachusetts Ave.
  • 77A Harvard Station - North Cambridge Carhouse via Massachusetts Ave. (short turn of 77 but serviced by first-run 71 and 73 trolleybuses)
  • 78 Arlmont Village - Harvard Station via Park Circle
  • 79 Arlington Heights - Alewife Station via Massachusetts Ave.
  • 80 Arlington Center - Lechmere Station via Medford Hillside
  • 83 Rindge Ave. - Central Sq., Cambridge via Porter Square Station
  • 84 Arlmont Village - Alewife Station
  • 85 Spring Hill - Kendall/M.I.T. Station via Summer St. & Union Square
  • 86 Sullivan Sq. Sta. - Reservoir (Cleveland Circle) via Harvard/Johnston Gate
  • 87 Arlington Center or Clarendon Hill - Lechmere Station via Somerville Ave.
  • 88 Clarendon Hill - Lechmere Station via Highland Avenue
  • 89 Clarendon Hill or Davis Square - Sullivan Square Station via Broadway
  • 90 Wellington via Sullivan Station
  • 91 Sullivan Sq. Sta. - Central Sq., Camb. via Washington St
  • 92 Assembly Sq. Mall - Downtown via Sullivan Sq. Sta., Main St. & Haymarket Station
  • 93 Sullivan Sq. Sta. - Downtown via Bunker Hill St. & Haymarket Sta.
  • 94 Medford Square - Davis Sq. Station via W. Medford & Medford Hillside
  • 95 West Medford - Sullivan Sq. Sta. via Mystic Ave.
  • 96 Medford Sq. - Harvard Station via George St. & Davis Sq. Sta.
  • 97 Center Sta. - Wellington Sta. via Commercial & Hancock Sts.
  • 99 Boston Regional Medical Center- Wellington Station via Main St. & Malden Center Sta.
  • 100 Elm St. - Wellington Station via Fellsway
  • 101 Malden Center Station - Sullivan Square Station via Salem St., Main St. and Broadway
  • 104 Malden Center Station - Sullivan Square Station via Ferry St. & Broadway
  • 105 Malden Center Station - Sullivan Square Station via Newland St.
  • 106 Lebanon St., Malden or Franklin Sq. - Wellington Sta. via Main St
  • 108 Linden Square - Wellington Station via Malden Center Station & Highland Ave.
  • 109 Linden Square - Sullivan Square Station via Glendale Square
  • 110 Wonderland or Broadway & Park Ave. - Wellington Station via Park Avenue and Woodland
  • 111 Woodlawn or Broadway & Park Ave. - Haymarket Station via Mystic River/Tobin Bridge
  • 112 Wellington Sta. - Wood Island Sta. via Central Ave., Mystic Mall & Admiral's Hall
  • 114 Bellingham Square - Maverick Station
  • 116 Wonderland Station - Maverick Station via Revere Street
  • 117 Wonderland Station - Maverick Station via Beach St.
  • 119 Northgate - Beachmont Station via Revere Center & Cooledge Housing
  • 120 Orient Heights Station - Maverick Station via Bennington St., Jefferies Point & Waldemar Loop
  • 121 Wood Island Station - Maverick Station via Lexington Street
  • 131 Melrose Highlands - Malden Center Station via Oak Grove Station
  • 132 Redstone Shopping Center - Malden Station
  • 134 Woburn - Wellington Station via Woburn Sq., Winchester Cter, Medford Square, Riverside Ave. & Meadow Glen Mall
  • 136 Reading Depot - Malden Station via Wakefield, Melrose & Oak Grove Station
  • 137 Reading Depot - Malden Station via North Ave, Wakefield, Melrose & Oak Grove Station
  • 170 Oak Park - Dudley via Central Sq., Waltham (very limited service)
  • 171 Dudley Station - Logan Airport via Andrew Station (very limited service)
  • 201 Fields Corner or No. Quincy Station - Fields Corner via Neponset Ave. to Adams St.
  • 202 Fields Corner or No. Quincy Station - Fields Corner via Adams St & Neponset Ave.

210-299

These routes operate in the Quincy
Quincy, Massachusetts
Quincy is a city in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. Its nicknames are "City of Presidents", "City of Legends", and "Birthplace of the American Dream". As a major part of Metropolitan Boston, Quincy is a member of Boston's Inner Core Committee for the Metropolitan Area Planning Council...

 area. They were originally operated by the Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway
Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway
The Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway was a streetcar and later bus company in eastern Massachusetts, serving most suburbs of Boston, Massachusetts...

.
  • 210 Quincy Center Sta. - No. Quincy Sta. or Fields Corner Station via Hancock St. and Neponset Ave.
  • 211 Quincy Center Sta. - Squantum via Montclair & No. Quincy Sta.
  • 212 Quincy Center Sta. - North Quincy Sta. via Billings Road
  • 214 Quincy Center Station - Germantown via Sea St. & O'Brien Towers
  • 215 Quincy Center Sta. - Ashmont Sta. via W. Quincy & E. Milton Sq.
  • 216 Quincy Center Station - Houghs Neck via Sea Street
  • 217 Quincy Center Station - Ashmont Station via Beale St., Wollaston, and E. Milton Sq.
  • 220 Quincy Center Station - Hingham via Bicknell Square
  • 221 Quincy Center Station - Fort Point via Bicknell Square
  • 222 Quincy Center Station - East Weymouth or Washington @ Pleasant Streets via Bicknell Square
  • 225 Quincy Center - Weymouth Landing (Surrounding Area) or Columbian Square via Quincy Ave. & Shaw St. or Desmoines Rd.
  • 230 Quincy Center Sta. - Montello Commuter Rail Station via Holbrook and Braintree Station
  • 236 Quincy Center Sta. - South Shore Plaza via E. Braintree & Braintree Station
  • 238 Quincy Center Station - Holbrook/Randolph Commuter Rail Sta & Crawford Square
  • 240 Avon Square or Holbrook/Randolph Commuter Rail Sta. - Ashmont Sta. via Crawford Sq. & Randolph
  • 245 Quincy Center Sta. - Mattapan Sta. via Quincy Hospital & Pleasant St.
  • 274 Firehouse, Long Island - Long Island Hospital via Long Island Bridge
  • 275 Albany Street - Long Island Hospital via Southeast Expressway
  • 276 Boston Medical Center - Long Island Hospital via Southeast Expressway
  • 277 Lemuel Shattuck Hospital - Downtown Boston

300-349

These routes operate express between Medford
Medford, Massachusetts
Medford is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, in the United States, on the Mystic River, five miles northwest of downtown Boston. In the 2010 U.S. Census, Medford's population was 56,173...

 and downtown Boston.
  • 325 Elm St., Medford - Haymarket Station via Fellsway West, Salem St. and I-93
  • 326 West Medford - Haymarket Station via Playstead Rd., High St., Medford and I-93

350-399

These routes operate in the Burlington
Burlington, Massachusetts
Burlington is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 24,498 at the 2010 census.- History :It is believed that Burlington takes its name from the English town of Bridlington, however this has never been confirmed....

 area.
  • 350 North Burlington - Alewife Station via Burlington Mall
  • 351 Oak Park/Bedford Woods - Alewife Station via Middlesex Turnpike
  • 352 Burlington Express - Boston via Rte. 128 & I-93
  • 354 Woburn Express - Boston via Woburn Sq. & I-93
  • 355 Mishawum Station - Boston via W. Cummings Park & I-93

400-499

These routes
MBTA Buses in Saugus, Lynn & Salem
The MBTA operates several local and express bus routes in the North Shore cities and towns of Massachusetts. Some routes are purely local service; others include express service to Haymarket via Route 1A...

 operate in the Lynn
Lynn, Massachusetts
Lynn is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 89,050 at the 2000 census. An old industrial center, Lynn is home to Lynn Beach and Lynn Heritage State Park and is about north of downtown Boston.-17th century:...

 area and North Shore
North Shore (Massachusetts)
The North Shore is a region in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, loosely defined as the coastal area between Boston and New Hampshire. The region is made up both of a rocky coastline, dotted with marshes and wetlands, as well as several beaches and natural harbors. The North Shore is an important...

.
  • 411 - Malden Center Station - Revere/Jack Satter House via Granada Highlands and North Beach
  • 424 - Eastern Ave. & Essex St. - Haymarket Sta. or WonderlandSalem Depot - Central Sq., Lynn via Highland Ave.
  • 426 - Central Sq., Lynn - Haymarket Sta. via Cliftondale
  • 426W - Central Sq., Lynn - Wonderland Sta. via Cliftondale Square
  • 429 - Northgate Shopping Center - Central Sq., Lynn via Linden Square & Square One Mall
  • 430 - Saugus Center - Malden Center Station via Square One Mall
  • 431 - Neptune Towers - Central Sq., Lynn via Summer St
  • 434 - Peabody - Haymarket EXPRESS via Goodwins Circle
  • 435 - Liberty Tree Mall - Central Sq., Lynn via Peabody Sq
  • 436 - Liberty Tree Mall - Central Sq., Lynn via Goodwins Circle
  • 439 - Bass Point, Nahant -Central Sq., Lynn
  • 441 - Marblehead - Haymarket, Downtown Crossing via Central Sq., Lynn, and Lynnway
  • 442 - Marblehead - Haymarket, Downtown Crossing or Wonderland via Central Sq., Lynn, and Lynnway
  • 448 - Marblehead - Downtown Crossing via Paradise Rd.or Humphrey St., Lynnway, and Airport
  • 449 - Marblehead - Downtown Crossing via Paradise Rd. or Humphrey St., Lynnway, and Airport
  • 450 - Eastern Ave. & Essex St. - Haymarket Sta. or WonderlandSalem Depot or Central Sq.
  • 451 - North Beverly - Salem Depot via Cabot St. or Tozer Rd
  • 455 - Salem Depot - Wonderland via Central Sq., Lynn
  • 456 - Eastern Ave. & Essex St. - Haymarket Sta. or WonderlandSalem Depot - Haymarket Sq.
  • 459 - Salem Depot - Downtown Crossing via Logan Airport & Central Sq., Lynn
  • 465 - Salem Depot - Liberty Tree Mall via Peabody & Danvers
  • 468 - Salem Depot - Danvers Sq. via Peabody

500-599

These routes operate express between Newton
Newton, Massachusetts
Newton is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States bordered to the east by Boston. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Newton was 85,146, making it the eleventh largest city in the state.-Villages:...

 and downtown Boston.
  • 500 - EXPRESS BUS Riverside - Downtown via Mass. Turnpike
  • 501 - EXPRESS BUS Brighton Center - Downtown via Oak Sq., & Mass. Turnpike
  • 502 - EXPRESS BUS Watertown Yard - Copley Sq. (St. James Ave. at Dartmouth) via Newton Sq. and Mass. Turnpike
  • 503 - EXPRESS BUS Brighton Center - Copley Sq. via Oak Sq. & Mass. Turnpike
  • 504 - EXPRESS BUS Watertown/Newton Corner - Downtown via Mass. Turnpike
  • 505 - EXPRESS BUS Central Sq., Waltham - Downtown via Moody St. & Mass. Turnpike
  • 553 - Roberts - Downtown Boston via Newton Corner & Central Sq., Waltham
  • 554 - Roberts - Downtown Boston via Newton Corner & Central Sq., WalthamWaverley Sq.
  • 555 - EXPRESS BUS Riverside - Downtown Boston via Newton, Mass. Pike & Copley Sq.
  • 556 - Waltham Highlands - Downtown Boston via Newton Corner & Central Sq, Whaltam, and Newtonville
  • 558 - Riverside - Downtown Boston via Newton Corner & Turnpike

Timeline

This is only a timeline of Boston-area buses, usually with numbers below 200 (though 201 and 202 have been used twice each for routes in this district).

External links and references

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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