List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents

This list contains Germanic

Germanic languages

The Germanic languages constitute a sub-branch of the Indo-European language family. The common ancestor of all of the languages in this branch is called Proto-Germanic , which was spoken in approximately the mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age northern Europe...

elements of the English language

English language

English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...

which have a close corresponding Latin

Latin

Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...

ate form. The correspondence is semantic–in most cases these words are not cognate

Cognate

In linguistics, cognates are words that have a common etymological origin. This learned term derives from the Latin cognatus . Cognates within the same language are called doublets. Strictly speaking, loanwords from another language are usually not meant by the term, e.g...

s, but in some cases they are doublets

Doublet (linguistics)

In etymology, two or more words in the same language are called doublets or etymological twins when they have different phonological forms but the same etymological root. Often, but not always, the variants have entered the language through different routes...

, i.e., ultimately derived from the same root, generally Proto-Indo-European

Proto-Indo-European language

The Proto-Indo-European language is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans...

, as in cow and beef, both ultimately from PIE *gʷōus.

The meaning of these words do not always correspond to Germanic cognates, and occasionally the specific meaning in the list is unique to English.

Germanic source	Germanic	Latinate	Latin Latin Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and... source
Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... bannjan, bandjan PGmc laibijanan + af- PGmc fur- + sakanan PGmc fur- + lǣtanan PGmc gebanan + ūp PGmc *bi-linnanan	abandon leave, leave off forsake forlet give up blin	relinquish abdicate desert renounce	relinquere < re- + linquere abdicāre < ab- + dicātus dēserere < dē- + serere renūntiāre < re- + nūntius
PGmc akiz Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... hūrt PGmc smartōn- PGmc wai PGmc sairaz PGmc þrawō	ache hurt smart woe sore throe	pain agony	poena < Gk poinē L.L. agōnia < Gk agōniā
PGmc lataz, lētiz (Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... lat, lēti) PGmc *trewwiþō	allegiance troth	fidelity loyalty	fidēlitās lēgālis
Old Norse Old Norse Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300.... angr PGmc *wraiþiþo	anger wrath	rage ire	rabiēs īra
Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... raidjan PGmc raihwaz PGmc hrengaz (Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... hring) PGmc līnion + ūp PGmc sat- PGmc hlutom PGmc *līston	array row range, rank line, lineup set lot list	series order sequence	seriēs < serere ordō L.L. sequentia < sequēns < sequī
WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... aiskōn PGmc frignanan PGmc besōkjanan Old English bedecian PGmc sōkjanan	ask frain beseech beg seek	inquire request	in + quaerere re + quaerere
PGmc ga-waraz PGmc ana + breustam PGmc ūp + tō + spōdiz	aware abreast up to speed	cognizant	cognoscere
WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... bauknan Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... baukan Old Norse Old Norse Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300.... flǫgra, flakka Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... hariwald Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... heriberga Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... witan	beacon buoy flag herald harbinger guide	signal indicator	M.L. signāle M.L. indicātor
PGmc beforan PGmc beforan + handuz PGmc ana + haubuþan + af PGmc *airiz	before beforehand ahead of ere	prior	prior
PGmc bī + hafjanan PGmc beranan + -unga Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... stikkan Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... wīsa PGmc *wegaz	behaviour bearing etiquette guise way	action attitude manner conduct	āctiō L.L. aptitūdō V.L. *manuāria < L manuārius < manus M.L. conductus < L condūcere
PGmc bī + haitanan PGmc bidjanan + -unga	behest bidding	command order	V.L. commandāre ordō
PGmc bī- + hōfan PGmc gagniz PGmc fura- + dailiz PGmc bōniz PGmc blōdisōjanan + -unga PGmc wela + farō	behoof gain foredeal boon blessing welfare	advantage benefit	L.L.*abantaticum benefactum
WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... bī- + ginnan PGmc *sturtjanan	begin start	commence	com + initiāre
PGmc ga-laubjan PGmc ga-menþijan + sat- PGmc gōdaz + spellan PGmc trewwiþō PGmc *hlinunga	belief mindset gospel truth leaning	creed	crēdere
PGmc bilībanan PGmc uz- + bīdanan PGmc terganan	belive, belave abide tarry	remain stay	re- + manere stāre
PGmc balgiz PGmc medi- + hrefiz PGmc wambō	belly midriff womb	abdomen	abdomen
Middle English Middle English Middle English is the stage in the history of the English language during the High and Late Middle Ages, or roughly during the four centuries between the late 11th and the late 15th century.... bigge (< Old Norse Old Norse Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300.... ?) PGmc grautaz PGmc stōraz, stōriz PGmc mikilaz PGmc haugaz (Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... *houg)	big great stour mickle huge	large grand	larga < largus grandis
PGmc gaburþiz + dagaz PGmc jēran + tīdiz	birthday yeartide	anniversary	M.L. (diēs) anniversāria
PGmc blījom PGmc hīwjan PGmc daugō PGmc skadwō PGmc *wlitiz	blee hue dye shade lit	colour	color
PGmc blōmōn PGmc blōsmaz PGmc buzdōn PGmc burjō(n) (Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... *burjan)	bloom blossom bud burgeon	flower	flor- < flos
PGmc budagan PGmc framojanan WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... makojana + ūp PGmc *līkan	body, embodiment frame makeup lich	corpus, corpse carcass cadaver	corpus M.L. carcosium, carcasium < ? cadāver
PGmc *brōþar	brotherly	fraternal	frāternus
Old English budda Old English bitela	bug beetle	insect	insectum
Old English byldan PGmc raizijanan PGmc raizijanan	build rear raise	construct	cōnstruere < com + struere
Old English bysig + nisse PGmc under + tækanan PGmc *nutō	business undertaking note	affair enterprise	ad + facere Fr. entre + prendre
PGmc *bugjanan	buy	purchase	pro- + V.L. Vulgar Latin Vulgar Latin is any of the nonstandard forms of Latin from which the Romance languages developed. Because of its nonstandard nature, it had no official orthography. All written works used Classical Latin, with very few exceptions... *captiare
WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... *kalbam	calf	veal	vitellus, vitulus
PGmc kallōjanan + -unga Middle English Middle English Middle English is the stage in the history of the English language during the High and Late Middle Ages, or roughly during the four centuries between the late 11th and the late 15th century.... jobbe PGmc lība- + werkan PGmc lība- + laidō PGmc libēn- + -unga	calling job lifework livelihood living	career profession vocation occupation employment	L.L. carrāria (via) < Celtic M.L. professiō vocātiō occupātiō implicāre + -mentum
Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... gram, grinjan PGmc maganan PGmc skamō	chagrin dismay shame	displeasure dissatisfaction	dis- + L placēre dis- + L satisfactiō
PGmc skihanan (Middle High German Middle High German Middle High German , abbreviated MHG , is the term used for the period in the history of the German language between 1050 and 1350. It is preceded by Old High German and followed by Early New High German... schicken) PGmc trandijanan PGmc wagōjanan (Old Saxon Old Saxon Old Saxon, also known as Old Low German, is the earliest recorded form of Low German, documented from the 8th century until the 12th century, when it evolved into Middle Low German. It was spoken on the north-west coast of Germany and in the Netherlands by Saxon peoples... wogōn) PGmc dapraz (via Middle Dutch Middle Dutch Middle Dutch is a collective name for a number of closely related West Germanic dialects which were spoken and written between 1150 and 1500... dapper) Middle English Middle English Middle English is the stage in the history of the English language during the High and Late Middle Ages, or roughly during the four centuries between the late 11th and the late 15th century.... dasshen (< Danish Danish language Danish is a North Germanic language spoken by around six million people, principally in the country of Denmark. It is also spoken by 50,000 Germans of Danish ethnicity in the northern parts of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, where it holds the status of minority language... daske) PGmc swankianan PGmc ūp + tūnaz, tūnan	chic trendy in vogue dapper dashing swanky uptown	elegant fashionable stylish	ēlegāns < ēlegere factiō < facere stylus, stilus
PGmc kilþam PGmc barnan Middle English Middle English Middle English is the stage in the history of the English language during the High and Late Middle Ages, or roughly during the four centuries between the late 11th and the late 15th century.... babe + -y PGmc *kiþjom (via Old Norse Old Norse Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300.... kið) Middle English Middle English Middle English is the stage in the history of the English language during the High and Late Middle Ages, or roughly during the four centuries between the late 11th and the late 15th century.... newborn	child bairn baby kid newborn	infant	īnfāns
PGmc keusanan PGmc pikkanan PGmc *walan (Old Norse Old Norse Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300.... val)	choose pick wale	opt select	optare sēlēctus < sēligere < sē- + legere
PGmc *karzjanan	chore	task	M.L. tasca
PGmc kaldaz PGmc kaliz + -igaz PGmc freusanþjaz	cold chilly freezing	frigid	frigidus
PGmc kweman PGmc landjanan PGmc raikijanau PGmc getanan WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... *makojanan	come land reach get to make (to a place)	arrive	ad + ripa
PGmc kōuz PGmc bullon- PGmc nautan PGmc uhson PGmc steuraz PGmc wīsundaz (Old High German Old High German The term Old High German refers to the earliest stage of the German language and it conventionally covers the period from around 500 to 1050. Coherent written texts do not appear until the second half of the 8th century, and some treat the period before 750 as 'prehistoric' and date the start of... wisunt) Old High German Old High German The term Old High German refers to the earliest stage of the German language and it conventionally covers the period from around 500 to 1050. Coherent written texts do not appear until the second half of the 8th century, and some treat the period before 750 as 'prehistoric' and date the start of... ūrohso	cow bull neat ox steer bison aurochs	beef cattle	bōs/bovis V.L. capitale
PGmc dagaz + likaz	daily	diurnal	diurnalis
PGmc daudaz + likaz PGmc banon + fullaz	deadly baneful	mortal fatal	mortālis fatum
PGmc dōmjanan Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... wardōn PGmc haldanan PGmc fōlijanan PGmc bī + þankjanan	deem regard hold feel bethink	judge consider esteem	iūdicāre consīderāre aestimāre
PGmc deuzam PGmc hirutaz PGmc dajjō(n) (Old English dā) PGmc hindō PGmc stag- PGmc raihōn	deer hart doe hind stag roe	venison	venātiō/nis
PGmc gamainijaz PGmc bī- + lūtilaz PGmc putōjanan, pūtjanan + dūn PGmc lǣgaz	demean, bemean belittle put down lower	debase, abase degrade humiliate	L.L. bassus < Oscan or Celtic L.L. dēgradāre < dē- + gradus L.L. humiliātus < humiliāre < humilis
PGmc dōnan PGmc frumjanan, framjanan PGmc under + *tækanan	do perform undertake	execute dispatch	M.L. execūtāre < ex(s)equī O.Fr. despeechier < des- + L.L. -pedicāre
Old English docga PGmc *hundas	dog hound	canid, canine	canis
PGmc drengkan PGmc sweljanan Old High German Old High German The term Old High German refers to the earliest stage of the German language and it conventionally covers the period from around 500 to 1050. Coherent written texts do not appear until the second half of the 8th century, and some treat the period before 750 as 'prehistoric' and date the start of... garo + ūz Old Norse Old Norse Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300.... ves + heill PGmc *sūpanan	drink swill carouse wassail sup, sip	imbibe	imbibere < in + bibere
PGmc *dubon	dove	pigeon culver	V.L. pibionem columbula
PGmc ernust- PGmc grimmaz PGmc *sternijaz	earnest grim stern	serious grave sober	L.L. sēriōsus gravis sōbrius
PGmc dritō PGmc erþō PGmc landom PGmc grundus PGmc landam + skapiz	dirt earth land ground landscape	soil terrain	partly from Latin solium; partly from Old English sol terrenum < terra
PGmc austra PGmc austra + līkaz PGmc austra + *warþaz	eastern easterly eastward	oriental	orīri
PGmc etanan PGmc suppanan PGmc brekanan + brauþan PGmc bankiz PGmc fōdjanan Middle Dutch Middle Dutch Middle Dutch is a collective name for a number of closely related West Germanic dialects which were spoken and written between 1150 and 1500... snacken PGmc swelganan PGmc hnaskwajanan PGmc tækanan + in PGmc bītanan PGmc skirfanan (Old English sceorfan)	eat sup break bread banquet feed snack swallow nosh take in bite scarf	dine consume devour ingest	V.L. diseieunare < dis + ieiunare consūmere dēvorāre ingestus < ingerere
PGmc aldiz, aldō PGmc līban + tīmēn PGmc līban + spannō	eld lifetime lifespan	age	aevitās ( < aevum) + -age
PGmc anðiōn PGmc fullfuljanan PGmc haldanan PGmc wrappanan PGmc stuppojanan PGmc bi-linnanan	end fulfill halt wrap up stop blin	finish complete discontinue	fīnīre complēre dis- + continuāre
PGmc ebnaz PGmc flataz PGmc smāþjaz, smōþjaz PGmc in + līnion PGmc līnion + ūp PGmc stadō + *-igaz	even flat smooth in line lined up steady	level planar equal	V.L. *lībellum < lībella L.L. plānāris < plānum aequālis < aequus
PGmc faranan Middle Dutch Middle Dutch Middle Dutch is a collective name for a number of closely related West Germanic dialects which were spoken and written between 1150 and 1500... trecken PGmc gēnan + ana + braiþaz PGmc tækanan + trap- Old Norse Old Norse Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300.... rāfa Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... *wala	fare trek go abroad take a trip rove gallivant	travel journey voyage	V.L. trepaliāre V.L. diurnāta viāticum
PGmc fastuz PGmc hraþa PGmc snellaz PGmc kwikwaz PGmc swīpanan PGmc spōdigaz, *spēdigaz	fast rathe, rather snell quick swift speedy	rapid	rapidus
PGmc fadar + likaz	fatherly	paternal	paternus
WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... fōljan PGmc gawaraz PGmc tukkanan, tækanan	feeling awareness touch	sentiment sensation	sensus, sentiō
PGmc fullijan + up PGmc stukk- PGmc niwjanan	fill up stock renew	replenish	re + plēnus
PGmc furistaz PGmc furma PGmc *magan-	first foremost main	primary	prīmus
PGmc floþuz PGmc hwelbanan PGmc *ubersatjanan	flood overwhelm overset	inundate	inundāre < in + unda
PGmc *fulgian Old Norse Old Norse Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300.... traþk	follow track	ensue	in- + sequi
PGmc formo- PGmc airis- + hwīlo PGmc fure- + *gēnþjaz Old English hwīlum	former erstwhile foregoing, aforegoing whilom	previous preceding	praevius < prae- + via praecēdere < prae- + cēdere
PGmc fur-biudan PGmc bannan- PGmc fura- + *stallaz	forbid ban forestall	prohibit prevent	prohibēre < pro + habēre inter + dicere, dictus praevenīre
PGmc fura- + Old Norse Old Norse Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300.... kasta PGmc ūt + *lōkōjanan	forecast outlook	projection	prōjectiō < prō + iacere
PGmc fura + taljanan PGmc sanþaz + sagjanan PGmc fura- +buþanan PGmc fura- +skadwōjanan	foretell soothsay forebode foreshadow	predict	praedīcere
PGmc *frijaz	freedom	liberty	lībertās < līber
PGmc frijond + likaz PGmc gakundan + līkaz PGmc *warmaz	friendly kindly warm	amicable	amīcus
Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... gardo, gardin- PGmc garda WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... *parruk Old English pund- Old English pearroc	garden yard park pound paddock	court enclosure	co- + hortus in- + claudere
PGmc gadurojan PGmc far- + gadurojan PGmc gadurojan + ūp PGmc kruppaz Old English clyster PGmc *lisanan	gather forgather gather up group cluster lease	assemble	ad + simul
PGmc giftiz PGmc sali-	gift handsel	present	prae- + essere
PGmc geban PGmc gafurþojan WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... *frumjana	give afford furnish	provide	pro + vidēre
PGmc glaþaz PGmc bliþiz PGmc fagaraz PGmc murgijaz PGmc wunjo-samaz PGmc hapan PGmc gliujan PGmc þurilam (via Old English þyrel) PGmc *kwēmiaz	gladness bliss fairness merriment, mirth winsomeness happiness glee thrill queem	joy pleasure delight	gaudium placēre dēlēctāre
PGmc guþan PGmc guþan + *haiduz	god, goddess godhead	deity immortal	deus immortālis
PGmc gōdaz PGmc welō(n) PGmc hilpō + fullaz PGmc gagniz + fullaz PGmc hailaz + samaz PGmc werþan + hwīlō	good well helpful gainful wholesome worthwhile	beneficial	beneficium
WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... gēnan + PGmc an PGmc *wandjanan	go on wend	proceed	pro- + cedere
WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... grōnja- PGmc laskaz	green lush	verdant	viridis
PGmc getiskanan PGmc faþmaz PGmc swumto- Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... galgo	guess fathom sound gauge	estimate	aestimare
PGmc harjaz + berg PGmc *hafnaz	harbour haven	port	portus
PGmc harþuz + skapiz PGmc *uzdailjam	hardship ordeal	difficulty	difficultās
PGmc hatojanan PGmc laiþojanan PGmc skarn- (Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... skern)	hate loathe scorn	detest	de- + testari
PGmc hauhiþa PGmc luftuz	height loftiness	altitude	altitūdō (< altus)
PGmc helpan PGmc ūz- + baitjanan (Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... bētan) PGmc gebanan + handuz PGmc bī + standanan PGmc bī + stadiz	help abet give a hand bestand bestead	assist	assistere < ad + sistere
WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... *hannja	hen	pullet	pullus
PGmc harjaz PGmc fardíz	here ferd	army militia	ML. armāta mīlitia
PGmc hulnis PGmc bergaz PGmc mundō PGmc dūnō, dūnaz	hill barrow mound down, dune	mount	mōns, montis
PGmc hailagaz + dagaz WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... lauba PGmc brekan WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... fur- + lauba	holiday leave break furlough	vacation	vacātiō
PGmc hailagaz PGmc gahailagōiðaz	holy hallowed	sacred	sacrāre
PGmc aujo + landom PGmc aujo PGmc hulmaz	island ait, eyot holm	isle	insula
WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... jukkjan PGmc wurkijanan (via Old Norse yrkja) WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... taisijanan WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... fur-etanan PGmc *grellanan	itch irk tease fret grill	irritate	irritāre
PGmc gakundiz Old English ilca PGmc brandaz PGmc brōd- PGmc sat- PGmc streun- Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... tīr PGmc līkaz	kind ilk brand breed set strain tier like	type class sort genre	typus < Gk tupos classis sors genera
PGmc knoean PGmc witanan PGmc spehōjanan (Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... spehōn) PGmc sputtōn PGmc taljanan	know wit/wot espy spot tell	recognize	re + cognoscere
PGmc lataz PGmc latjanan	late delayed	tardy	tardus
PGmc lagan (Old Norse Old Norse Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300.... lag) + -fullaz PGmc gastrahtaz PGmc fagraz PGmc rehtaz PGmc gasundas PGmc gamaitijaz PGmc warjanan (Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... warand) PGmc fittjanan	lawful straight fair right, rightful sound meet warranted fitting	legal legitimate, legit just proper	lēgālis M.L. lēgitimātus < lēgitimāre jūstus < jūs proprius
PGmc laiþjan PGmc kuningaz PGmc haubuþan PGmc biron PGmc *erloz	leader king head baron earl	duke president	dux praesidēns
PGmc *langiþo	length	longitude	longitūdō (< longus)
PGmc legjan PGmc rastjō, rastō PGmc *hlinojanan	lie (lie down) rest lean (back)	repose recline	re- + pausa re- + clinare
PGmc *lubo Middle English Middle English Middle English is the stage in the history of the English language during the High and Late Middle Ages, or roughly during the four centuries between the late 11th and the late 15th century.... fond, fonned	loving fond	amorous	amōrōsus
PGmc managaz PGmc manigaz + falþaz PGmc rīfiz PGmc *taumijanþjaz	many manifold rife teeming	multiple numerous abundant copious	multi + plūs numerosus abundantem copiosus
PGmc ga-makon PGmc fittjanan PGmc andswarōjanan + tō	match fit answer to	correspond	con + respondēre
WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... mainijan PGmc be- + taiknjanan PGmc standanan + fura PGmc ahtalōnan	mean betoken stand for ettle	intend signify	intendere significare
PGmc motijan PGmc hitjanan (Old Norse Old Norse Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300.... hitta)	meet hit	encounter	incontrāre < in + contrā
PGmc medjaz + dagaz	midday	noon	nona
Old Norse Old Norse Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300.... mistaka PGmc *blundaz (Old Norse Old Norse Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300.... blundra)	mistake blunder	error	error (< errāre)
PGmc mōdar + likaz	motherly	maternal	māternus
PGmc nēhwaz PGmc nēhwizáz	nigh near	close	clausus
PGmc neujaz PGmc friskaz PGmc *nū	new fresh now	novel modern	novus modernus
PGmc naht + likaz	nightly	nocturnal	nocturnus
WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... alda PGmc stal-, sta- PGmc aldizo + līkaz PGmc jǣron	old stale elderly of yore	ancient antediluvian	V.L. *anteanus < ante ante + diluvium
PGmc anþaraz PGmc aljaz	other else	different alternative	differre alterare
PGmc ufnaz PGmc herþaz PGmc stubō PGmc aistō PGmc *smiþjon	oven hearth stove oast smithy, smithery	kiln furnace	culina fornax
PGmc raidō PGmc wegaz PGmc bulaz + werkam PGmc drībanan PGmc paþaz	road way boulevard drive path	street route itinerary	V.L. strata rupta itinerantem
PGmc rutjan PGmc be- + fūljanan PGmc be- + *fūlaz	rot defile befoul	putrefy	putrefacere
PGmc sehwan PGmc kanjanan	see ken	perceive	per- + capere
Old Norse Old Norse Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300.... sœma PGmc lōkōjanan	seem look	appear	apparere
PGmc *seuþanan Middle English Middle English Middle English is the stage in the history of the English language during the High and Late Middle Ages, or roughly during the four centuries between the late 11th and the late 15th century.... bublelen (Middle Low German Middle Low German Middle Low German is a language that is the descendant of Old Saxon and is the ancestor of modern Low German. It served as the international lingua franca of the Hanseatic League... bubeln)	seethe bubble	boil	bullīre
PGmc selbaz + haiduz PGmc galīkaz + -nassus PGmc selbaz + dōmaz	selfhood likeness selfdom	identity	L.L. identitās < idem et idem + -itās
PGmc selbaz + samaz	selfsame	identical	M.L. identicus + -al
PGmc saljanan Old Saxon Old Saxon Old Saxon, also known as Old Low German, is the earliest recorded form of Low German, documented from the 8th century until the 12th century, when it evolved into Middle Low German. It was spoken on the north-west coast of Germany and in the Netherlands by Saxon peoples... trada PGmc dailjanan + in Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... *borganjan	sell trade deal in bargain	vend	vendere < venum + dare
PGmc skapjanan PGmc buþlam (Old English bold) PGmc ūt + līniōn	shape build outline	form	forma
WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... skæpa PGmc lambaz	sheep lamb	mutton	M.L. multō (< Celtic)
PGmc *skoppan	shop	store	instaurare
WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... *skuttjan	shut	close	clausus
PGmc *skeuh(w)az	shy	timid	timidus
PGmc sehwiþō PGmc sehwanan	sight seeing	vision	vidēre/vīsum
PGmc skaljo PGmc krab-, kraf- PGmc *kunnanan	skill craft cunning	art science	ars scientia
PGmc skaljo + fullaz PGmc krab-, kraf- + -igaz PGmc *gadaftjaz	skillful crafty deft	adept	adeptus < adipiscī
PGmc slǣpanþiaz PGmc slūmerianþiaz PGmc īdalaz PGmc falgō	sleeping slumbering idle fallow	dormant hibernate torpid	dormīre
PGmc smæl PGmc lūtilaz PGmc *tindaz Old English wēg, wǣge	small little tiny wee	minute petite diminutive	minūtus < minuere pitinnus diminutivus
PGmc snakon PGmc wurmiz	snake worm	serpent	serpens
PGmc surgo PGmc karō PGmc *wai	sorrow care woe	grief	OFr grever < L gravare < gravis
PGmc sprekanan PGmc taljanan WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... *prātana	speak talk prate, prattle	converse discourse	con- + vertere dis- + currere
PGmc stund- PGmc tīmēn, tīma- PGmc tīþiz PGmc hwīlō Old English þrāg Old English spelian PGmc *stuntjanan	stound time tide while throw spell stint	hour moment interval	hōra < Gk hōrā mōmentum intervallum
PGmc sundrigaz PGmc miskjanan	sundry mixed	various miscellaneous	varius miscellus
PGmc swīnam PGmc farhaz PGmc sugō, WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... bairaz Old English Old English language Old English or Anglo-Saxon is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons and their descendants in parts of what are now England and southeastern Scotland between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century... picg- Old English Old English language Old English or Anglo-Saxon is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons and their descendants in parts of what are now England and southeastern Scotland between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century... hogg	swine farrow sow boar pig hog	pork	porcus
PGmc taikijanan WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... skauwojanan PGmc *laizjanan	teach show lear, lere	educate	ēdūcāre < ēdūcere
PGmc taljanan PGmc kunþjanan PGmc makojanan (ga)knēwanaz	tell kithe make known	relate narrate	relatus < re- + ferre narrare
PGmc þankjan PGmc (ga)þāht- + -fullaz PGmc (ga)mentþijan + *-fullaz	thinking thoughtful mindful	pensive	pēnsāre
PGmc (ga)þāhtan Early Modern English Early Modern English Early Modern English is the stage of the English language used from about the end of the Middle English period to 1650. Thus, the first edition of the King James Bible and the works of William Shakespeare both belong to the late phase of Early Modern English... hinch PGmc inkēn PGmc *kliwjo-	thought hunch inkling clue	idea	idea
PGmc þreutanan PGmc pleg- PGmc *fēraz	threat plight fear	danger peril menace	V.L. *dominarium < dominus periculum' minaciae < minari
PGmc taiknan PGmc markō PGmc hallō + markō PGmc huntōjanan PGmc stampōjanan	token mark hallmark hint stamp	sign symbol trace indication	signum symbolum < Gk sýmbolon V.L. *tractiāre indicātiō
PGmc tungon PGmc sprǣkijō PGmc *talō	tongue speech talk	language	V.L. *linguaticum < L. lingua
PGmc twinjaz PGmc twai + PGmc -falþaz PGmc twī-	twin twofold twi-	double duplicate	duplus duplicātus < duplicāre < duplex
PGmc under + standan PGmc getanan PGmc graipisōn	understand get grasp	comprehend	comprehendere
PGmc ūp- + haldanan PGmc bolhstraz PGmc beranan + up- PGmc under + gurþjanan PGmc ūp + beranan WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... skor- + up PGmc stagaz (Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... staka)	uphold bolster bear up undergird upbear shore up stay	support	supportāre
PGmc up- + luftijan PGmc *raizjan	uplifting raising, rearing	elevating	ē- + levāre
PGmc ūtizon PGmc sagjanan	utter say	pronounce	pro- + nuntsecuiare
PGmc ūtizon WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... alnaz + tō-gaduraz PGmc fullīkō PGmc hailaz +līkō	utterly altogether fully wholly	totally	tōtālis
PGmc wadjojan PGmc mizdō, meidō PGmc *hūrja	wage meed hire	salary	salārium
PGmc wakan PGmc bīdanan Old English tergan PGmc *woenijanan	wait, await bide tarry ween	expect	ex + spectāre
WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... warnōjanan + -unga PGmc tupp- + af-	warning tip off	notice alert recommendation admonition	nōtitia It all'erta < L ērigere M.L. recommendātiō admonitiō
PGmc watskanan PGmc klainisōn PGmc hrainisōn PGmc labōjanan PGmc baðojanan PGmc skrubbanan	wash cleanse rinse lave bathe scrub	launder	M.L. lavandāria < lavare
PGmc wakan PGmc kōpjanan PGmc *behaldanan	watch keep behold	observe	ob + servāre
PGmc wakanan PGmc wakanþjaz PGmc warō + -igaz	watchful waking wary	vigilant	vigilāre
PGmc *wadjōjanan	wed	marry	marītāre
PGmc wadjō + laikaz	wedlock	marriage	V.L. *maritaticum
PGmc wurdiz PGmc framiþjaz PGmc uzdaz PGmc þwerhwaz PGmc unkunþaz Old English ūtlendisc PGmc alja- + rīkjan PGmc argaz PGmc *faigjáz	weird fremd odd queer uncouth outlandish eldritch eerie fey	strange	extrāneus
PGmc *weralþeilīkaz	worldly	secular	saeculāris
PGmc wopijanan PGmc grētanan Old Norse Old Norse Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300.... baula Old Norse Old Norse Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300.... vǣla PGmc hwīnanan PGmc krītanan PGmc murnanan PGmc siubanan, seubōnan, subōjanan	weep greet (cry), regret bawl wail whine cry mourn sob	lament deplore	lāmentārī < lāmentum dēplōrāre < dē- + plōrāre
PGmc gawehtiz + -igaz WGmc mainijanan + -unga + fullaz PGmc ki- (Old English cǣġe)	weighty meaningful key	important	M.L. importantus
PGmc *westra	western	occidental	occidere
PGmc *(ga)hailaz	whole	entire	integer
PGmc wīdas PGmc braiþiþō PGmc *spannō	width breadth span	latitude	latitūdō (< latus)
PGmc wilþjiaz PGmc faliz PGmc *grimmaz	wild fell grim	savage feral	silvaticus < silva fera
PGmc wīsaz PGmc klufraz PGmc in + gasihþ + fullaz PGmc in + leuhtam PGmc kōniz PGmc knoeanan + laikam PGmc *skreuwon	wise clever insightful enlightened keen knowledgeable shrewd	prudent	prudēns < providēns
PGmc wunskjan PGmc weljanan PGmc gernjanan PGmc langojanan PGmc lustuz PGmc wana-, wanēn (Old Norse Old Norse Old Norse is a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age, until about 1300.... vanta)	wish will yearning longing lust want	desire	desiderāre
Old English wīfman + PGmc *likaz	womanly	feminine	femininus
PGmc widuz PGmc hulto- PGmc walþuz WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... busk PGmc graibō PGmc bruskaz PGmc þekwatjan (Old English þiccet) PGmc furhiþō (Old English fyrhþ) PGmc *skagjan	wood (a wood) holt weald/wold bush, boscage grove brush thicket frith shaw	forest	M.L. Medieval Latin Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange and as the liturgical language of the medieval Roman Catholic Church, but also as a language of science, literature, law, and administration. Despite the clerical origin of many of its authors,... foresta, partially < L.L. forestis; partially < Frankish Old Frankish Old Frankish is an extinct West Germanic language, once spoken by the Franks. It is the parent language of the Franconian languages, of which Dutch and Afrikaans are the most known descendants... forhist
PGmc wurdan + PGmc bōkiz	wordbook	dictionary	dictiōnārium
PGmc werkan PGmc dreuganan PGmc *swinkanan	work drudge, drudgery swink	labor	labor
PGmc wrītanan + -unga PGmc *gawritan	writing writ	script	scrīptum < scrībere
PGmc jǣram + likaz	yearly	annual	annalis
WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... *gelwa	yellow	ochre	ochra
WGmc West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of languages and include languages such as German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, the Frisian languages, and Yiddish... jugunþiz + fullaz PGmc *jungas	youthful young	juvenile	iuvenis
PGmc juwunþiz PGmc tehuniz + *haiduz	youth teenhood	adolescence	adolescere < ad + alescere

* reconstructed form

Comparative method

In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor, as opposed to the method of internal reconstruction, which analyzes the internal...

Noun/adjective doublets

In particular, the use of Latinate words in the sciences gives us pairs with a native Germanic noun and a Latinate adjective:

animals: ant/formic, bee/apian, bird/avian, crow/corvine, cod/gadoid, carp/cyprine, fish/piscine, gull/larine, wasp/vespine, butterfly/papilionaceous, worm/vermian, spider/arachnid, snake/anguine, tortoise (or turtle)/testudinal, cat/feline, rabbit/cunicular, hare/leporine, dog/canine, deer/cervine, reindeer/rangiferine, fox/vulpine, wolf/lupine, goat/caprine, sheep/ovine, swan/cygnean, duck/anatine, starling/sturnine, goose/anserine, ostrich/struthious, horse/equine, chicken/gallinaceous, cattle/bovine, pig/porcine, whale/cetacean, kangaroo/macropine, ape/simian, bear/ursine, man/human or hominid (gender specific: man/masculine, woman/feminine).
physiology: head/capital, ear/aural, tooth/dental, tongue/lingual, lips/labial, neck/cervical, finger/digital, hand/manual, arm/brachial, foot/pedal, sole of the foot/plantar, leg/crural, eye/ocular or visual, mouth/oral, chest/pectoral, nipple/papillary, brain/cerebral, mind/mental, nail/ungual, hair/pilar, heart/cardial, lung/pulmonary, bone/osteotic, liver/hepatic, kidney/renal, blood/sanguine.
astronomy: moon/lunar, sun/solar, earth/terrestrial, star/stellar.
sociology: son or daughter/filial, mother/maternal, father/paternal, brother/fraternal, sister/sororal, wife/uxorial, uncle/avuncular.
other: book/literary, edge/marginal, fire/igneous, water/aquatic, wind/vental, ice/glacial, boat/naval, house/domestic, door/portal, town/urban, light/optical, sight/visual, tree/arboreal, marsh/paludal, sword/gladiate, king/regal, fighter/military, bell/tintinnabulary.

Sources

Online Etymology Dictionary
Merriam-Webster Online
Dictionary of Etymology: the Origins of American English Words. Robert K. Barnhart. ISBN 0-06-270084-7

Noun/adjective doublets

Sources

See also