Limenitidinae
Encyclopedia
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Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
and genera
Genera
Genera is a commercial operating system and development environment for Lisp machines developed by Symbolics. It is essentially a fork of an earlier operating system originating on the MIT AI Lab's Lisp machines which Symbolics had used in common with LMI and Texas Instruments...
reference military rank
Military rank
Military rank is a system of hierarchical relationships in armed forces or civil institutions organized along military lines. Usually, uniforms denote the bearer's rank by particular insignia affixed to the uniforms...
s or – namely the Adoliadini – titles of nobility (e.g., count
Count
A count or countess is an aristocratic nobleman in European countries. The word count came into English from the French comte, itself from Latin comes—in its accusative comitem—meaning "companion", and later "companion of the emperor, delegate of the emperor". The adjective form of the word is...
, duke
Duke
A duke or duchess is a member of the nobility, historically of highest rank below the monarch, and historically controlling a duchy...
, earl
Earl
An earl is a member of the nobility. The title is Anglo-Saxon, akin to the Scandinavian form jarl, and meant "chieftain", particularly a chieftain set to rule a territory in a king's stead. In Scandinavia, it became obsolete in the Middle Ages and was replaced with duke...
, and marquis
Marquis
Marquis is a French and Scottish title of nobility. The English equivalent is Marquess, while in German, it is Markgraf.It may also refer to:Persons:...
), in reference to these butterflies' large size, bold pattern and dashing flight. In particular, the light stripe running lengthwise across the wings of many Limenitidini
Limenitidini
Limenitidini is a tribe of brush-footed butterflies of the family Limenitidinae.-Genera:* Limenitis – admirals* Lelecella * Sumalia * Moduza – commanders...
has reminded earlier authors of officers
Officer (armed forces)
An officer is a member of an armed force or uniformed service who holds a position of authority. Commissioned officers derive authority directly from a sovereign power and, as such, hold a commission charging them with the duties and responsibilities of a specific office or position...
' (e.g. admiral
Admiral
Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks, of the highest naval officers. It is usually considered a full admiral and above vice admiral and below admiral of the fleet . It is usually abbreviated to "Adm" or "ADM"...
, commander
Commander
Commander is a naval rank which is also sometimes used as a military title depending on the individual customs of a given military service. Commander is also used as a rank or title in some organizations outside of the armed forces, particularly in police and law enforcement.-Commander as a naval...
, commodore
Commodore (rank)
Commodore is a military rank used in many navies that is superior to a navy captain, but below a rear admiral. Non-English-speaking nations often use the rank of flotilla admiral or counter admiral as an equivalent .It is often regarded as a one-star rank with a NATO code of OF-6, but is not always...
) shoulder marks and epaulets.
In flight, many of these butterflies have the habit of flapping their wings, so that the (usually) bright upperside and the cryptic
Crypsis
In ecology, crypsis is the ability of an organism to avoid observation or detection by other organisms. It may be either a predation strategy or an antipredator adaptation, and methods include camouflage, nocturnality, subterranean lifestyle, transparency, and mimicry...
underside alternate for the observer, then gliding for prolonged distances, with the motionless wings held outstretched. The common names of some Limenitidinae—"aeroplanes", "clipper
Clipper
A clipper was a very fast sailing ship of the 19th century that had three or more masts and a square rig. They were generally narrow for their length, could carry limited bulk freight, small by later 19th century standards, and had a large total sail area...
s" or "gliders
Flying and gliding animals
A number of animals have evolved aerial locomotion, either by powered flight or by gliding. Flying and gliding animals have evolved separately many times, without any single ancestor. Flight has evolved at least four times, in the insects, pterosaurs, birds, and bats. Gliding has evolved on many...
"—refer to this flight pattern.
Systematics
The BiblidinaeBiblidinae
Biblidinae is a subfamily of nymphalid butterflies that includes the tropical brushfoots. This subfamily was sometimes merged within the Limenitidinae, but they are now recognized as quite distinct lineages. In older literature, this subfamily is sometimes called Eurytelinae.As of 2008, there are...
are sometimes merged here. The present subfamily is also sometimes included as a tribe
Tribe (biology)
In biology, a tribe is a taxonomic rank between family and genus. It is sometimes subdivided into subtribes.Some examples include the tribes: Canini, Acalypheae, Hominini, Bombini, and Antidesmeae.-See also:* Biological classification* Rank...
Limenitidini in the Nymphalinae
Nymphalinae
Nymphalinae is a subfamily of brush-footed butterflies . Sometimes, the Limenitidinae are included here as further tribe, while the Melitaeini are occasionally considered a distinct subfamily.- Systematics:...
. But in fact, their closest living relatives seem to be the Heliconiinae
Heliconiinae
The Heliconiinae, commonly called heliconians or longwings, are a subfamily of the brush-footed butterflies . They can be divided into 45-50 genera and were sometimes treated as a separate family Heliconiidae within the Papilionoidea...
.
The Limenitidinae are traditionally divided into four tribes
Tribe (biology)
In biology, a tribe is a taxonomic rank between family and genus. It is sometimes subdivided into subtribes.Some examples include the tribes: Canini, Acalypheae, Hominini, Bombini, and Antidesmeae.-See also:* Biological classification* Rank...
, of which the Parthenini are the most basal lineage and the others form a close-knit and more apomorphic radiation. While this basic layout is likely to be fairly correct, there are a few genera which cannot be easily assigned to the three "modern" tribes and seem to be somewhat intermediate. In particular, the delimitation of the Limenitidini
Limenitidini
Limenitidini is a tribe of brush-footed butterflies of the family Limenitidinae.-Genera:* Limenitis – admirals* Lelecella * Sumalia * Moduza – commanders...
versus the Neptini is in need of more study.
Genera and selected species
The genera of Limenitidinae, sorted per tribe in the presumed phylogenetic sequence and with some speciesSpecies
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
also listed, are:
Tribe Parthenini Reuter, 1896
- Bhagadatta Moore, [1898]
- ParthenosParthenosThe clippers are a genus of butterflies found in Southeast Asia.-Species:Listed alphabetically.* Parthenos aspila Honrath, 1888* Parthenos sylvia – Clipper* Parthenos tigrina Vollenhoven, 1866...
– clippers
Tribe Adoliadini Doubleday, 1845
- Abrota Moore, 1857
- BassaronaBassaronaBassarona is a genus of brush-footed butterflies.-Selected species:* Bassarona dunya * Bassarona durga * Bassarona iva * Bassarona labotas...
Moore, [1897] – marquises, dukes- Bassarona durgaBassarona durgaThe Blue Duke Bassarona durga is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in the Himalayas.-External links:*...
– Blue Duke - Bassarona ivaBassarona ivaThe Grand Duke Bassarona iva is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in the Himalayas.-Subspecies:*Bassarona iva iva *Bassarona iva cooperi Tytler -References:...
– Grand DukeGrand DukeThe title grand duke is used in Western Europe and particularly in Germanic countries for provincial sovereigns. Grand duke is of a protocolary rank below a king but higher than a sovereign duke. Grand duke is also the usual and established translation of grand prince in languages which do not... - Bassarona rectaBassarona rectaThe Redtail Marquis Bassarona recta is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in South and South East Asia.-Subspecies:*Bassarona recta recta...
– Redtail Marquis - Bassarona teutaBassarona teutaThe Banded Marquis Bassarona teuta is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in the Himalayas.-Range:Assam, Myanmar, Malaya, Thailand, Pulau, Tioman, Langkawi, Andamans, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Batu Islands, Nias, Flores, Natuna Islands, Palawan....
– Banded Marquis
- Bassarona durga
- Dophla Moore, [1880] – dukes
- Dophla evelinaDophla evelinaThe Redspot Duke, Dophla evelina, is a species of brush-footed butterfly found in Asia.-Description:Male upperside somewhat dark metallic green...
– Redspot Duke
- Dophla evelina
- EuthaliaEuthaliaEuthalia is a genus of brush-footed butterflies. They are commonly called barons or dukes.-Selected species:* Common Baron, Euthalia aconthea...
– barons, dukes - Euthaliopsis Neervoort van de Poll, 1896
- Lexias – archdukes
- Neurosigma Butler, 1868
- Tanaecia Butler, [1869] – counts
- Tanaecia cocytusTanaecia cocytusThe Lavender Count is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in South and Southeast Asia....
– Lavender Count - Tanaecia juliiTanaecia juliiThe common earl is a species of Nymphalid butterfly found in South and Southeast Asia....
– Common Earl - Tanaecia lepideaTanaecia lepideaThe Grey Count is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in South and Southeast Asia.-Description:Upperside dark brown, paler in the female, with very obscure black markings of transverse lines across the cells of both fore and hind wings and an oblique discal fascia on the fore wing; an ash-grey...
– Grey Count - Tanaecia peleaTanaecia peleaThe Malay Viscount, Tanaecia pelea, is a species of butterfly of the Nymphalidae family. It is found in Malaya, Borneo, Nias and Pulau Tioman.-Subspecies:*Tanaecia pelea pelea *Tanaecia pelea heliophila...
– Malay Viscount
- Tanaecia cocytus
- Aterica Boisduval, 1833 – forest-glade nymphs
- Bebearia Hemming, 1960
- Catuna Kirby, 1871 – pathfinders
- Crenidomimas Karsch, 1894
- Cynandra Schatz, [1887] – Brilliant Nymph
- Euphaedra Hübner, [1819] – typical foresters, figeaters
- Euptera Staudinger, [1891]
- Euriphene Boisduval, 1847
- Euryphaedra Staudinger, [1891]
- EuryphuraEuryphuraEuryphura is a butterfly genus in the subfamily Limenitidinae.-Species:Listed alphabetically within species groups.*The prophyrion species-group**Euryphura porphyrion **Euryphura togoensis Suffert, 1904...
Staudinger, [1891] - Euryphurana Hecq, 1992 – Noble Commander
- Hamanumida Hübner, [1819] – guineafowl
- Harmilla Aurivillius, 1892 – Elegant Forester
- Pseudargynnis Karsch, 1892 – False Fritillary
- Pseudathyma Staudinger, [1891] – false sergeants
Tribe Limenitidini
Limenitidini
Limenitidini is a tribe of brush-footed butterflies of the family Limenitidinae.-Genera:* Limenitis – admirals* Lelecella * Sumalia * Moduza – commanders...
Behr, 1864
- AdelphaAdelphaAdelpha is a genus of brush-footed butterflies, commonly called the sisters found in southern USA and Mexico to South America. This genus is sometimes included with the admiral butterflies .-Species:...
Hübner, [1819] – sisters (sometimes included in Limenitis)- Adelpha basiloides
- Adelpha bredowii – Mexico Sister
- Adelpha californica – California Sister (formerly in A. bredowii)
- Adelpha eulalia – Arizona Sister (formerly in A. bredowii)
- Adelpha fessoniaAdelpha fessoniaThe Band-celled Sister or Mexican Sister is a species of butterfly of the Nymphalidae family. It is found in Panama north through Central America to Mexico. It is a periodic resident in the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas....
– Band-celled Sister
- Auzakia Moore, [1898]
- Auzakia danavaAuzakia danavaThe Commodore is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in tropical and subtropical Asia.-Description:Upperside of male is fuliginous brown, paling on the terminal half of the wings...
– The CommodoreThe CommodoreThe Commodore is a Horatio Hornblower novel written by C. S. Forester. It was published in the United States under the title Commodore Hornblower.-Plot summary:...
- Auzakia danava
- Lelecella Hemming, 1939
- LimenitisLimenitisLimenitis is a genus of brush-footed butterflies, commonly called the Admirals. The Sister butterflies and Commander butterflies are sometimes included here....
– admirals - Litinga Moore, [1898]
- Parasarpa Moore, [1898]
- Parasarpa duduParasarpa duduThe White Commodore is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in tropical and subtropical Asia.-References:...
– White Commodore - Parasarpa zaylaParasarpa zaylaThe Bicolor Commodore is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in tropical and subtropical Asia. -References:...
– Bicolor Commodore
- Parasarpa dudu
- Patsuia Moore, [1898]
- Sumalia Moore, [1898]
- Sumalia daraxaSumalia daraxaThe Green Commodore is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in tropical and subtropical Asia.-References:...
– Green Commodore - Sumalia zulemaSumalia zulemaThe Scarce White Commodore is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in tropical and subtropical Asia. -References:...
– Scarce White Commodore
- Sumalia daraxa
- ModuzaModuzaModuza is a genus of south-east Asian brush-footed butterflies commonly called the Commanders.-Species:* Moduza jumaloni * Moduza lycone * Moduza lymire...
Moore, [1881] – commanders (sometimes included in Limenitis)- Moduza procris – The Commander
- Tarattia Moore, [1898]
- AthymaAthymaAthyma is a genus of brush-footed butterflies. They are commonly known as the "true" or "typical" sergeants, to distinguish them from the false sergeants of the genus Pseudathyma, a fairly close relative from the Adoliadini.-Species:...
– sergeants - Pandita Moore, 1857
- Tacola Moore, [1898]
- Aldania Moore, [1896]
- Lasippa Moore, [1898]
- NeptisNeptisNeptis is a large genus of butterflies of Old World tropics subtropics. They are commonly called sailer butterflies or sailers, or more precisely typical sailers to distinguish them from the related blue sailers ....
– typical sailers - Pandassana Moore, [1898] (might belong in Neptis)
- PantoporiaPantoporiaPantoporia is a genus of Asian butterflies sometimes called the lascars. They are predominantly with striped patterns of orange and black.Species in the genus include:* Pantoporia antara...
Hübner, [1819] – lascars- Pantoporia assamicaPantoporia assamicaThe Assam Lascar is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in tropical and subtropical Asia.Moore, 1881-References:...
– Assam Lascar - Pantoporia bietiPantoporia bietiThe Tytler's Lascar is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in tropical and subtropical Asia....
– Tytler's Lascar - Pantoporia hordoniaPantoporia hordoniaThe Common Lascar is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in tropical and subtropical Asia.-Wet-season form:Both male and female have upperside black with orange markings...
– Common Lascar - Pantoporia karwaraPantoporia karwaraThe Karwar Lascar is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in tropical and subtropical Asia....
– Karwar Lascar - Pantoporia parakaPantoporia parakaThe Perak Lascar is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in tropical and subtropical Asia....
– Perak Lascar - Pantoporia sandakaPantoporia sandakaThe Extra Lascar is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in tropical and subtropical Asia....
– Extra Lascar
- Pantoporia assamica
- Phaedyma Felder, 1861 – aeroplanes
- Phaedyma shepherdiPhaedyma shepherdiThe Common Aeroplane is a medium sized butterfly of the Family Nymphalidae found in Australia....
– Common Aeroplane
- Phaedyma shepherdi
Incertae sedis
, is a term used to define a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Uncertainty at specific taxonomic levels is attributed by , , and similar terms.-Examples:*The fossil plant Paradinandra suecica could not be assigned to any...
- CymothoeCymothoe (butterfly)Cymothoe is a butterfly genus in the subfamily Limenitidinae.-Species:Listed alphabetically within species groups.*The oemilius species-group**Cymothoe oemilius *The hyarbita species-group...
Hübner, [1819] (Limenitidini or Neptini?) – typical gliders- Cymothoe caenisCymothoe caenisCymothoe caenis is a species of butterfly of the Nymphalidae family. It is found in Africa, from Sierra Leone to Angola and Uganda....
- Cymothoe hobartiCymothoe hobartiHobart's Red Glider is a species of butterfly of the Nymphalidae family. It is found in Africa, from Cameroon to Western Kenya.The following subspecies are recognised:*Cymothoe hobarti hobarti...
– Hobart's Red Glider - Cymothoe sangarisCymothoe sangarisCymothoe sangaris is a species of butterfly of the Nymphalidae family. It is found in Central Africa.Some authors believe the species should be split into separate species. They base this on morphologic characteristics and DNA-research. The new species would be speciliased in one food plant...
- Cymothoe caenis
- Harma Doubleday, [1848] – Angular Glider (Limenitidini or Neptini?)
- Kumothales Overlaet, 1940 (Limenitidini?)
- Lamasia Moore, [1898] (Limenitidini?)
- Lebadea Felder, 1861 (Limenitidini or Parthenini?)
- Lebadea marthaLebadea marthaThe Knight is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in tropical and subtropical Asia.Fabricius, 1787-References:* Beccaloni, G. W., Scoble, M. J., Robinson, G. S. & Pitkin, B. . 2003. The Global Lepidoptera Names Index . World Wide Web electronic publication....
– The KnightLebadea marthaThe Knight is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in tropical and subtropical Asia.Fabricius, 1787-References:* Beccaloni, G. W., Scoble, M. J., Robinson, G. S. & Pitkin, B. . 2003. The Global Lepidoptera Names Index . World Wide Web electronic publication....
- Lebadea martha
- PseudacraeaPseudacraeaPseudacraea is an Afrotropical butterfly genus in the subfamily Limenitidinae. Their placement in the tribe Limenitidini remains to be verified.Some of these species are mimics of Acraeinae and the present genus is thus known as false acraeas....
– false acraeas (Limenitidini?) - Pseudoneptis Snellen, 1882 – blue sailers (Limenitidini?)
- Seokia Sibatani, 1943 (Limenitidini or Neptini?)