Kálmán Darányi
Encyclopedia
Kálmán Darányi de Pusztaszentgyörgy et Tetétlen (22 March 1886 in Budapest
– 1 November 1939 in Budapest) was a Hungarian
politician who served as Prime Minister of Hungary from 1936 to 1938. He also served as Speaker of the House of Representatives of Hungary from 5 December 1938 to 12 June 1939 and from 15 June 1939 to 1 November 1939. Darányi was associated with the radical right in Hungarian politics, and although not sympathetic to the Hungarian fascists, pursued an increasingly authoritarian policy at home, and an alliance with the fascist powers Germany and Italy
abroad.
who served as Minister of Agriculture during the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Kálmán started his civil service activity in 1909 at Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun County. After the revolutions of 1918–1919 he served as commissioner then ispan of Győr County, Komárom County
and Győr
. Darányi became member of the Diet of Hungary
in 1927. Gyula Gömbös
appointed him Minister of Agriculture in 1935. He played always a driecting role in the agricultural class movements beside his political activity. Beside this he took part in the life of the Calvinist Church as member of the universal convent
and synod
.
appointed Darányi to Gömbös' successor on 12 October 1936. Darány wanted to recur to basis of István Bethlen
with the program of the conservation of the constitutional order, but he did not want to turn sharply against Gömbös' political testament. He maintained the promise of the secret suffrage, but first of all he wanted to increase the gubernatorial jurisdiction and the House of Magnates' role.
He delimited himself from the right- and the left-wing extremes equally in the initial period of his prime ministership. On April 1937 he banned the Party of National Will, which was the predecessor of the Hungarian National Socialist Party
and the Arrow Cross Party
. Ferenc Szálasi
, the leader of the party, was arrested and sentenced to imprisonment for three years. But the March Front (founded on 15 March 1937), which wanted to create the peasant-civil democracy, was also not able to obtain considerable influence neither at the same time.
Darányi and his Minister of Foreign Affairs, Kálmán Kánya
made an attempt at the strengthening of the contacts being connected with the United Kingdom and France because of the cumulative pressure of the Nazi Germany
. However the western powers did not show great receptivity for these endeavours. The Hungarian foreign policy cultivated the friendship with a big trouble between Hungary and Italy
at the same time. The thought of the cooperation between Italy, Yugoslavia
, Hungary and Poland
was resumed in Rome.
During his term the gubernatorial jurisdiction expanded again (this was the fourth occasion). From this the Regent could delayed the bills begun with a year, and the Parliament could not called him to account anymore. The law took action on the National Council's erection during a case of the vacancy of the gubernatorial seat. Furthermore the House of Magnates' jurisdiction was also expanded: the upper house could send back the laws to discussion twice.
He accepted the law of suffrage
, which was advanced by Gyula Gömbös yet, in 1938. This modified the earlier provision in two concerns: it abolished the open vote but narrowed the suffrage rights. The new law reduced the number of the entitled voters with 250 – 300 000. The men only could vote above 26 (regional) and 30 years (constituency), while 30 years were the women's age limits uniformly. He introduced the agricultural employees' obligatory old-age insurance. For the civil servants must had work 44 hours per a week and for the industrial workers 48 hours per a week.
The Hungarian military force
's state was catastrophic. That's why Darányi published the Győr
Program which was drewed up by Béla Imrédy
. The aim of the program was the army's equipment and its modernisation. The government intended one billion pengős
for the program. This sum was earmarked for five years, but they made use of it under two years. The 60 % of the program's budget was used for the development of the army while its 40 % was for the infrastructure. Despite of thing this program's economy activating effect was really considerable.
The change took place after the Anschluss
in his politics. Hungary became neighbour of the Nazi Germany on March 1938 and the vigorous Nazi propaganda
began in the country with this time. Darányi selected the shiftings towards the right due to these threats. He appointed Germanophile politicians to his government and from this he regularly expressed the importance of the German contacts. Darányi began secret negotiations with Kálmán Hubay with the intention of sharing the right extremist forces. With who he came to an agreement about the Arrow Cross Party
members may secure parliamentarian mandates, but the right extremist politicians must respect the lawful way. The conservatives received this activity of his distrustfully. Horthy also expressed his discontent., that is why Darányi resigned on 11 May 1938. He was followed by Béla Imrédy in the position.
Budapest
Budapest is the capital of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary, it is the country's principal political, cultural, commercial, industrial, and transportation centre. In 2011, Budapest had 1,733,685 inhabitants, down from its 1989 peak of 2,113,645 due to suburbanization. The Budapest Commuter...
– 1 November 1939 in Budapest) was a Hungarian
Hungary
Hungary , officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The...
politician who served as Prime Minister of Hungary from 1936 to 1938. He also served as Speaker of the House of Representatives of Hungary from 5 December 1938 to 12 June 1939 and from 15 June 1939 to 1 November 1939. Darányi was associated with the radical right in Hungarian politics, and although not sympathetic to the Hungarian fascists, pursued an increasingly authoritarian policy at home, and an alliance with the fascist powers Germany and Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
abroad.
Early life
His parents were Béla Darányi and Antónia Nagy. His uncle was Ignác DarányiIgnác Darányi
Ignác Darányi de Pusztaszentgyörgy et Tetétlen was a Hungarian politician, who served as Minister of Agriculture twice: between 1895–1903 and 1906–1910. He was a supporter of Gyula Andrássy the Younger.-Biography:...
who served as Minister of Agriculture during the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Kálmán started his civil service activity in 1909 at Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun County. After the revolutions of 1918–1919 he served as commissioner then ispan of Győr County, Komárom County
Komárom county
Komárom county was a historic administrative county of the Kingdom of Hungary in present-day southern Slovakia and north-western Hungary on both sides of the...
and Győr
Gyor
-Climate:-Main sights:The ancient core of the city is Káptalan Hill at the confluence of three rivers: the Danube, Rába and Rábca. Püspökvár, the residence of Győr’s bishops can be easily recognised by its incomplete tower. Győr’s oldest buildings are the 13th-century dwelling tower and the...
. Darányi became member of the Diet of Hungary
Diet of Hungary
The Diet of Hungary was a legislative institution in the medieval kingdom of Hungary from the 15th century, and in its successor states, Royal Hungary and the Habsburg kingdom of Hungary throughout the Early Modern period...
in 1927. Gyula Gömbös
Gyula Gömbös
Gyula Gömbös de Jákfa was the conservative prime minister of Hungary from 1932 to 1936.-Background:Gömbös was born in the Tolna County village of Murga, Hungary, which had a mixed Hungarian and ethnic German population. His father was the village schoolmaster. The family belonged to the ...
appointed him Minister of Agriculture in 1935. He played always a driecting role in the agricultural class movements beside his political activity. Beside this he took part in the life of the Calvinist Church as member of the universal convent
Convent
A convent is either a community of priests, religious brothers, religious sisters, or nuns, or the building used by the community, particularly in the Roman Catholic Church and in the Anglican Communion...
and synod
Synod
A synod historically is a council of a church, usually convened to decide an issue of doctrine, administration or application. In modern usage, the word often refers to the governing body of a particular church, whether its members are meeting or not...
.
Prime Minister of Hungary
He substituted the diseased Gyula Gömbös. After the Prime Minister's death the Regent Miklós HorthyMiklós Horthy
Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya was the Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary during the interwar years and throughout most of World War II, serving from 1 March 1920 to 15 October 1944. Horthy was styled "His Serene Highness the Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary" .Admiral Horthy was an officer of the...
appointed Darányi to Gömbös' successor on 12 October 1936. Darány wanted to recur to basis of István Bethlen
István Bethlen
Count István Bethlen de Bethlen was a Hungarian aristocrat and statesman and served as Prime Minister from 1921 to 1931....
with the program of the conservation of the constitutional order, but he did not want to turn sharply against Gömbös' political testament. He maintained the promise of the secret suffrage, but first of all he wanted to increase the gubernatorial jurisdiction and the House of Magnates' role.
He delimited himself from the right- and the left-wing extremes equally in the initial period of his prime ministership. On April 1937 he banned the Party of National Will, which was the predecessor of the Hungarian National Socialist Party
Hungarian National Socialist Party
The Hungarian National Socialist Party was a political epithet adopted by a number of minor Nazi parties in Hungary before the Second World War.-Early National Socialist groups:The initial HNSP was organised in the 1920s, but did not gain any influence...
and the Arrow Cross Party
Arrow Cross Party
The Arrow Cross Party was a national socialist party led by Ferenc Szálasi, which led in Hungary a government known as the Government of National Unity from October 15, 1944 to 28 March 1945...
. Ferenc Szálasi
Ferenc Szálasi
Ferenc Szálasi was the leader of the National Socialist Arrow Cross Party – Hungarist Movement, the "Leader of the Nation" , being both Head of State and Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Hungary's "Government of National Unity" for the final three months of Hungary's participation in World War II...
, the leader of the party, was arrested and sentenced to imprisonment for three years. But the March Front (founded on 15 March 1937), which wanted to create the peasant-civil democracy, was also not able to obtain considerable influence neither at the same time.
Darányi and his Minister of Foreign Affairs, Kálmán Kánya
Kálmán Kánya
Kálmán de Kánya , Foreign Minister of Hungary during the Horthy era. He started his diplomatic career in Constantinople. In 1913 he appointed as Austro-Hungarian ambassador to Mexico later to Berlin. From 1933 he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs...
made an attempt at the strengthening of the contacts being connected with the United Kingdom and France because of the cumulative pressure of the Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany , also known as the Third Reich , but officially called German Reich from 1933 to 1943 and Greater German Reich from 26 June 1943 onward, is the name commonly used to refer to the state of Germany from 1933 to 1945, when it was a totalitarian dictatorship ruled by...
. However the western powers did not show great receptivity for these endeavours. The Hungarian foreign policy cultivated the friendship with a big trouble between Hungary and Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
at the same time. The thought of the cooperation between Italy, Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia refers to three political entities that existed successively on the western part of the Balkans during most of the 20th century....
, Hungary and Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
was resumed in Rome.
During his term the gubernatorial jurisdiction expanded again (this was the fourth occasion). From this the Regent could delayed the bills begun with a year, and the Parliament could not called him to account anymore. The law took action on the National Council's erection during a case of the vacancy of the gubernatorial seat. Furthermore the House of Magnates' jurisdiction was also expanded: the upper house could send back the laws to discussion twice.
He accepted the law of suffrage
Suffrage
Suffrage, political franchise, or simply the franchise, distinct from mere voting rights, is the civil right to vote gained through the democratic process...
, which was advanced by Gyula Gömbös yet, in 1938. This modified the earlier provision in two concerns: it abolished the open vote but narrowed the suffrage rights. The new law reduced the number of the entitled voters with 250 – 300 000. The men only could vote above 26 (regional) and 30 years (constituency), while 30 years were the women's age limits uniformly. He introduced the agricultural employees' obligatory old-age insurance. For the civil servants must had work 44 hours per a week and for the industrial workers 48 hours per a week.
The Hungarian military force
Military of Hungary
The Hungarian Defence Force is the national military of Hungary. It currently has two branches, the Hungarian Ground Force and the Hungarian Air Force....
's state was catastrophic. That's why Darányi published the Győr
Gyor
-Climate:-Main sights:The ancient core of the city is Káptalan Hill at the confluence of three rivers: the Danube, Rába and Rábca. Püspökvár, the residence of Győr’s bishops can be easily recognised by its incomplete tower. Győr’s oldest buildings are the 13th-century dwelling tower and the...
Program which was drewed up by Béla Imrédy
Béla Imrédy
Béla vitéz Imrédy de Ómoravicza was Prime Minister of Hungary from 1938 to 1939....
. The aim of the program was the army's equipment and its modernisation. The government intended one billion pengős
Hungarian pengo
The pengő was the currency of Hungary between 1 January 1927, when it replaced the korona, and 31 July 1946, when it was replaced by the forint. The pengő was subdivided into 100 fillér...
for the program. This sum was earmarked for five years, but they made use of it under two years. The 60 % of the program's budget was used for the development of the army while its 40 % was for the infrastructure. Despite of thing this program's economy activating effect was really considerable.
The change took place after the Anschluss
Anschluss
The Anschluss , also known as the ', was the occupation and annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in 1938....
in his politics. Hungary became neighbour of the Nazi Germany on March 1938 and the vigorous Nazi propaganda
Nazi propaganda
Propaganda, the coordinated attempt to influence public opinion through the use of media, was skillfully used by the NSDAP in the years leading up to and during Adolf Hitler's leadership of Germany...
began in the country with this time. Darányi selected the shiftings towards the right due to these threats. He appointed Germanophile politicians to his government and from this he regularly expressed the importance of the German contacts. Darányi began secret negotiations with Kálmán Hubay with the intention of sharing the right extremist forces. With who he came to an agreement about the Arrow Cross Party
Arrow Cross Party
The Arrow Cross Party was a national socialist party led by Ferenc Szálasi, which led in Hungary a government known as the Government of National Unity from October 15, 1944 to 28 March 1945...
members may secure parliamentarian mandates, but the right extremist politicians must respect the lawful way. The conservatives received this activity of his distrustfully. Horthy also expressed his discontent., that is why Darányi resigned on 11 May 1938. He was followed by Béla Imrédy in the position.