Julio Cézar Ribeiro Vaugham
Encyclopedia
Júlio César Ribeiro Vaughan (April 16, 1845 — November 1, 1890) was a Brazil
ian Naturalist
novelist, philologist, journalist
and grammarian. He is famous for his polemical romance A Carne
and for idealizing the flag of the State of São Paulo, which he wanted to be the flag of Brazil
.
He is patron of the 24th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
.
, to American
George Washington Vaughan and Maria Francisca Ribeiro Vaughan. Initially homeschooled by his mother, he later entered a school in Minas, and, in 1862, he moved to Rio de Janeiro
to ingress at the Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras. Three years later, he quit the Military School to dedicate himself to journalism. For that, he studied Latin in the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo
and later became a teacher there.
As a journalist, he founded and wrote for O Sorocabano in Sorocaba
; wrote for A Procelária and O Rebate in São Paulo
, and also to O Estado de São Paulo, Diário Mercantil, A Gazeta de Campinas
and the Almanaque de São Paulo, where he published his studies on Philology
.
He published his polemical and erotic romance A Carne
(The Flesh) in 1888. At the time of its publication, it received mixed to negative reviews by people such as José Veríssimo and Alfredo Pujol. The most famous critic was the priest
Sena Freitas, who wrote an article in the Diário Mercantil named A Carniça (The Carrion). Ribeiro, a strong anti-clericalist
, rebated Freitas' critics with the series of articles O Urubu Sena Freitas (Sena Freitas, the Vulture
). Those articles were later compiled and published under the name of Uma Polêmica Célebre, in 1934
.
He died in 1890, a victim of tuberculosis
.
, great-grandfather of writers Ivan Lessa
and Sérgio Pinheiro Lopes and great-great-grandfather of writer Juliana Foster.
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
ian Naturalist
Naturalism (literature)
Naturalism was a literary movement taking place from the 1880s to 1940s that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character...
novelist, philologist, journalist
Journalist
A journalist collects and distributes news and other information. A journalist's work is referred to as journalism.A reporter is a type of journalist who researchs, writes, and reports on information to be presented in mass media, including print media , electronic media , and digital media A...
and grammarian. He is famous for his polemical romance A Carne
A Carne
A Carne is a 1888 Naturalist novel by Júlio Ribeiro. It is one of the most polemical works of the Brazilian literature.-Plot:Lenita is a young, unexperient 22-year-old woman who, recently orphaned, goes to live with an old farmer, who raised her father. In the farmer's house, she meets his son,...
and for idealizing the flag of the State of São Paulo, which he wanted to be the flag of Brazil
Flag of Brazil
The national flag of Brazil is a blue disc depicting a starry sky spanned by a curved band inscribed with the national motto, within a yellow rhombus, on a green field. Brazil officially adopted this design for its national flag on November 19, 1889, replacing the flag of the second Empire of Brazil...
.
He is patron of the 24th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
Academia Brasileira de Letras
Academia Brasileira de Letras is a Brazilian literary non-profit society established at the end of the 19th century by a group of 40 writers and poets inspired by the Académie Française. The first president, Machado de Assis, declared its foundation on December 15, 1896, with the statutes being...
.
Life
Ribeiro was born in 1845, in SabaráSabará
Sabará is a Brazilian municipality located in the state of Minas Gerais. The city belongs to the mesoregion Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte and to the microregion of Belo Horizonte.-See also:* List of municipalities in Minas Gerais...
, to American
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
George Washington Vaughan and Maria Francisca Ribeiro Vaughan. Initially homeschooled by his mother, he later entered a school in Minas, and, in 1862, he moved to Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro , commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, boasting approximately 6.3 million people within the city proper, making it the 6th...
to ingress at the Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras. Three years later, he quit the Military School to dedicate himself to journalism. For that, he studied Latin in the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo
Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo
Faculty of Law of the University of São Paulo is an institution of higher education and research in the field of Law located in São Paulo, Brazil...
and later became a teacher there.
As a journalist, he founded and wrote for O Sorocabano in Sorocaba
Sorocaba
Sorocaba is a city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Sorocaba is the fourth largest city in the state of São Paulo. Outside the Greater São Paulo region, it ranks behind only Campinas, Sao Jose dos Campos and Ribeirão Preto...
; wrote for A Procelária and O Rebate in São Paulo
São Paulo
São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere and South America, and the world's seventh largest city by population. The metropolis is anchor to the São Paulo metropolitan area, ranked as the second-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas and among...
, and also to O Estado de São Paulo, Diário Mercantil, A Gazeta de Campinas
Campinas
Campinas is a city and municipality located in the coastal interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. is the administrative center of the meso-region of the same name, with 3,783,597 inhabitants as of the 2010 Census, consisting of 49 cities....
and the Almanaque de São Paulo, where he published his studies on Philology
Philology
Philology is the study of language in written historical sources; it is a combination of literary studies, history and linguistics.Classical philology is the philology of Greek and Classical Latin...
.
He published his polemical and erotic romance A Carne
A Carne
A Carne is a 1888 Naturalist novel by Júlio Ribeiro. It is one of the most polemical works of the Brazilian literature.-Plot:Lenita is a young, unexperient 22-year-old woman who, recently orphaned, goes to live with an old farmer, who raised her father. In the farmer's house, she meets his son,...
(The Flesh) in 1888. At the time of its publication, it received mixed to negative reviews by people such as José Veríssimo and Alfredo Pujol. The most famous critic was the priest
Priest
A priest is a person authorized to perform the sacred rites of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and deities. They also have the authority or power to administer religious rites; in particular, rites of sacrifice to, and propitiation of, a deity or deities...
Sena Freitas, who wrote an article in the Diário Mercantil named A Carniça (The Carrion). Ribeiro, a strong anti-clericalist
Anti-clericalism
Anti-clericalism is a historical movement that opposes religious institutional power and influence, real or alleged, in all aspects of public and political life, and the involvement of religion in the everyday life of the citizen...
, rebated Freitas' critics with the series of articles O Urubu Sena Freitas (Sena Freitas, the Vulture
Vulture
Vulture is the name given to two groups of convergently evolved scavenging birds, the New World Vultures including the well-known Californian and Andean Condors, and the Old World Vultures including the birds which are seen scavenging on carcasses of dead animals on African plains...
). Those articles were later compiled and published under the name of Uma Polêmica Célebre, in 1934
1934 in literature
The year 1934 in literature involved some significant events and new books.-Events:* The first Flash Gordon comic strip is published.*Boris Pasternak and Korney Chukovsky are among those present at the first Congress of the Soviet Union of Writers....
.
He died in 1890, a victim of tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis, MTB, or TB is a common, and in many cases lethal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body...
.
Works
- O Padre Belchior de Pontes (18771877 in literatureThe year 1877 in literature involved some significant new books.-New books:*Louisa May Alcott - Under the Lilacs*R M Ballantyne -The Settler and the Savage*Ambrose Bierce - The Dance of Death...
) - Gramática Portuguesa (18811881 in literatureThe year 1881 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:* March 4 - A Study in Scarlet, the first Sherlock Holmes story, begins.* The first of the three-volume History of Woman Suffrage, was published by Susan B...
) - Cartas Sertanejas (18851885 in literatureThe year 1885 in literature involved some significant new books.-Events:*February 18 - Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is published for the first time*May 19 - Revised Version Old Testament published.*Thomas Hardy moves to Max Gate....
) - A CarneA CarneA Carne is a 1888 Naturalist novel by Júlio Ribeiro. It is one of the most polemical works of the Brazilian literature.-Plot:Lenita is a young, unexperient 22-year-old woman who, recently orphaned, goes to live with an old farmer, who raised her father. In the farmer's house, she meets his son,...
(18881888 in literatureThe year 1888 in literature involved some significant new books.-New books:*Grant Allen - The Devil's Die**The White Man's Foot*Edward Bellamy - Looking Backward*Rolf Boldrewood - Robbery Under Arms...
) - Uma Polêmica Célebre (1934 — posthumous)
The flag of São Paulo
In July 16, 1888, Ribeiro idealized the current flag of the State of São Paulo, although he planned it to be the flag of the Republic of Brazil.Trivia
He is the grandfather of chronicler Elsie LessaElsie Lessa
Elsie Lessa was a Brazilian journalist and writer of American descent.She was hired as a reporter for the newspaper O Globo in 1946. From 1952 till her death in May 2000, she wrote continuously for the paper...
, great-grandfather of writers Ivan Lessa
Ivan Lessa
Ivan Pinheiro Themudo Lessa is a Brazilian journalist and writer of American descent. Born in São Paulo, he is the son of the journalist and writer Elsie Lessa and the writer Orígenes Lessa and the father of the British writer Juliana Foster....
and Sérgio Pinheiro Lopes and great-great-grandfather of writer Juliana Foster.