Jiangnan Shipyard
Encyclopedia
Jiangnan Shipyard is a historic shipyard located in Shanghai
, China
. The shipyard has been state owned since its founding in 1865 and is now operated by Jiangnan Shipyard (Group) Co. Ltd. Before 2009, the shipyard was located to the south of central Shanghi (at 2 Gaoxing Road . In 2009, the shipyard was moved to Changxing Island
, located in the mouth of the Yangtze River
to the north of urban Shanghai. (31°21′14.81"N 121°44′14.69"E). The new Shipyard is equipped with several super dry dock
s, capable of housing the construction of future aircraft carriers
for the PLA Navy.
The shipyard builds, repairs and converts both civilian and military ships. Other activities include the manufacture of machinery and electrical equipment, pressure vessels and steel works for various land-based products.
of the late 19th century in China, during the Qing Dynasty
. One of the projects in this campaign of modernisation was the establishment of defence industries, including the Kiangnan Arsenal in Shanghai
in 1865 (the fourth year of the Tongzhi era
). Plans for the Arsenal were established under Zeng Guofan
, who served as Viceroy of Liangjiang
, although its actual establishment became the responsibilities of Li Hongzhang
.
The Chinese name of the Kiangnan Arsenal was literally and in full, the General Bureau of Machine Manufacture of Jiangnan , or the Jiangnan (or Kiangnan) Machine Works for short. It was established to both manufacture firearms and also to build naval vessels. The shipyard, plant and machinery were initially leased from Thomas Hunt and Company, an American firm located within the concessions of Shanghai. Due to the influx of workers and the reluctance of the concession authorities to allow arms to be manufactured within their territory, the Chinese authorities purchased the plant and equipment, and combined these with the existing assets of the old Suzhou and Anqing arsenals, as well as new equipment purchased by Yung Wing
in the United States to form the new Kiangnan Arsenal in 1865.
The Kiangnan Arsenal was the largest of the arsenals established during the Self-Strengthening Movement, and also the one with the largest budget - from 1869, its annual budget was more than 400,000 silver tael
s. A series of high officials, including Zeng Guofan
, Zuo Zongtang
, and Zhang Zhidong
served as its head, although Li Hongzhang
served the longest term in this role during the Qing Dynasty
. Most of the senior technical staff were Westerners, such as the first chief engineer, American T. F. Falls.
During the Tongzhi era, the Arsenal was the largest weapons factory in East Asia
. Among its other achievements were the first domestically produced steam boat (the Huiji) in 1868, and the first domestically produced steel in 1891.
As well as its manufacturing works, the Arsenal also comprised a language school, a translation house and a technical school.
s for the US Navy's South China Patrol on the Yangtze River
.
The remaining arms manufacturing arm of the Kiangnan Arsenal operated until its dissolution in 1937, at the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War
. The shipyard was evacuated to Chongqing
and re-established as the Chongqing Shipyard.
Large parts of the assets of both the Arsenal and the Shipyard were left behind in Shanghai to be occupied by Japanese forces during the war. During this period, the Japanese occupying forces absorbed the plant and equipment of the Arsenal into the Shipyard. This combination was not reversed after the surrender of Japan.
under the Communist Party of China
in 1949, the shipyard changed its Chinese name to, literally, the Jiangnan Shipbuilding Factory in 1953. The shipyard was corporatised in 1996 and organised as a subsidiary of the state-owned China State Shipbuilding Corporation.
Beginning in 1964, the Communist government moved a number of industrial and technological institutions of strategic importance inland, in preparation for a potential war with either the United States or the Soviet Union. The Jiangnan Shipyard was again moved to Chongqing during this period. Although the Shipyard subsequently moved back to Shanghai, it retains two subsidiary shipyards in Chongqing.
The Jiangnan Shipyard remained a focus of investment by the Chinese government during this period. Amongst other "firsts" in the People's Republic were the first ten-thousand tonne hydraulic forging press, the first domestically designed ocean-going freight ship, the first ocean exploration and communication ship, the first liquid petroleum tanker, and the first sea-crossing train ferry.
In August 2000, the Qiuxin Shipyard became a wholly owned subsidiary, although its name and identity will remain.
In 2010, the shipyard was requisitioned for Expo 2010
. The shipyard's operations moved to Changxing Island, an island within Shanghai Municipality located at the mouth of the Yangtze River
.
The yard's main production is: liquefied gas carriers, car carriers, crude oil tanker
s, Panamax
bulk carrier
s, Handymax
bulk carriers, Lake suitable bulk carriers, multi-purpose cargo ship
s, and fast feeder container ship
s.
Recent specialised ships include:
The works are ISO 9001 accredited.
如：Цзяннаньский судостроительный завод
Shanghai
Shanghai is the largest city by population in China and the largest city proper in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities in the People's Republic of China, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010...
, China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
. The shipyard has been state owned since its founding in 1865 and is now operated by Jiangnan Shipyard (Group) Co. Ltd. Before 2009, the shipyard was located to the south of central Shanghi (at 2 Gaoxing Road . In 2009, the shipyard was moved to Changxing Island
Islands of Shanghai
There are several islands of Shanghai governed by Shanghai city, including the three larger inhabited islands and a number of uninhabited ones. They are alluvial islands in the Yangtze River Delta in China.-Chongming Island:...
, located in the mouth of the Yangtze River
Yangtze River
The Yangtze, Yangzi or Cháng Jiāng is the longest river in Asia, and the third-longest in the world. It flows for from the glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau in Qinghai eastward across southwest, central and eastern China before emptying into the East China Sea at Shanghai. It is also one of the...
to the north of urban Shanghai. (31°21′14.81"N 121°44′14.69"E). The new Shipyard is equipped with several super dry dock
Dry dock
A drydock is a narrow basin or vessel that can be flooded to allow a load to be floated in, then drained to allow that load to come to rest on a dry platform...
s, capable of housing the construction of future aircraft carriers
Future Chinese aircraft carrier
Since the 1970s, the People's Liberation Army Navy has expressed interest in operating an aircraft carrier as part of its blue water aspirations, and press reports have frequently quoted senior Chinese military officials as expressing an intention to build aircraft carriers...
for the PLA Navy.
The shipyard builds, repairs and converts both civilian and military ships. Other activities include the manufacture of machinery and electrical equipment, pressure vessels and steel works for various land-based products.
Kiangnan Arsenal
The origins of the Jiangnan Shipyard lies in the Self-Strengthening MovementSelf-Strengthening Movement
The Self-Strengthening Movement , c 1861–1895, was a period of institutional reforms initiated during the late Qing Dynasty following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers....
of the late 19th century in China, during the Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
. One of the projects in this campaign of modernisation was the establishment of defence industries, including the Kiangnan Arsenal in Shanghai
Shanghai
Shanghai is the largest city by population in China and the largest city proper in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities in the People's Republic of China, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010...
in 1865 (the fourth year of the Tongzhi era
Tongzhi Emperor
The Tongzhi Emperor , born Aisin-Gioro Dzai Šun, was the tenth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the eighth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1861 to 1875. His reign, which effectively lasted through his adolescence, was largely overshadowed by the rule of his mother, the Empress...
). Plans for the Arsenal were established under Zeng Guofan
Zeng Guofan
Zeng Guofan was an eminent Han Chinese official, military general, and devout Confucian scholar of the late Qing Dynasty in China....
, who served as Viceroy of Liangjiang
Viceroy of Liangjiang
The Viceroy of Liangjiang , fully referred to as the Governor General of the two Yangtze Provinces and surrounding areas; Overseeing Military Affairs, Food Production; Manager of Waterways; Director of Civil Affairs , was one of eight regional viceroys in China proper during the Qing Dynasty of China...
, although its actual establishment became the responsibilities of Li Hongzhang
Li Hongzhang
Li Hongzhang or Li Hung-chang , Marquis Suyi of the First Class , GCVO, was a leading statesman of the late Qing Empire...
.
The Chinese name of the Kiangnan Arsenal was literally and in full, the General Bureau of Machine Manufacture of Jiangnan , or the Jiangnan (or Kiangnan) Machine Works for short. It was established to both manufacture firearms and also to build naval vessels. The shipyard, plant and machinery were initially leased from Thomas Hunt and Company, an American firm located within the concessions of Shanghai. Due to the influx of workers and the reluctance of the concession authorities to allow arms to be manufactured within their territory, the Chinese authorities purchased the plant and equipment, and combined these with the existing assets of the old Suzhou and Anqing arsenals, as well as new equipment purchased by Yung Wing
Yung Wing
Yung Wing . Born in Zhuhai in Guangdong province, he studied in Robert Morrison's missionary schools as a boy where Tong King-sing was a classmate.-Biography:...
in the United States to form the new Kiangnan Arsenal in 1865.
The Kiangnan Arsenal was the largest of the arsenals established during the Self-Strengthening Movement, and also the one with the largest budget - from 1869, its annual budget was more than 400,000 silver tael
Tael
Tael can refer to any one of several weight measures of the Far East. Most commonly, it refers to the Chinese tael, a part of the Chinese system of weights and currency....
s. A series of high officials, including Zeng Guofan
Zeng Guofan
Zeng Guofan was an eminent Han Chinese official, military general, and devout Confucian scholar of the late Qing Dynasty in China....
, Zuo Zongtang
Zuo Zongtang
Zuo Zongtang , spelled Tso Tsung-t'ang in Wade-Giles and known simply as General Tso in the West, was a Chinese statesman and military leader in the late Qing Dynasty....
, and Zhang Zhidong
Zhang Zhidong
Zhang Zhidong ; Pseudonyms: Xiāngtāo , Xiāngyán , Yīgōng , Wújìng-Jūshì , later Bàobīng ; Posthumous name: Wénxiāng ) was an eminent Chinese politician during the late Qing Dynasty who advocated for controlled reform...
served as its head, although Li Hongzhang
Li Hongzhang
Li Hongzhang or Li Hung-chang , Marquis Suyi of the First Class , GCVO, was a leading statesman of the late Qing Empire...
served the longest term in this role during the Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
. Most of the senior technical staff were Westerners, such as the first chief engineer, American T. F. Falls.
During the Tongzhi era, the Arsenal was the largest weapons factory in East Asia
East Asia
East Asia or Eastern Asia is a subregion of Asia that can be defined in either geographical or cultural terms...
. Among its other achievements were the first domestically produced steam boat (the Huiji) in 1868, and the first domestically produced steel in 1891.
As well as its manufacturing works, the Arsenal also comprised a language school, a translation house and a technical school.
Kiangnan Shipyard
In 1905, the ship-building operations of the Kiangnan Arsenal were de-merged into the separate Kiangnan Shipyard. In the 1920s Kiangnan built six new river gunboatGunboat
A gunboat is a naval watercraft designed for the express purpose of carrying one or more guns to bombard coastal targets, as opposed to those military craft designed for naval warfare, or for ferrying troops or supplies.-History:...
s for the US Navy's South China Patrol on the Yangtze River
Yangtze River
The Yangtze, Yangzi or Cháng Jiāng is the longest river in Asia, and the third-longest in the world. It flows for from the glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau in Qinghai eastward across southwest, central and eastern China before emptying into the East China Sea at Shanghai. It is also one of the...
.
The remaining arms manufacturing arm of the Kiangnan Arsenal operated until its dissolution in 1937, at the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War
Second Sino-Japanese War
The Second Sino-Japanese War was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. From 1937 to 1941, China fought Japan with some economic help from Germany , the Soviet Union and the United States...
. The shipyard was evacuated to Chongqing
Chongqing
Chongqing is a major city in Southwest China and one of the five national central cities of China. Administratively, it is one of the PRC's four direct-controlled municipalities , and the only such municipality in inland China.The municipality was created on 14 March 1997, succeeding the...
and re-established as the Chongqing Shipyard.
Large parts of the assets of both the Arsenal and the Shipyard were left behind in Shanghai to be occupied by Japanese forces during the war. During this period, the Japanese occupying forces absorbed the plant and equipment of the Arsenal into the Shipyard. This combination was not reversed after the surrender of Japan.
Jiangnan Shipyard after 1949
After the establishment of the People's Republic of ChinaPeople's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
under the Communist Party of China
Communist Party of China
The Communist Party of China , also known as the Chinese Communist Party , is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China...
in 1949, the shipyard changed its Chinese name to, literally, the Jiangnan Shipbuilding Factory in 1953. The shipyard was corporatised in 1996 and organised as a subsidiary of the state-owned China State Shipbuilding Corporation.
Beginning in 1964, the Communist government moved a number of industrial and technological institutions of strategic importance inland, in preparation for a potential war with either the United States or the Soviet Union. The Jiangnan Shipyard was again moved to Chongqing during this period. Although the Shipyard subsequently moved back to Shanghai, it retains two subsidiary shipyards in Chongqing.
The Jiangnan Shipyard remained a focus of investment by the Chinese government during this period. Amongst other "firsts" in the People's Republic were the first ten-thousand tonne hydraulic forging press, the first domestically designed ocean-going freight ship, the first ocean exploration and communication ship, the first liquid petroleum tanker, and the first sea-crossing train ferry.
In August 2000, the Qiuxin Shipyard became a wholly owned subsidiary, although its name and identity will remain.
In 2010, the shipyard was requisitioned for Expo 2010
Expo 2010
Expo 2010, officially Expo 2010 Shanghai China was held on both banks of the Huangpu River in the city of Shanghai, China, from May 1 to October 31, 2010. It was a major World Expo in the tradition of international fairs and expositions, the first since 1992...
. The shipyard's operations moved to Changxing Island, an island within Shanghai Municipality located at the mouth of the Yangtze River
Yangtze River
The Yangtze, Yangzi or Cháng Jiāng is the longest river in Asia, and the third-longest in the world. It flows for from the glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau in Qinghai eastward across southwest, central and eastern China before emptying into the East China Sea at Shanghai. It is also one of the...
.
Staffing
The total staffing is about 10,500. Of this:- senior engineerEngineerAn engineer is a professional practitioner of engineering, concerned with applying scientific knowledge, mathematics and ingenuity to develop solutions for technical problems. Engineers design materials, structures, machines and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality,...
s: 450 - engineers and technicians: 750
- technical professionals: 2,700
- skilled workers: 4,500
Ship building
Oil tanker
An oil tanker, also known as a petroleum tanker, is a merchant ship designed for the bulk transport of oil. There are two basic types of oil tankers: the crude tanker and the product tanker. Crude tankers move large quantities of unrefined crude oil from its point of extraction to refineries...
s, Panamax
Panamax
Panamax and New Panamax are popular terms for the size limits for ships traveling through the Panama Canal. Formally, the limits and requirements are published by the Panama Canal Authority titled "Vessel Requirements"...
bulk carrier
Bulk carrier
A bulk carrier, bulk freighter, or bulker is a merchant ship specially designed to transport unpackaged bulk cargo, such as grains, coal, ore, and cement in its cargo holds. Since the first specialized bulk carrier was built in 1852, economic forces have fueled the development of these ships,...
s, Handymax
Handymax
Handymax and Supramax are naval architecture terms for a bulk carrier,in a series that is called Handysize class. Handysize class consists of Supramax , Handymax , and Handy Handymax and Supramax are naval architecture terms for a bulk carrier,in a series that is called Handysize class. Handysize...
bulk carriers, Lake suitable bulk carriers, multi-purpose cargo ship
Cargo ship
A cargo ship or freighter is any sort of ship or vessel that carries cargo, goods, and materials from one port to another. Thousands of cargo carriers ply the world's seas and oceans each year; they handle the bulk of international trade...
s, and fast feeder container ship
Container ship
Container ships are cargo ships that carry all of their load in truck-size intermodal containers, in a technique called containerization. They form a common means of commercial intermodal freight transport.-History:...
s.
Recent specialised ships include:
- military (PLA Navy) - two Type 052C destroyers
- the space tracking ship Yuan Wang
The works are ISO 9001 accredited.
Building berths
The works' two building berths can build to :- 275m x 40m - 80,000 DWTDeadweight tonnageDeadweight tonnage is a measure of how much weight a ship is carrying or can safely carry. It is the sum of the weights of cargo, fuel, fresh water, ballast water, provisions, passengers, and crew...
(deadweight tons) - 242m x 24m - 35,000 DWT
External links
- listing by GlobalSecurity.orgGlobalSecurity.orgGlobalSecurity.org, launched in 2000, is a public policy organization focusing on the fields of defense, space exploration, intelligence, weapons of mass destruction and homeland security...
- Collection of photos of ships built by Jiangnan Shipyard
如：Цзяннаньский судостроительный завод