James Scripps Booth
Encyclopedia
James Scripps Booth was an artist and automotive engineer.
and Ellen Booth's five children, James was born on May 31, 1888 in Detroit, Michigan
. He received his education at private schools, he left school before graduating from the tenth grade. By this time, his artistic gifts were well recognized.
At 22, Booth married Jean Alice McLaughlin in 1910 in Detroit. The young couple traveled abroad and lived for a period in Paris, where Booth studied at the École des Beaux-Arts
. They also spent time in Etaples, France with Michigan
-born artist Myron Barlow, who taught Booth the fundamentals of working with pastels. Booth quickly took to the medium and thereafter preferred it to all others.
with his wife and children. First in his El Molino home and later in a home he designed for himself on Linda Vista, Booth built studios where he executed an extensive body of work, primarily pastel drawings of nudes and clothed models set in the surrounding hills. Many of these were exhibited at the Detroit Museum of Art and the Scarab Club
, where they were well received.
In the 1930s, Booth established a studio and automotive workshop in Indian Village
in Detroit. Here, he spent considerable time reworking and brightening his earlier pastels and producing works far more colorful than those he had executed previously. During this period of his life, he maintained an active interest in the work his parents were carrying on at Cranbrook.
Prior to the death of his wife Jean in July, 1942, Booth discontinued teaching his automotive courses. Booth remarried on February 20, 1943 to Ellen Catherine Norlen. Wishing to remain near his parents, the couple took up residence in Grosse Pointe
. There, after the death of George Booth in 1949, James began to edit Cyril Player's biography of his father (published in 1964 as The Only Thing Worth Finding).
In 1951, the Booths left Detroit for New Canaan, Connecticut
, where they purchased and restored a historic home, "Sun House". Booth converted the barn of the house into a studio and continued to paint, work on his automobiles, and write. There he completed a commentary on the Bible, Adventures in Analysis, which he published in 1954 under the pseudonym "Edmund Wood Gagnier". He died suddenly in Connecticut at age sixty-six on September 13, 1954 and is buried in the family plot at Birmingham's Greenwood Cemetery.
At the time of his death, Booth left behind many hundreds of paintings, pastels, scrapbooks, and sketches for new automobile designs. A large collection of his engineering drawings and several of his cars, including the "Bi-Autogo" and the "JB Rocket
," were donated to the Detroit Historical Museum
by his widow. The "Da Vinci" is owned by the Northwood University
in Midland, and the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn holds a few Booth cyclecars and Scripps-Booth models. His art work is in the permanent collections of Cranbrook Academy of Art Museum, the Detroit Institute of Arts
, the Detroit Historical Museum
, and Cranbrook Educational Community
.
paintings and etchings in the Midwest, and it was in the Scripps home that he was brought into the company of many distinguished artists, writers, and musicians.
While attending the Detroit University School and the St. Luke's School for Boys in Wayne, Pennsylvania
, Booth executed posters, handbills, sketches, and set designs for student publications and productions. He also produced several racing scenes and other works featuring automobiles during this period, giving notice that automotive themes were never far from his mind.
Booth was essentially self-taught as an artist, although he did attend the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris in 1911 and studied for a period under Myron Barlow, the Michigan-born artist, in France. His work received critical acclaim at exhibitions at the Detroit Museum of Art and at other shows in Michigan and California in the 1910s through the 1930s. However, Booth's reluctance to part with his art work greatly limited his appeal to collectors. Only a handful of his paintings and pastels ever came to be owned outside the Booth family.
Best known for his pastel work, Booth also produced a large number of oils, charcoal drawings, pen and ink sketches, watercolors, and pencil drawings. None of the few sculptures he executed are known to exist.
Booth acquired his knowledge of mechanics just after the turn of the century in his parents' garage, where he carefully dismantled and reassembled family automobiles to learn as much as he could about their operation. Much of this knowledge was quickly put into practice, for as the family chauffeur, he was called upon frequently to make repairs on the road.
As is evidenced from the marginalia of his schoolbooks, James Booth developed a precocious flair for automotive design at an early age. By his twentieth fourth birthday, he had engineered and built his first car, the Bi-Autogo. It was designed to travel on two large wheels at speeds above 20 mph; at lower speeds a pair of smaller wheels could be lowered to balance the machine. Booth intended the car to be a limited production vehicle that would appeal to wealthy young men with a sporting character. Because of the tremendous engineering challenges that his design presented, however, Booth was obliged to delay construction of the prototype. In May 1913, he finally produced a vehicle that incorporated many innovative features: it had the first V-8
engine ever built in Detroit, possessed a compressed air self-starter, had a four-speed transmission, and even boasted a retractable arm rest. The engine cowling and body panels were built of aluminum, and the top speed of the car, Booth stated, was 75 mph (120 km/h). Nonetheless, lacking a power steering unit, the "Bi-Autogo" was extremely hard to turn at low speeds. After the prototype was fashioned and a complete set of parts were fabricated, funding for the vehicle ceased. Consequently, the "Bi-Autogo" never came to market.
With John Batterman, a distant relation, Booth organized the Scripps-Booth
Cyclecar Company in Detroit. In 1913, they began to manufacture the "JB Rocket", a small roadster, and a delivery model, the "Packet". Despite the brisk sales of his cars, Booth realized the cyclecar fad had run its course and sold the company in 1914. Enlisting backers, he immediately began another venture, the Scripps-Booth Company. This firm was organized to market his designs for a "luxurious light car . . . designed to meet the ideal of drivers of big, expensive family cars who want a light car of equal luxury and equipment." The first car to roll off the company's assembly lines, the Model C, was the first car sold with a spare wheel and tire and a steering wheel horn button. Later models featured such amenities as electric door locking systems and removable hard tops. The beautiful, clean lines and fine appointments of Scripps-Booth automobiles did, as Booth predicted, appeal to the tastes of wealthy clients. Among those who purchased Scripps-Booth cars were the King of Spain, the Queen of Holland, Winston Churchill, and the tenor John McCormick.
Over Booth's objections that a move from light car production would weaken the market share of the Scripps-Booth Company, company directors began to approve the additions of larger and larger models to its product lines. Angered by this turn of events, Booth tendered his resignation to the company in the autumn of 1916, just as Scripps-Booth began to experience a severe drop in sales. At the end of 1917, the company was absorbed by Chevrolet and in the following year, when Chevrolet was acquired by General Motors, Scripps-Booth became a part of the General Motors
family. The line was discontinued altogether in 1922.
In 1923, Booth began to design his ultimate driving machine, the "Da Vinci". This compact car featured an underslung worm drive axle which allowed for a flat nineteen inch floor (much lower than any other car on the market), cable-controlled hood latches, hanging brake and clutch pedals, and a parking brake in the transmission. Having no interest in manufacturing the car on his own, Booth attempted to sell his novel design to established automakers. He was understandably horrified, then, when Stutz produced a car with a similar underslung drive a year after he had shown the firm the "Da Vinci" plans. A costly patent infringement suit ensued, which Booth eventually won in 1935. By then, however, Stutz was ailing financially and the judgement that Booth received barely covered his own legal expenses. After this disconcerting ordeal, Booth produced just one other vehicle—the "Da Vinci Pup", a small, sleek cyclecar—and that solely for his own pleasure.
At the outbreak of the Second World War, Booth realized that women were going to need to know more about the operation of their cars. Consequently, he began to conduct Red Cross classes on automobile mechanics at his Detroit studio. In addition, he wrote and published General Handbook, Motor Mechanics Simplified: Understand Your Car as a text for the course.
Through his association with the Scripps-Booth Company and as an independent designer, Booth championed the cause of the small car in America from the mid-1910s through the mid-1920s. In this respect, automotive historians consider him to be decades ahead of his time. Once retired from active participation in the business, he continued to design cars for his own pleasure and kept a small collection of automobiles, including several of his own design, which he maintained in excellent running condition. Several of these are now owned by the Detroit Historical Museum
, Henry Ford Museum, and Northwood University
in Midland, Michigan
.
Early years
The eldest of George Gough BoothGeorge Gough Booth
George Gough Booth was the publisher of the privately held Evening News Association, a co-founder of Booth Newspapers, and a noted philanthropist.-Publishing career:...
and Ellen Booth's five children, James was born on May 31, 1888 in Detroit, Michigan
Detroit, Michigan
Detroit is the major city among the primary cultural, financial, and transportation centers in the Metro Detroit area, a region of 5.2 million people. As the seat of Wayne County, the city of Detroit is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan and serves as a major port on the Detroit River...
. He received his education at private schools, he left school before graduating from the tenth grade. By this time, his artistic gifts were well recognized.
At 22, Booth married Jean Alice McLaughlin in 1910 in Detroit. The young couple traveled abroad and lived for a period in Paris, where Booth studied at the École des Beaux-Arts
École des Beaux-Arts
École des Beaux-Arts refers to a number of influential art schools in France. The most famous is the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, now located on the left bank in Paris, across the Seine from the Louvre, in the 6th arrondissement. The school has a history spanning more than 350 years,...
. They also spent time in Etaples, France with Michigan
Michigan
Michigan is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake"....
-born artist Myron Barlow, who taught Booth the fundamentals of working with pastels. Booth quickly took to the medium and thereafter preferred it to all others.
Career
He accepted and completed two important commissions in 1917. One commission, from the directors of the Evening News Association, called for him to render a series of pastel drawings of the soon-to-be-vacated Detroit News Shelby Street plant. The second commission came from his father, who wished to have a set of Cranbrook scenes for his own home. Following the completion of these works, Booth moved to Pasadena, CaliforniaPasadena, California
Pasadena is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Although famous for hosting the annual Rose Bowl football game and Tournament of Roses Parade, Pasadena is the home to many scientific and cultural institutions, including the California Institute of Technology , the Jet...
with his wife and children. First in his El Molino home and later in a home he designed for himself on Linda Vista, Booth built studios where he executed an extensive body of work, primarily pastel drawings of nudes and clothed models set in the surrounding hills. Many of these were exhibited at the Detroit Museum of Art and the Scarab Club
Scarab Club
The Scarab Club is an artists' club, gallery, and studio in the Cultural Center Historic District of Detroit, Michigan, located at 217 Farnsworth Street, near the Detroit Institute of Arts and the Detroit Science Center...
, where they were well received.
In the 1930s, Booth established a studio and automotive workshop in Indian Village
Indian Village
Indian Village can refer generally to a rural village in India or to a village of American Indians, the indigenous peoples of the Americas.Places named Indian Village include:In the United States:...
in Detroit. Here, he spent considerable time reworking and brightening his earlier pastels and producing works far more colorful than those he had executed previously. During this period of his life, he maintained an active interest in the work his parents were carrying on at Cranbrook.
Prior to the death of his wife Jean in July, 1942, Booth discontinued teaching his automotive courses. Booth remarried on February 20, 1943 to Ellen Catherine Norlen. Wishing to remain near his parents, the couple took up residence in Grosse Pointe
Grosse Pointe
Grosse Pointe refers to a coastal area in Metro Detroit, Michigan, United States that comprises five adjacent individual communities. From southwest to northeast, they are:*Grosse Pointe Park, city*Grosse Pointe, city*Grosse Pointe Farms, city...
. There, after the death of George Booth in 1949, James began to edit Cyril Player's biography of his father (published in 1964 as The Only Thing Worth Finding).
In 1951, the Booths left Detroit for New Canaan, Connecticut
New Canaan, Connecticut
New Canaan is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States, northeast of Stamford, on the Fivemile River. The population was 19,738 according to the 2010 census.The town is one of the most affluent communities in the United States...
, where they purchased and restored a historic home, "Sun House". Booth converted the barn of the house into a studio and continued to paint, work on his automobiles, and write. There he completed a commentary on the Bible, Adventures in Analysis, which he published in 1954 under the pseudonym "Edmund Wood Gagnier". He died suddenly in Connecticut at age sixty-six on September 13, 1954 and is buried in the family plot at Birmingham's Greenwood Cemetery.
At the time of his death, Booth left behind many hundreds of paintings, pastels, scrapbooks, and sketches for new automobile designs. A large collection of his engineering drawings and several of his cars, including the "Bi-Autogo" and the "JB Rocket
Scripps-Booth
Scripps-Booth was a United States automobile company based in Detroit, Michigan, which produced motor vehicles from 1913 through 1923.-History:...
," were donated to the Detroit Historical Museum
Detroit Historical Museum
The Detroit Historical Museum is located at 5401 Woodward Avenue in the city's Cultural Center Historic District in Midtown Detroit. It chronicles the history of the Detroit area from cobblestone streets, 19th century stores, the auto assembly line, toy trains, fur trading from the 18th century,...
by his widow. The "Da Vinci" is owned by the Northwood University
Northwood University
Northwood University is a private university with multiple locations. The school has four residential campuses: Midland, Michigan , Cedar Hill, Texas , West Palm Beach, Florida and a joint program with Hotel Institute Montreux in Montreux, Switzerland, began in 2001...
in Midland, and the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn holds a few Booth cyclecars and Scripps-Booth models. His art work is in the permanent collections of Cranbrook Academy of Art Museum, the Detroit Institute of Arts
Detroit Institute of Arts
The Detroit Institute of Arts is a renowned art museum in the city of Detroit. In 2003, the DIA ranked as the second largest municipally owned museum in the United States, with an art collection valued at more than one billion dollars...
, the Detroit Historical Museum
Detroit Historical Museum
The Detroit Historical Museum is located at 5401 Woodward Avenue in the city's Cultural Center Historic District in Midtown Detroit. It chronicles the history of the Detroit area from cobblestone streets, 19th century stores, the auto assembly line, toy trains, fur trading from the 18th century,...
, and Cranbrook Educational Community
Cranbrook Educational Community
The Cranbrook Educational Community, a National Historic Landmark, in the US state of Michigan was founded in the early 20th century by newspaper mogul George Gough Booth. Cranbrook campus is in the Detroit suburb of Bloomfield Hills consisting of Cranbrook Schools, Cranbrook Academy of Art,...
.
Art work
Growing up in a household that encouraged an awareness and appreciation of the arts, James Scripps Booth spent many hours sketching in and around his parents' home in Detroit. There he had access to one of the largest private collections of old masterOld Master
"Old Master" is a term for a European painter of skill who worked before about 1800, or a painting by such an artist. An "old master print" is an original print made by an artist in the same period...
paintings and etchings in the Midwest, and it was in the Scripps home that he was brought into the company of many distinguished artists, writers, and musicians.
While attending the Detroit University School and the St. Luke's School for Boys in Wayne, Pennsylvania
Wayne, Pennsylvania
Wayne is an unincorporated community located on the Main Line, centered in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. While the center of Wayne is in Radnor Township, Wayne extends into both Tredyffrin Township in Chester County and Upper Merion Township in Montgomery County...
, Booth executed posters, handbills, sketches, and set designs for student publications and productions. He also produced several racing scenes and other works featuring automobiles during this period, giving notice that automotive themes were never far from his mind.
Booth was essentially self-taught as an artist, although he did attend the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris in 1911 and studied for a period under Myron Barlow, the Michigan-born artist, in France. His work received critical acclaim at exhibitions at the Detroit Museum of Art and at other shows in Michigan and California in the 1910s through the 1930s. However, Booth's reluctance to part with his art work greatly limited his appeal to collectors. Only a handful of his paintings and pastels ever came to be owned outside the Booth family.
Best known for his pastel work, Booth also produced a large number of oils, charcoal drawings, pen and ink sketches, watercolors, and pencil drawings. None of the few sculptures he executed are known to exist.
Automotive designer and engineer
From his early teen years until the time of his death at the age of 66, James Scripps Booth maintained a passionate interest in mechanical engineering and automotive design. He was a serious student of the automobile, closely followed trends and emerging technology in the industry, and was responsible for inventing many automotive features which became standard in time.Booth acquired his knowledge of mechanics just after the turn of the century in his parents' garage, where he carefully dismantled and reassembled family automobiles to learn as much as he could about their operation. Much of this knowledge was quickly put into practice, for as the family chauffeur, he was called upon frequently to make repairs on the road.
As is evidenced from the marginalia of his schoolbooks, James Booth developed a precocious flair for automotive design at an early age. By his twentieth fourth birthday, he had engineered and built his first car, the Bi-Autogo. It was designed to travel on two large wheels at speeds above 20 mph; at lower speeds a pair of smaller wheels could be lowered to balance the machine. Booth intended the car to be a limited production vehicle that would appeal to wealthy young men with a sporting character. Because of the tremendous engineering challenges that his design presented, however, Booth was obliged to delay construction of the prototype. In May 1913, he finally produced a vehicle that incorporated many innovative features: it had the first V-8
V8 engine
A V8 engine is a V engine with eight cylinders mounted on the crankcase in two banks of four cylinders, in most cases set at a right angle to each other but sometimes at a narrower angle, with all eight pistons driving a common crankshaft....
engine ever built in Detroit, possessed a compressed air self-starter, had a four-speed transmission, and even boasted a retractable arm rest. The engine cowling and body panels were built of aluminum, and the top speed of the car, Booth stated, was 75 mph (120 km/h). Nonetheless, lacking a power steering unit, the "Bi-Autogo" was extremely hard to turn at low speeds. After the prototype was fashioned and a complete set of parts were fabricated, funding for the vehicle ceased. Consequently, the "Bi-Autogo" never came to market.
With John Batterman, a distant relation, Booth organized the Scripps-Booth
Scripps-Booth
Scripps-Booth was a United States automobile company based in Detroit, Michigan, which produced motor vehicles from 1913 through 1923.-History:...
Cyclecar Company in Detroit. In 1913, they began to manufacture the "JB Rocket", a small roadster, and a delivery model, the "Packet". Despite the brisk sales of his cars, Booth realized the cyclecar fad had run its course and sold the company in 1914. Enlisting backers, he immediately began another venture, the Scripps-Booth Company. This firm was organized to market his designs for a "luxurious light car . . . designed to meet the ideal of drivers of big, expensive family cars who want a light car of equal luxury and equipment." The first car to roll off the company's assembly lines, the Model C, was the first car sold with a spare wheel and tire and a steering wheel horn button. Later models featured such amenities as electric door locking systems and removable hard tops. The beautiful, clean lines and fine appointments of Scripps-Booth automobiles did, as Booth predicted, appeal to the tastes of wealthy clients. Among those who purchased Scripps-Booth cars were the King of Spain, the Queen of Holland, Winston Churchill, and the tenor John McCormick.
Over Booth's objections that a move from light car production would weaken the market share of the Scripps-Booth Company, company directors began to approve the additions of larger and larger models to its product lines. Angered by this turn of events, Booth tendered his resignation to the company in the autumn of 1916, just as Scripps-Booth began to experience a severe drop in sales. At the end of 1917, the company was absorbed by Chevrolet and in the following year, when Chevrolet was acquired by General Motors, Scripps-Booth became a part of the General Motors
General Motors
General Motors Company , commonly known as GM, formerly incorporated as General Motors Corporation, is an American multinational automotive corporation headquartered in Detroit, Michigan and the world's second-largest automaker in 2010...
family. The line was discontinued altogether in 1922.
In 1923, Booth began to design his ultimate driving machine, the "Da Vinci". This compact car featured an underslung worm drive axle which allowed for a flat nineteen inch floor (much lower than any other car on the market), cable-controlled hood latches, hanging brake and clutch pedals, and a parking brake in the transmission. Having no interest in manufacturing the car on his own, Booth attempted to sell his novel design to established automakers. He was understandably horrified, then, when Stutz produced a car with a similar underslung drive a year after he had shown the firm the "Da Vinci" plans. A costly patent infringement suit ensued, which Booth eventually won in 1935. By then, however, Stutz was ailing financially and the judgement that Booth received barely covered his own legal expenses. After this disconcerting ordeal, Booth produced just one other vehicle—the "Da Vinci Pup", a small, sleek cyclecar—and that solely for his own pleasure.
At the outbreak of the Second World War, Booth realized that women were going to need to know more about the operation of their cars. Consequently, he began to conduct Red Cross classes on automobile mechanics at his Detroit studio. In addition, he wrote and published General Handbook, Motor Mechanics Simplified: Understand Your Car as a text for the course.
Through his association with the Scripps-Booth Company and as an independent designer, Booth championed the cause of the small car in America from the mid-1910s through the mid-1920s. In this respect, automotive historians consider him to be decades ahead of his time. Once retired from active participation in the business, he continued to design cars for his own pleasure and kept a small collection of automobiles, including several of his own design, which he maintained in excellent running condition. Several of these are now owned by the Detroit Historical Museum
Detroit Historical Museum
The Detroit Historical Museum is located at 5401 Woodward Avenue in the city's Cultural Center Historic District in Midtown Detroit. It chronicles the history of the Detroit area from cobblestone streets, 19th century stores, the auto assembly line, toy trains, fur trading from the 18th century,...
, Henry Ford Museum, and Northwood University
Northwood University
Northwood University is a private university with multiple locations. The school has four residential campuses: Midland, Michigan , Cedar Hill, Texas , West Palm Beach, Florida and a joint program with Hotel Institute Montreux in Montreux, Switzerland, began in 2001...
in Midland, Michigan
Midland, Michigan
Midland is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan in the Tri-Cities region of the state. It is the county seat of Midland County. The city's population was 41,863 as of the 2010 census. It is the principal city of the Midland Micropolitan Statistical Area....
.
Sources
- Coir, Mark; James Scripps Booth: Artist and Engineer. Cranbrook Archives. 1988.
- Personal papers belonging to James Scripps Booth and John McLaughlin Booth. Cranbrook Archives, Bloomfield Hills, MichiganBloomfield Hills, MichiganBloomfield Hills is a city in Oakland County of the U.S. state of Michigan, northwest of downtown Detroit. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 3,869...
. - James Scripps Booth: Artist, Engineer, Polymath. Foreword by Jason Weems; University of Michigan Press, 2008.