Jake E. Lee
Encyclopedia
Jakey Lou Williams commonly known as Jake E. Lee, is an American guitarist
Guitarist
A guitarist is a musician who plays the guitar. Guitarists may play a variety of instruments such as classical guitars, acoustic guitars, electric guitars, and bass guitars. Some guitarists accompany themselves on the guitar while singing.- Versatility :The guitarist controls an extremely...

 best known for playing with Ozzy Osbourne
Ozzy Osbourne
John Michael "Ozzy" Osbourne is an English vocalist, whose musical career has spanned over 40 years. Osbourne rose to prominence as lead singer of the pioneering English heavy metal band Black Sabbath, whose radically different, intentionally dark, harder sound helped spawn the heavy metal...

 in the mid-1980s and later in his own band Badlands
Badlands (band)
Badlands was a short-lived rock band founded by former Ozzy Osbourne guitarist Jake E. Lee and former Black Sabbath members Ray Gillen and Eric Singer. Badlands also featured bassist Greg Chaisson. After the first Badlands album, Eric Singer was replaced by Jeff Martin...

.

Musical education

Jake E. Lee was encouraged by his mother to take classical piano lessons as a child. With a lack of interest in piano, 13 year old Lee found that he enjoyed playing his older sister's guitar. His older sister influenced his desire to play by introducing him to some old Jimi Hendrix
Jimi Hendrix
James Marshall "Jimi" Hendrix was an American guitarist and singer-songwriter...

, Black Sabbath
Black Sabbath
Black Sabbath are an English heavy metal band, formed in Aston, Birmingham in 1969 by Ozzy Osbourne , Tony Iommi , Geezer Butler , and Bill Ward . The band has since experienced multiple line-up changes, with Tony Iommi the only constant presence in the band through the years. A total of 22...

 and Led Zeppelin
Led Zeppelin
Led Zeppelin were an English rock band, active in the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s. Formed in 1968, they consisted of guitarist Jimmy Page, singer Robert Plant, bassist/keyboardist John Paul Jones, and drummer John Bonham...

 records. The first song he learned was "No Time" by The Guess Who
The Guess Who
The Guess Who are a Canadian rock band from Winnipeg, Manitoba. Initially gaining recognition in Canada, they also found international success from the late 1960s through the mid-1970s with numerous hit singles, including "American Woman", "These Eyes" and "Share the Land"...

. From there, he used what formal training he had from piano, along with a Mel Bay guitar method book and concentrated on becoming a self taught, rock guitarist. Obviously catching on and quickly developing a talent for the guitar, Lee played in several high school bands. And so, teenaged Jake E. Lee was already turning heads and wowing fellow San Diego musicians with his impressive style of playing.

Musical career

In San Diego, Lee headed a band called Teaser, purportedly named after the debut solo album of Tommy Bolin
Tommy Bolin
Thomas Richard "Tommy" Bolin was an American-born guitarist who played with Zephyr , The James Gang , and Deep Purple , in addition to doing solo work...

, of whom Lee was an avowed fan. This Teaser should not be confused with the Dutch band Teaser which featured future Whitesnake
Whitesnake
Whitesnake are an English rock band, founded in 1978 by David Coverdale after his departure from his previous band, Deep Purple. The band's early material has been compared by critics to Deep Purple, but by the mid 1980s they had moved to a more commercial hard rock style...

 guitarist Adrian Vandenberg
Adrian Vandenberg
Adrian van den Berg is a Dutch rock guitarist, best known for his tenure as one of the guitarists in Whitesnake during their successful late 1980s period.-Early years:...

. Teaser was the official House Band at San Diego's first "Teen Night Club", StraitaHead Sound, for several years. In 1980, Lee joined a San Diego hard rock band called Mickey Ratt, which after later relocating to Los Angeles became the popular glam metal
Glam metal
Glam metal is a subgenre of hard rock and heavy metal that arose in the late 1970s and early 1980s in the United States, particularly on the Los Angeles Sunset Strip music scene...

 band Ratt
Ratt
Ratt is an American heavy metal band that had significant commercial success in the 1980s. The band is best known for songs such as "Round and Round," "Wanted Man," "Lay It Down," "You're in Love", "Slip of the Lip", "Back For More", "Dance", "Body Talk", "I Want a Woman", and "Way Cool Jr." Ratt...

. They released the single "Dr. Rock"/"Drivin on E", which was given away for free to fans at their live shows. Their song "Tell the World" was included on the original pressing of the influential first Metal Massacre
Metal Massacre
Metal Massacre is a series of compilation albums released through Metal Blade Records. It is famous for "shedding light" on bands such as Metallica, Slayer, Overkill, Trouble, Tactics, Armored Saint, and more.-History:...

 album (1982), an album which also featured Metallica
Metallica
Metallica is an American heavy metal band from Los Angeles, California. Formed in 1981 when James Hetfield responded to an advertisement that drummer Lars Ulrich had posted in a local newspaper. The current line-up features long-time lead guitarist Kirk Hammett and bassist Robert Trujillo ...

's first song "Hit the Lights".

Lee soon left Ratt to join Rough Cutt
Rough Cutt
Rough Cutt was an American heavy metal band from San Diego, California in the 1980s. They were based in Los Angeles after signing a recording contract with Warner Brothers...

, who were at that time produced by Ronnie James Dio
Ronnie James Dio
Ronald James Padavona , better known as Ronnie James Dio, was an American heavy metal vocalist and songwriter. He performed with, amongst others, Elf, Rainbow, Black Sabbath, Heaven & Hell, and his own band Dio, which means God in Italian. Other musical projects include the collective fundraiser...

 and managed by his wife Wendy Dio. After hearing Lee in Rough Cutt in 1982, Ronnie James Dio invited Lee to join his new solo band Dio
Dio (band)
Dio was an American heavy metal band from Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Formed in 1982 and led by vocalist Ronnie James Dio, after he left Black Sabbath with intentions to form a new band with fellow former Black Sabbath member, drummer Vinny Appice. Naming the band Dio made sense from a commercial...

, which he was forming after departing Black Sabbath
Black Sabbath
Black Sabbath are an English heavy metal band, formed in Aston, Birmingham in 1969 by Ozzy Osbourne , Tony Iommi , Geezer Butler , and Bill Ward . The band has since experienced multiple line-up changes, with Tony Iommi the only constant presence in the band through the years. A total of 22...

. Lee accepted, though his time in Dio's band was short-lived. According to drummer Vinny Appice
Vinny Appice
Vincent Samson Appice , also known as Vinny Appice is a rock drummer of American Italian descent and the younger brother of drummer Carmine Appice...

, there were rehearsals with Lee and Dio and recordings of those rehearsals still exist. Lee claims to have written the main riff to "Don't Talk to Strangers" (which would later appear on the Holy Diver
Holy Diver
Holy Diver is the debut album from American heavy metal band Dio.-History:Released on May 25, 1983, the album has been hailed by critics as Dio's best work and a classic staple in the heavy metal genre. The album was eventually certified Gold in the US on September 12, 1984 and Platinum on March...

 album) and that Dio wanted him to play "simple block chords that wouldn't trample on his vocals".

When Ozzy Osbourne
Ozzy Osbourne
John Michael "Ozzy" Osbourne is an English vocalist, whose musical career has spanned over 40 years. Osbourne rose to prominence as lead singer of the pioneering English heavy metal band Black Sabbath, whose radically different, intentionally dark, harder sound helped spawn the heavy metal...

 sought a permanent replacement for the deceased Randy Rhoads
Randy Rhoads
Randall William "Randy" Rhoads was an American heavy metal guitarist who played with Ozzy Osbourne and Quiet Riot. A devoted student of classical guitar, Rhoads often combined his classical music influences with his own heavy metal style. While on tour with Ozzy Osbourne, he would seek out...

, he came to Los Angeles to audition lead guitarists. Dana Strum
Dana Strum
Dana Strum is the bassist of heavy metal band Slaughter. Before that, he was in Vinnie Vincent Invasion together with fellow bandmate, Mark Slaughter...

, who had recommended Rhoads to Osbourne in 1979, this time recommended Lee for the job. Osbourne was torn between Lee and Dokken
Dokken
Dokken is an American heavy metal and hard rock band formed in 1978. They split up in 1989 but reformed four years later. The group accumulated numerous charting singles and has sold more than 10 million albums worldwide...

 guitarist George Lynch
George Lynch (musician)
George Lynch is a hard rock/heavy metal guitarist best known as a member of the band Dokken, his own bands Lynch Mob and Souls of We.-Pre Dokken:...

. Though Osbourne is said to have initially chosen Lynch, he soon changed his mind and Lee became his full-time guitarist for the next five years. Lee's first concert appearance with Osbourne was to be at the 1983 US Festival
US Festival
The US Festivals were two early 1980s music and culture festivals sponsored by Steve Wozniak, formerly of Apple Computer. The first was held Labor Day weekend in September 1982 and the second was Memorial Day weekend in May 1983...

 along with many other top rock acts. Osbourne's line-up at that time was Lee on guitar, Don Airey
Don Airey
Donald Airey has been the keyboardist in the rock band Deep Purple since 2002, succeeding Jon Lord...

 on keyboards, Tommy Aldridge
Tommy Aldridge
Tommy Aldridge is a veteran heavy metal and hard rock drummer. Aldridge is noted for his work with numerous bands and vocalists, most notable being Black Oak Arkansas, Pat Travers Band, Ozzy Osbourne, Gary Moore, Whitesnake, Ted Nugent and Thin Lizzy.Self taught, Aldridge was inspired by Cream,...

 on drums and several different bass players throughout this time: Pete Way
Pete Way
Peter 'Pete' Frederick Way is a bass player.He is the bassist of UFO, Waysted and formerly, Fastway and Ozzy Osbourne....

, Don Costa
Don Costa
Don Costa was an American pop music arranger and record producer, best known for his work with Frank Sinatra.-Career:...

 and Bob Daisley
Bob Daisley
Robert John "Bob" Daisley is an Australian musician, bassist and lyricist who has performed in genres of rock, blues, R&B, hard rock and metal.-Early career:...

.

With Lee, Osbourne then began writing and recording the Bark at the Moon
Bark at the Moon
- Credits :* Ozzy Osbourne – vocals* Jake E. Lee – guitar* Bob Daisley – bass guitar* Tommy Aldridge – drums* Don Airey – keyboardsProduction* Produced by Ozzy Osbourne, Bob Daisley, and Max Norman* Engineered by Max Norman...

 album. The songs "So Tired
Bark at the Moon
- Credits :* Ozzy Osbourne – vocals* Jake E. Lee – guitar* Bob Daisley – bass guitar* Tommy Aldridge – drums* Don Airey – keyboardsProduction* Produced by Ozzy Osbourne, Bob Daisley, and Max Norman* Engineered by Max Norman...

" and "Bark at the Moon
Bark at the Moon (song)
"Bark at the Moon" is a metal song by Ozzy Osbourne. It is the opening track on his 1983 album Bark at the Moon. The song was composed by Jake E. Lee and Bob Daisley; lyrics were written solely by Osbourne. "Bark at the Moon" is a metal song by Ozzy Osbourne. It is the opening track on his 1983...

" were released as singles, with accompanying videos
Music video
A music video or song video is a short film integrating a song and imagery, produced for promotional or artistic purposes. Modern music videos are primarily made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings...

, and they received regular airplay
Airplay (song)
Airplay is a term used in the radio broadcasting industry to state how frequently a song is being played on over-the-air radio stations. For example, a song which is being played several times every day would be classed as receiving a large amount of airplay...

 on MTV
MTV
MTV, formerly an initialism of Music Television, is an American network based in New York City that launched on August 1, 1981. The original purpose of the channel was to play music videos guided by on-air hosts known as VJs....

 and radio. To date, the album has sold three million copies in the U.S.

After Osbourne left the Betty Ford Center
Betty Ford Center
The Betty Ford Center , is a non-profit, separately licensed residential chemical dependency recovery hospital in Rancho Mirage, California, that offers inpatient, outpatient, and day treatment for alcohol and other drug addictions as well as prevention and education programs for family and children...

 where he had been treated for substance abuse, Lee presented him with the music he had written while Osbourne was away. Osbourne was purportedly very satisfied with the quantity and quality of Lee's new music, much of which would be used for the 1986 album, The Ultimate Sin
The Ultimate Sin
-Personnel:*Ozzy Osbourne - vocals*Jake E. Lee - guitar*Phil Soussan - bass*Randy Castillo - drumsAdditional performers*Mike Moran - keyboardsProduction*Produced and engineered by Ron Nevison*Additional engineers - Martin White, Richard Moakes...

. The album was awarded Platinum status in May 1986 and was awarded Double Platinum status in October 1994. Lee and Osbourne once again toured extensively, this time with Phil Soussan
Phil Soussan
Phil Soussan is a bass guitarist, songwriter and producer who has gained notoriety as a member of a host of famed rock and roll bands, including some who have been fronted by such vocalists as Ozzy Osbourne, Billy Idol, Vince Neil, Johnny Hallyday and John Waite, as well as a membership in Beggars...

 on bass and Randy Castillo
Randy Castillo
Randolpho Francisco Castillo was best known as Ozzy Osbourne's drummer during the mid 1980s to the early 1990s, and later as drummer for Mötley Crüe, from 1999-2002.-Early years:...

 on drums. In Kansas City, Missouri
Kansas City, Missouri
Kansas City, Missouri is the largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri and is the anchor city of the Kansas City Metropolitan Area, the second largest metropolitan area in Missouri. It encompasses in parts of Jackson, Clay, Cass, and Platte counties...

 on April 1, 1986, a concert was filmed which would be released later that year as the home video The Ultimate Ozzy. In 1987, after touring with Ozzy Osbourne in support of The Ultimate Sin album, Lee was fired in a telegram from Sharon Osbourne
Sharon Osbourne
Sharon Rachel Osbourne is an English television host, author, music manager, businesswoman and promoter as well as the wife of heavy metal singer-songwriter Ozzy Osbourne....

 while working on one of his muscle cars back in Los Angeles. Lee was completely caught off guard at the time of his firing and was under the impression he had a solid working gig with the Osbourne camp.

After being fired from Ozzy's band, Lee formed the blues-based hard rock band Badlands
Badlands (band)
Badlands was a short-lived rock band founded by former Ozzy Osbourne guitarist Jake E. Lee and former Black Sabbath members Ray Gillen and Eric Singer. Badlands also featured bassist Greg Chaisson. After the first Badlands album, Eric Singer was replaced by Jeff Martin...

 with vocalist Ray Gillen
Ray Gillen
Raymond A. "Ray" Gillen was an American rock singer, best known for his work with Badlands, in addition to his stint with Black Sabbath in the mid-1980s and recording most of the vocals on Phenomena's classic Dreamrunner album....

 in 1988. Badlands consisted of Lee, Gillen, drummer Eric Singer
Eric Singer
Eric Doyle Mensinger , better known as Eric Singer, is a hard rock and heavy metal drummer for the rock band Kiss and formerly for singer Alice Cooper...

, and bassist Greg Chaisson
Greg Chaisson
Greg Chaisson is a bass guitarist who has been in various bands including Badlands, Surgical Steel , Legs Diamond, Blindside Blues Band, Die Happy, and Red Sea. He was also involved with the band Steeler, which was Yngwie Malmsteen's first American band and was started by Ron Keel. He currently...

. The band released their self-titled debut album in 1989. In 1991, Singer left Badlands to join KISS
KISS (band)
Kiss is an American rock band formed in New York City in January 1973. Well-known for its members' face paint and flamboyant stage outfits, the group rose to prominence in the mid to late 1970s on the basis of their elaborate live performances, which featured fire breathing, blood spitting,...

 after the death of longtime drummer Eric Carr
Eric Carr
Paul Charles Caravello , also known as Eric Carr, was an American musician, best known as drummer for the rock band Kiss. Caravello was selected as the new Kiss drummer after Peter Criss left in 1980...

. Badlands then released the followup album Voodoo Highway
Voodoo Highway
Voodoo Highway is the second album of the band Badlands. After the first Badlands album, drummer Eric Singer left the band to join KISS, and was replaced by drummer Jeff Martin, who had previously sung lead vocals in the bands Surgical Steel and Racer X...

. During the tour supporting that album, Gillen left the band and was briefly replaced by John West
John West (singer)
John West is an American musician.He was born in Syracuse, New York on October 29 and has sung for such bands as Artension, Royal Hunt, Badlands, Lynch Mob, Cozy Powell, Michael Lee Firkins, Yngwie Malmsteen, Trans-Siberian Orchestra, James Murphy, Marc Ferrari, Sun Red Sun, Many Moons, Rider and...

. Gillen later died of AIDS
AIDS
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus...

-related complications in 1993. In 1998, Badlands released the album Dusk
Dusk (Badlands album)
Dusk is Badlands's third and final album. It was originally recorded in 1992-1993 as a demo to submit to their label.The demo tracks to Dusk were released posthumously on December 15, 1998.-Track listing:All tracks by Ray Gillen & Jake E...

, which included previously unreleased material recorded with Gillen.

In 1996, Lee released an instrumental solo album titled A Fine Pink Mist
A Fine Pink Mist
A Fine Pink Mist is the debut solo album of former Ozzy Osbourne and Badlands guitarist Jake E. Lee, released in 1996. It is an instrumental.The album received favorable reviews and was compared by music critics to Joe Satriani's Surfing with the Alien....

. The album received favorable reviews and was compared by music critics to Joe Satriani
Joe Satriani
Joseph "Joe" Satriani is an American instrumental rock guitarist and multi-instrumentalist, with multiple Grammy Award nominations...

's Surfing with the Alien
Surfing with the Alien
Surfing with the Alien is the second album by instrumental rock guitarist Joe Satriani, released in 1987. Surfing with the Alien contributed greatly to establishing Satriani's reputation as a respected rock guitarist....

.

Throughout the 1990s and into the new millennium, Lee has kept a relatively low profile. He has most notably appeared on musical tributes to Queen
Queen (band)
Queen are a British rock band formed in London in 1971, originally consisting of Freddie Mercury , Brian May , John Deacon , and Roger Taylor...

, AC/DC
AC/DC
AC/DC are an Australian rock band, formed in 1973 by brothers Malcolm and Angus Young. Commonly classified as hard rock, they are considered pioneers of heavy metal, though they themselves have always classified their music as simply "rock and roll"...

, Rush
Rush (band)
Rush is a Canadian rock band formed in August 1968, in the Willowdale neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario. The band is composed of bassist, keyboardist, and lead vocalist Geddy Lee, guitarist Alex Lifeson, and drummer and lyricist Neil Peart...

, Van Halen
Van Halen
Van Halen is an American hard rock band formed in Pasadena, California, in 1972. The band has enjoyed success since the release of its debut album, Van Halen, . As of 2007 Van Halen has sold 80 million albums worldwide and has had the most #1 hits on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart...

, Randy Rhoads
Randy Rhoads
Randall William "Randy" Rhoads was an American heavy metal guitarist who played with Ozzy Osbourne and Quiet Riot. A devoted student of classical guitar, Rhoads often combined his classical music influences with his own heavy metal style. While on tour with Ozzy Osbourne, he would seek out...

, and Metallica
Metallic Assault: A Tribute to Metallica
Metallic Assault: A Tribute to Metallica is a tribute album to thrash metal band Metallica. The album features Metallica covers played not by formal bands, but collaborations between musicians from several bands. Songs from Kill 'Em All all the way to Metallica, with the exception of ...And Justice...

. Lee was involved in a project called Wicked Alliance with vocalist Mandy Lion
Mandy Lion
Mandy Lion is a heavy metal singer. He has sung for numerous bands, most notably World War Three . He is also the lead singer of the Mandy Lion Band....

, drummer Ray Luzier
Ray Luzier
Raymond Lee "Ray" Luzier is an American drummer. He is currently the drummer of the band Korn, becoming a full-time member of the band in April 2009.-Life and career:...

, and bassist Brian Perry
Brian Perry
Brian Thomas Perry is a former professional ice hockey left wing. He played in the National Hockey League with the Oakland Seals and Buffalo Sabres, as well as in the World Hockey Association with the New York Raiders, New York Golden Blades, New Jersey Knights, and San Diego Mariners.In his NHL...

, and also briefly joined Bourgeois Pigs with Michael Guy and bassist Tony Franklin
Tony Franklin (musician)
Anthony James "Tony" Franklin is an English rock musician, best known for his work on the fretless bass guitar with Roy Harper, The Firm, Jimmy Page, John Sykes' Blue Murder, Whitesnake and briefly, with Quiet Riot.-Fretless bass:...

. No known recordings with either band exist. In 2000, Lee played lead guitar on two tracks from Rob Rock
Rob Rock
Robert Rock is a heavy metal singer and songwriter. He is best known for being the lead singer of the band Impellitteri from 1992 to 2000, and now in 2008. He has also released four albums as a solo artist.-Biography:...

's Rage of Creation
Rage of Creation
Rage of Creation is a heavy metal album by Rob Rock. It is his first album as a solo artist and was released on July 26, 2000 in Japan with 12 tracks. It was not released outside of Japan until four months later on November 27, 2000 however with a missing track...

 album. In 2005, Lee released his first album in eight years entitled Retraced
Retraced
Retraced is the second studio album released by American rock guitarist Jake E. Lee. The album features no original material, instead consisting of covers of various bands from Lee's youth....

, which consisted of blues covers from the 1960s and 1970s. Lee is currently in a three-piece band called 3 Day Crush.

Equipment

Note: He has used various other pieces of equipment, but due to his low profile, it is difficult to list all of his used
  • Marshall JCM800 2203 and various other Marshalls
  • Modified Fender Strat (modded by friend at Charvel, hence the logo. White finish, black pickguard, slanted middle and neck single coil pickups)
  • Custom Charvel Strat (Sames specifications as his modded Fender, but with a transparent blue finish and no pickguard)
  • Charvel Holdsworth Strats (Red with mirror pickguard and single bridge pickup. Also had a second one in Daphne Blue with a black pickguard and single bridge pickguard)
  • ESP Custom Shop Jake E Lee Signature Strats (Same specifications as his modded Fender, but in various different colors)
  • Gibson SG Jr. (White finish with black pickguard and single P90 bridge pickup)
  • Boss OD-1
  • Boss BF-2

With Mickey Ratt

  • The Garage Tape Dayz 78-81
    The Garage Tape Dayz 78-81
    The Garage Tape Dayz 78-81 is a compilation album of Mickey Ratt demos recorded between 1978 and 1981. The lineup on "City To City" was the first to perform as Ratt, though they would change the name back to Mickey Ratt....

     (2000)
  • Rattus Erectus 1976-1982
    Rattus Erectus 1976-1982
    -Track list:# Ratt Madness# Cry In Time# Top Secret# Take It Anyway# Tell The World # Dr. Rock# Drivin' On E# Terror On The Midway# Misdemeanor# Out Of The Cellar# On The Right Side # Railbreak/intro to Out Of The Cellar...

  • In Your Direction
  • Pre-Ratt Days
    Pre-Ratt Days
    Pre-Ratt Days is a Mickey Ratt demo compilation EP.-Personnel :* Stephen Pearcy: Lead vocals* Jake E. Lee: Guitar on "Cry In Time"...

     (2007)

With Badlands

  • Badlands
    Badlands (album)
    Badlands is the first album by the band of the same name. This album features Ray Gillen and Eric Singer, who previously played together in Black Sabbath. This album also features guitarist Jake E. Lee and bassist Greg Chaisson...

     (1989)
  • Voodoo Highway
    Voodoo Highway
    Voodoo Highway is the second album of the band Badlands. After the first Badlands album, drummer Eric Singer left the band to join KISS, and was replaced by drummer Jeff Martin, who had previously sung lead vocals in the bands Surgical Steel and Racer X...

     (1991)
  • Dusk
    Dusk (Badlands album)
    Dusk is Badlands's third and final album. It was originally recorded in 1992-1993 as a demo to submit to their label.The demo tracks to Dusk were released posthumously on December 15, 1998.-Track listing:All tracks by Ray Gillen & Jake E...

     (1998)

Solo

  • A Fine Pink Mist
    A Fine Pink Mist
    A Fine Pink Mist is the debut solo album of former Ozzy Osbourne and Badlands guitarist Jake E. Lee, released in 1996. It is an instrumental.The album received favorable reviews and was compared by music critics to Joe Satriani's Surfing with the Alien....

     (1996)
  • Retraced
    Retraced
    Retraced is the second studio album released by American rock guitarist Jake E. Lee. The album features no original material, instead consisting of covers of various bands from Lee's youth....

     (2005)
  • Guitar Warrior (2007)
  • Running with the Devil (2008)
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