Jacques-Cartier
Encyclopedia
Jacques-Cartier is a provincial electoral district in Quebec
, Canada
, that elects members to the National Assembly of Quebec
. It was created in 1853, and named after French explorer Jacques Cartier
who discovered the Saint Lawrence Valley between 1534 and 1542 in part of what would become New France
until 1760. The district's borders were last altered in 2001 and currently it is the only provincial electoral district in Quebec
with an Anglophone absolute majority.
The district is located in the southwestern corner of the city of Montreal
, including the communities of Baie-d'Urfé
and Beaconsfield
.
|Liberal
|Geoffrey Kelley
|align="right"|20,433
|align="right"|80.85
|align="right"|+10.61
|-
|Green
|Ryan Young
|align="right"|1,897
|align="right"|7.51
|align="right"|-3.57
|-
|Parti Québécois
|Olivier Gendreau
|align="right"|1,522
|align="right"|6.02
|align="right"|+1.80
|-
|Action démocratique
|Marie-Hélène Trudel
|align="right"|969
|align="right"|3.83
|align="right"|-8.58
|-
|Québec solidaire
|Marianne Breton-Fontaine
|align="right"|364
|align="right"|1.44
|align="right"|-0.09
|-
|Marxist-Leninist
|Marsha Fine
|align="right"|87
|align="right"|0.34
|align="right"|-
|}
|-
|Liberal
|Geoffrey Kelley
|align="right"|22,481
|align="right"|70.24
|align="right"|-16.55
|-
|Action démocratique
|Walter Rulli
|align="right"|3,973
|align="right"|12.41
|align="right"|+8.79
|-
|Green
|Ryan Young
|align="right"|3,545
|align="right"|11.08
|align="right"|+8.98
|-
|Parti Québécois
|Sophia Caporicci
|align="right"|1,352
|align="right"|4.22
|align="right"|-1.25
|-
|Québec solidaire
|Jill Hanley
|align="right"|491
|align="right"|1.53
|align="right"|-
|-
|Independent
|Andy Srougi
|align="right"|166
|align="right"|0.52
|align="right"|-
|}
|-
|Liberal
|Geoffrey Kelley
|align="right"|30,035
|align="right"|86.79
|align="right"|+3.12
|-
|Parti Québécois
|Guy Amyot
|align="right"|1,894
|align="right"|5.47
|align="right"|-2.95
|-
|Action démocratique
|Jeffrey Penney
|align="right"|1,253
|align="right"|3.62
|align="right"|+0.08
|-
|Green
|Ryan Young
|align="right"|727
|align="right"|2.10
|align="right"|-
|-
|Equality
|Keith Henderson
|align="right"|650
|align="right"|1.88
|align="right"|-1.94
|-
|No designation
|Daniel Cormier-Roach
|align="right"|49
|align="right"|0.14
|align="right"|-
|}
|-
|Liberal
|Geoffrey Kelley
|align="right"|32,924
|align="right"|83.67
|align="right"|+0.02
|-
|Parti Québécois
|Guy Amyot
|align="right"|3,315
|align="right"|8.42
|align="right"|-0.35
|-
|Equality
|William F. Shaw
|align="right"|1,502
|align="right"|3.82
|align="right"|-2.33
|-
|Action démocratique
|Alexandre Barnes
|align="right"|1,392
|align="right"|3.54
|align="right"|-
|-
|Socialist Democracy
|Eugène Busque
|align="right"|217
|align="right"|0.55
|align="right"|-
|}
|-
|Liberal
|Geoffrey Kelley
|align="right"|32,839
|align="right"|83.65
|align="right"|+42.13
|-
|Parti Québécois
|Maurice Crépeau
|align="right"|3,441
|align="right"|8.77
|align="right"|-0.22
|-
|Equality
|Neil Cameron
|align="right"|2,415
|align="right"|6.15
|align="right"|-37.75
|-
|Natural Law
|Maurice Bergeron
|align="right"|206
|align="right"|0.52
|align="right"|-
|-
|CANADA!
|Gilles Florent Pepin
|align="right"|186
|align="right"|0.47
|align="right"|-
|-
|Economic
|Karl Berryman
|align="right"|94
|align="right"|0.24
|align="right"|-
|-
|Communist
|Jacques Hardy
|align="right"|76
|align="right"|0.19
|align="right"|-
|}
|-
|Equality
|Neil Cameron
|align="right"|14,821
|align="right"|43.90
|align="right"|-
|-
|Liberal
|Joan Dougherty
|align="right"|14,019
|align="right"|41.52
|align="right"|-38.84
|-
|Parti Québécois
|Claudette Montpetit
|align="right"|3,035
|align="right"|8.99
|align="right"|-3.74
|-
|Green
|Amy E. Barratt
|align="right"|1,419
|align="right"|4.20
|align="right"|+3.17
|-
|New Democrat
|Thomas Ezzy
|align="right"|228
|align="right"|0.68
|align="right"|-2.72
|-
|Independent
|Neal Ford
|align="right"|192
|align="right"|0.57
|align="right"|-
|-
|Independent
|Howard Galganov
|align="right"|50
|align="right"|0.15
|align="right"|-
|}
Quebec
Quebec or is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level....
, Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
, that elects members to the National Assembly of Quebec
National Assembly of Quebec
The National Assembly of Quebec is the legislative body of the Province of Quebec. The Lieutenant Governor and the National Assembly compose the Parliament of Quebec, which operates in a fashion similar to those of other British-style parliamentary systems.The National Assembly was formerly the...
. It was created in 1853, and named after French explorer Jacques Cartier
Jacques Cartier
Jacques Cartier was a French explorer of Breton origin who claimed what is now Canada for France. He was the first European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named "The Country of Canadas", after the Iroquois names for the two big...
who discovered the Saint Lawrence Valley between 1534 and 1542 in part of what would become New France
New France
New France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period beginning with the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Spain and Great Britain in 1763...
until 1760. The district's borders were last altered in 2001 and currently it is the only provincial electoral district in Quebec
Quebec
Quebec or is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level....
with an Anglophone absolute majority.
The district is located in the southwestern corner of the city of Montreal
Montreal
Montreal is a city in Canada. It is the largest city in the province of Quebec, the second-largest city in Canada and the seventh largest in North America...
, including the communities of Baie-d'Urfé
Baie-d'Urfé, Quebec
Baie-D'Urfé is a suburb located near to the western tip of the Island of Montreal, in Quebec, Canada. After the amalgamation of the Island's 27 distinct municipalities, it was merged on January 1, 2002 with neighbouring Beaconsfield to create the borough of Beaconsfield–Baie-D'Urfé, in the new...
and Beaconsfield
Beaconsfield, Quebec
Beaconsfield , 2006 Population 19,194) is a municipality on the Island of Montreal in Quebec, Canada. It is located on the north shore of Lake Saint-Louis and is bordered on the west by Baie-D'Urfé, on the north by Kirkland and on the east by Pointe-Claire...
.
Linguistic demographics
- AnglophoneEnglish languageEnglish is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
: 54% - FrancophoneFrancophoneThe adjective francophone means French-speaking, typically as primary language, whether referring to individuals, groups, or places. Often, the word is used as a noun to describe a natively French-speaking person....
: 26% - AllophoneAllophone (Quebec)In Quebec, an allophone is a resident, usually an immigrant, whose mother tongue or home language is neither English nor French. The term is also sometimes used in other parts of Canada. The term parallels Anglophone and Francophone, which designate people whose mother tongues are English and...
: 20%
Members of Legislative Assembly
- Narcisse LecavalierNarcisse LecavalierNarcisse Lecavalier was a notary and political figure in Quebec. He represented Jacques-Cartier from 1867 to 1882 as a Conservative member....
, Conservative PartyParti conservateur du QuébecThe Parti conservateur du Québec was a political party in Quebec, Canada.-Origins:The party originated as the Parti bleu which was formed around 1850 by the followers of Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine...
(1867-1882) - Joseph-Alfred MousseauJoseph-Alfred MousseauJoseph-Alfred Mousseau, PC , was a French Canadian politician.He was born in Sainte-Geneviève-de-Berthier, Lower Canada, the son of Louis Mousseau, the son of Alexis Mousseau, and Sophie Duteau, dit Grandpré...
, Conservative Party (1882-1884) - Arthur BoyerArthur BoyerArthur Boyer was a Canadian politician in the province of Quebec.Born in Montreal, Canada East, the son of Louis Boyer and Marie-Aurélie Mignault, Boyer studied in Montreal and at the University of London. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec for the electoral district of...
, Liberal (1884-1892) - Joseph-Adélard Descarries, Conservative Party (1892-1897)
- Joseph-Adolphe Chauret, Liberal (1897-1908)
- Philémon CousineauPhilémon CousineauPhilémon Cousineau was a Canadian politician born in Saint-Laurent . He was mayor of St-Laurent from 1905 to 1909, and Quebec Conservative Party leader from 1915 to 1916. He resigned following his defeat in the 1916 Quebec provincial election in the riding of Jacques-Cartier which he was the...
, Conservative Party (1908-1916) - Joseph-Séraphin-Aimé AshbyJoseph-Séraphin-Aimé AshbyJoseph-Séraphin-Aimé Ashby was a Canadian politician in the province of Quebec.Born in Sainte-Marie-de-Monnoir, Quebec, the son of George Ashby and Euphrosine Messier, Ashby was educated at the college of Sainte-Marie-de-Monnoir and the Université Laval at Montreal. He became a notary public in...
, Liberal (1916-1923) - Ésioff-Léon PatenaudeEsioff-Léon PatenaudeEsioff-Léon Patenaude, PC, KC, often called E.L. Patenaude was a Canadian politician and statesman who served as the 17th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec. Born in Saint-Isidore, Quebec, in 1875, he studied law at Université Laval and was called to the Quebec bar in 1899...
, Conservative Party (1923-1925) - Victor Marchand, Liberal (1925-1932)
- Joseph Théodule Rheaume, Liberal (1933-1935)
- Frederick Arthur MonkFrederick Arthur Monk-Background:He was born in Montreal on July 16, 1884 and was the son of Frederick Debartzch Monk.-Member of the legislature:He was elected as the Action libérale nationale candidate to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec in 1935 in the district of Jacques-Cartier. He refused to joined the newly...
, Action liberale nationaleAction libérale nationaleThe Action libérale nationale was a short-lived provincial political party in Quebec, Canada. It was founded during the Great Depression and led by Paul Gouin. The ALN played an important role in the foundation of the Union Nationale.-Origin and beliefs:The party was created in 1934 by...
(1935-1936) - Anatole Carignan, Union Nationale (1936-1939)
- Charles-Aimé KirklandCharles-Aimé KirklandCharles-Aimé Kirkland was a Canadian politician serving as the Liberal MNA in the provincial riding of Jacques-Cartier from 1939 to 1961. The Town of Kirkland is named in his honour, as well as the now-closed Charles A. Kirkland Elementary school in Roxboro, Quebec.-References:* at Assemblée...
, Liberal (1939-1961) - Marie-Claire KirklandMarie-Claire KirklandMarie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain, is a Quebec lawyer, judge and politician. She was the first woman elected to the National Assembly of Quebec, the first woman appointed a Cabinet minister in Quebec, the first woman appointed acting premier, and the first woman judge to serve in the Quebec...
, Liberal (1961-1966)
Members of the National Assembly
- Noël Saint-GermainNoël Saint-GermainNoël Saint-Germain was a politician in the Canadian province of Quebec, who represented Jacques-Cartier in the National Assembly of Quebec from 1966 to 1981.-External links: at the National Assembly of Quebec...
, Liberal (1966-1981) - Joan DoughertyJoan DoughertyJoan Dougherty was a politician in the Canadian province of Quebec, who represented Jacques-Cartier in the National Assembly of Quebec from 1981 to 1987.-External links: at the National Assembly of Quebec...
, Liberal (1981-1989) - Neil Cameron, Equality PartyEquality Party (Quebec)The Equality Party was a political party in Quebec, Canada, that promoted the use of English in Quebec on an equal basis with French. Four Equality Party members were elected to Quebec's National Assembly in 1989, as part of an anglophone reaction to changes made by the governing Liberals to...
(1989-1994) - Geoffrey KelleyGeoffrey KelleyGeoffrey Kelley is a Quebec politician, coach and teacher. He is the current Member of National Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Jacques-Cartier in Montreal's West Island region. He represents the Quebec Liberal Party.Kelley went to the Université de Montréal to study French courses and then...
, Liberal (1994-present)
Geography
It consists of the municipalities of:- Baie-D'Urfé
- Beaconsfield
- Kirkland (part)
- Pointe-Claire
- Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue
Linguistic demographics
- AnglophoneEnglish languageEnglish is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
: 55% - FrancophoneFrancophoneThe adjective francophone means French-speaking, typically as primary language, whether referring to individuals, groups, or places. Often, the word is used as a noun to describe a natively French-speaking person....
: 27% - AllophoneAllophone (Quebec)In Quebec, an allophone is a resident, usually an immigrant, whose mother tongue or home language is neither English nor French. The term is also sometimes used in other parts of Canada. The term parallels Anglophone and Francophone, which designate people whose mother tongues are English and...
: 18%
Electoral results
|-|Liberal
|Geoffrey Kelley
|align="right"|20,433
|align="right"|80.85
|align="right"|+10.61
|-
|Green
Green Party of Quebec
The Parti vert du Québec/Green Party of Quebec or PVQ is a Quebec political party whose platform is the promotion of green values. It has not elected any members to the National Assembly of Quebec...
|Ryan Young
|align="right"|1,897
|align="right"|7.51
|align="right"|-3.57
|-
|Parti Québécois
Parti Québécois
The Parti Québécois is a centre-left political party that advocates national sovereignty for the province of Quebec and secession from Canada. The Party traditionally has support from the labour movement. Unlike many other social-democratic parties, its ties with the labour movement are informal...
|Olivier Gendreau
|align="right"|1,522
|align="right"|6.02
|align="right"|+1.80
|-
|Action démocratique
Action démocratique du Québec
The Action démocratique du Québec, commonly referred to as the ADQ is a centre-right political party in Quebec, Canada. On the sovereignty question, it defines itself as autonomist, and has support from both soft nationalists and federalists....
|Marie-Hélène Trudel
|align="right"|969
|align="right"|3.83
|align="right"|-8.58
|-
|Québec solidaire
Québec Solidaire
Québec solidaire is a democratic socialist and sovereigntist political party in Quebec, Canada, that was created on 4 February 2006 in Montreal. It was formed by the merger of the left-wing party Union des forces progressistes and the alter-globalization political movement Option Citoyenne, led...
|Marianne Breton-Fontaine
|align="right"|364
|align="right"|1.44
|align="right"|-0.09
|-
|Marxist-Leninist
|Marsha Fine
|align="right"|87
|align="right"|0.34
|align="right"|-
|}
|-
|Liberal
|Geoffrey Kelley
|align="right"|22,481
|align="right"|70.24
|align="right"|-16.55
|-
|Action démocratique
Action démocratique du Québec
The Action démocratique du Québec, commonly referred to as the ADQ is a centre-right political party in Quebec, Canada. On the sovereignty question, it defines itself as autonomist, and has support from both soft nationalists and federalists....
|Walter Rulli
|align="right"|3,973
|align="right"|12.41
|align="right"|+8.79
|-
|Green
Green Party of Quebec
The Parti vert du Québec/Green Party of Quebec or PVQ is a Quebec political party whose platform is the promotion of green values. It has not elected any members to the National Assembly of Quebec...
|Ryan Young
|align="right"|3,545
|align="right"|11.08
|align="right"|+8.98
|-
|Parti Québécois
Parti Québécois
The Parti Québécois is a centre-left political party that advocates national sovereignty for the province of Quebec and secession from Canada. The Party traditionally has support from the labour movement. Unlike many other social-democratic parties, its ties with the labour movement are informal...
|Sophia Caporicci
|align="right"|1,352
|align="right"|4.22
|align="right"|-1.25
|-
|Québec solidaire
Québec Solidaire
Québec solidaire is a democratic socialist and sovereigntist political party in Quebec, Canada, that was created on 4 February 2006 in Montreal. It was formed by the merger of the left-wing party Union des forces progressistes and the alter-globalization political movement Option Citoyenne, led...
|Jill Hanley
|align="right"|491
|align="right"|1.53
|align="right"|-
|-
|Independent
Independent (politician)
In politics, an independent or non-party politician is an individual not affiliated to any political party. Independents may hold a centrist viewpoint between those of major political parties, a viewpoint more extreme than any major party, or they may have a viewpoint based on issues that they do...
|Andy Srougi
|align="right"|166
|align="right"|0.52
|align="right"|-
|}
|-
|Liberal
|Geoffrey Kelley
|align="right"|30,035
|align="right"|86.79
|align="right"|+3.12
|-
|Parti Québécois
Parti Québécois
The Parti Québécois is a centre-left political party that advocates national sovereignty for the province of Quebec and secession from Canada. The Party traditionally has support from the labour movement. Unlike many other social-democratic parties, its ties with the labour movement are informal...
|Guy Amyot
|align="right"|1,894
|align="right"|5.47
|align="right"|-2.95
|-
|Action démocratique
Action démocratique du Québec
The Action démocratique du Québec, commonly referred to as the ADQ is a centre-right political party in Quebec, Canada. On the sovereignty question, it defines itself as autonomist, and has support from both soft nationalists and federalists....
|Jeffrey Penney
|align="right"|1,253
|align="right"|3.62
|align="right"|+0.08
|-
|Green
Green Party of Quebec
The Parti vert du Québec/Green Party of Quebec or PVQ is a Quebec political party whose platform is the promotion of green values. It has not elected any members to the National Assembly of Quebec...
|Ryan Young
|align="right"|727
|align="right"|2.10
|align="right"|-
|-
|Equality
Equality Party (Quebec)
The Equality Party was a political party in Quebec, Canada, that promoted the use of English in Quebec on an equal basis with French. Four Equality Party members were elected to Quebec's National Assembly in 1989, as part of an anglophone reaction to changes made by the governing Liberals to...
|Keith Henderson
|align="right"|650
|align="right"|1.88
|align="right"|-1.94
|-
|No designation
|Daniel Cormier-Roach
|align="right"|49
|align="right"|0.14
|align="right"|-
|}
|-
|Liberal
|Geoffrey Kelley
|align="right"|32,924
|align="right"|83.67
|align="right"|+0.02
|-
|Parti Québécois
Parti Québécois
The Parti Québécois is a centre-left political party that advocates national sovereignty for the province of Quebec and secession from Canada. The Party traditionally has support from the labour movement. Unlike many other social-democratic parties, its ties with the labour movement are informal...
|Guy Amyot
|align="right"|3,315
|align="right"|8.42
|align="right"|-0.35
|-
|Equality
Equality Party (Quebec)
The Equality Party was a political party in Quebec, Canada, that promoted the use of English in Quebec on an equal basis with French. Four Equality Party members were elected to Quebec's National Assembly in 1989, as part of an anglophone reaction to changes made by the governing Liberals to...
|William F. Shaw
|align="right"|1,502
|align="right"|3.82
|align="right"|-2.33
|-
|Action démocratique
Action démocratique du Québec
The Action démocratique du Québec, commonly referred to as the ADQ is a centre-right political party in Quebec, Canada. On the sovereignty question, it defines itself as autonomist, and has support from both soft nationalists and federalists....
|Alexandre Barnes
|align="right"|1,392
|align="right"|3.54
|align="right"|-
|-
|Socialist Democracy
Parti de la démocratie socialiste
The Parti de la Democratie Socialiste was a political party in Quebec, Canada.The early origins of the PDS can be traced back to the Fédération du Commonwealth Coopératif , later renamed Parti social démocratique du Québec...
|Eugène Busque
|align="right"|217
|align="right"|0.55
|align="right"|-
|}
1995 Quebec referendum | |||
---|---|---|---|
Side | Votes | % | |
Non | 40,689 | 91.02 | |
Oui | 4,016 | 8.98 |
|-
|Liberal
|Geoffrey Kelley
|align="right"|32,839
|align="right"|83.65
|align="right"|+42.13
|-
|Parti Québécois
Parti Québécois
The Parti Québécois is a centre-left political party that advocates national sovereignty for the province of Quebec and secession from Canada. The Party traditionally has support from the labour movement. Unlike many other social-democratic parties, its ties with the labour movement are informal...
|Maurice Crépeau
|align="right"|3,441
|align="right"|8.77
|align="right"|-0.22
|-
|Equality
Equality Party (Quebec)
The Equality Party was a political party in Quebec, Canada, that promoted the use of English in Quebec on an equal basis with French. Four Equality Party members were elected to Quebec's National Assembly in 1989, as part of an anglophone reaction to changes made by the governing Liberals to...
|Neil Cameron
|align="right"|2,415
|align="right"|6.15
|align="right"|-37.75
|-
|Natural Law
|Maurice Bergeron
|align="right"|206
|align="right"|0.52
|align="right"|-
|-
|CANADA!
CANADA!
The CANADA! Party was an official political party in the province of Quebec from 1994 to 1998. It was founded on Canada Day 1994 by federalist Tony Kondaks, former top-aide to Equality Party leader Robert Libman...
|Gilles Florent Pepin
|align="right"|186
|align="right"|0.47
|align="right"|-
|-
|Economic
|Karl Berryman
|align="right"|94
|align="right"|0.24
|align="right"|-
|-
|Communist
Communist Party of Quebec
The Parti communiste du Québec or PCQ is a communist political party in Quebec. The PCQ was the Quebec branch of the Communist Party of Canada until 2005 when the PCQ split at convention with a majority opposing the CPC's stance on Quebec independence...
|Jacques Hardy
|align="right"|76
|align="right"|0.19
|align="right"|-
|}
1992 Charlottetown Accord referendum Charlottetown Accord The Charlottetown Accord was a package of proposed amendments to the Constitution of Canada, proposed by the Canadian federal and provincial governments in 1992. It was submitted to a public referendum on October 26 of that year, and was defeated.-Background:... |
|||
---|---|---|---|
Side | Votes | % | |
Oui | 33,272 | 83.47 | |
Non | 6,588 | 16.53 | |
|-
|Equality
Equality Party (Quebec)
The Equality Party was a political party in Quebec, Canada, that promoted the use of English in Quebec on an equal basis with French. Four Equality Party members were elected to Quebec's National Assembly in 1989, as part of an anglophone reaction to changes made by the governing Liberals to...
|Neil Cameron
|align="right"|14,821
|align="right"|43.90
|align="right"|-
|-
|Liberal
|Joan Dougherty
Joan Dougherty
Joan Dougherty was a politician in the Canadian province of Quebec, who represented Jacques-Cartier in the National Assembly of Quebec from 1981 to 1987.-External links: at the National Assembly of Quebec...
|align="right"|14,019
|align="right"|41.52
|align="right"|-38.84
|-
|Parti Québécois
Parti Québécois
The Parti Québécois is a centre-left political party that advocates national sovereignty for the province of Quebec and secession from Canada. The Party traditionally has support from the labour movement. Unlike many other social-democratic parties, its ties with the labour movement are informal...
|Claudette Montpetit
|align="right"|3,035
|align="right"|8.99
|align="right"|-3.74
|-
|Green
Green Party of Quebec
The Parti vert du Québec/Green Party of Quebec or PVQ is a Quebec political party whose platform is the promotion of green values. It has not elected any members to the National Assembly of Quebec...
|Amy E. Barratt
|align="right"|1,419
|align="right"|4.20
|align="right"|+3.17
|-
|New Democrat
|Thomas Ezzy
|align="right"|228
|align="right"|0.68
|align="right"|-2.72
|-
|Independent
Independent (politician)
In politics, an independent or non-party politician is an individual not affiliated to any political party. Independents may hold a centrist viewpoint between those of major political parties, a viewpoint more extreme than any major party, or they may have a viewpoint based on issues that they do...
|Neal Ford
|align="right"|192
|align="right"|0.57
|align="right"|-
|-
|Independent
Independent (politician)
In politics, an independent or non-party politician is an individual not affiliated to any political party. Independents may hold a centrist viewpoint between those of major political parties, a viewpoint more extreme than any major party, or they may have a viewpoint based on issues that they do...
|Howard Galganov
Howard Galganov
Howard Galganov was briefly a political activist and radio personality in Montreal during the late 1990s...
|align="right"|50
|align="right"|0.15
|align="right"|-
|}