Isotopes of lutetium
Encyclopedia
Naturally occurring lutetium (Lu) is composed of 1 stable isotope
175Lu (97.41% natural abundance
) and one long-lived radioisotope, 176Lu with a half-life
of 3.78 × 1010 years (2.59% natural abundance). 34 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable, besides 176Lu, being 174Lu with a half-life of 3.31 years, and 173Lu with a half-life of 1.37 years. All of the remaining radioactive
isotopes have half-lives that are less than 9 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than a half an hour. This element also has 18 meta states, with the most stable being 177mLu (t½ 160.4 days), 174mLu (t½ 142 days) and 178mLu (t½ 23.1 minutes).
The isotopes of lutetium range in atomic weight
from 149.973 (150Lu) to 183.961 (184Lu). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 175Lu, is electron capture
(with some alpha and positron emission
), and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay product
s before 175Lu are isotopes of ytterbium
and the primary products after are isotopes of hafnium
.
Standard atomic mass: 174.967(1) u
Isotope
Isotopes are variants of atoms of a particular chemical element, which have differing numbers of neutrons. Atoms of a particular element by definition must contain the same number of protons but may have a distinct number of neutrons which differs from atom to atom, without changing the designation...
175Lu (97.41% natural abundance
Natural abundance
In chemistry, natural abundance refers to the abundance of isotopes of a chemical element as naturally found on a planet. The relative atomic mass of these isotopes is the atomic weight listed for the element in the periodic table...
) and one long-lived radioisotope, 176Lu with a half-life
Half-life
Half-life, abbreviated t½, is the period of time it takes for the amount of a substance undergoing decay to decrease by half. The name was originally used to describe a characteristic of unstable atoms , but it may apply to any quantity which follows a set-rate decay.The original term, dating to...
of 3.78 × 1010 years (2.59% natural abundance). 34 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable, besides 176Lu, being 174Lu with a half-life of 3.31 years, and 173Lu with a half-life of 1.37 years. All of the remaining radioactive
Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay is the process by which an atomic nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy by emitting ionizing particles . The emission is spontaneous, in that the atom decays without any physical interaction with another particle from outside the atom...
isotopes have half-lives that are less than 9 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than a half an hour. This element also has 18 meta states, with the most stable being 177mLu (t½ 160.4 days), 174mLu (t½ 142 days) and 178mLu (t½ 23.1 minutes).
The isotopes of lutetium range in atomic weight
Atomic weight
Atomic weight is a dimensionless physical quantity, the ratio of the average mass of atoms of an element to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12...
from 149.973 (150Lu) to 183.961 (184Lu). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 175Lu, is electron capture
Electron capture
Electron capture is a process in which a proton-rich nuclide absorbs an inner atomic electron and simultaneously emits a neutrino...
(with some alpha and positron emission
Positron emission
Positron emission or beta plus decay is a type of beta decay in which a proton is converted, via the weak force, to a neutron, releasing a positron and a neutrino....
), and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay product
Decay product
In nuclear physics, a decay product is the remaining nuclide left over from radioactive decay. Radioactive decay often involves a sequence of steps...
s before 175Lu are isotopes of ytterbium
Isotopes of ytterbium
Naturally occurring ytterbium is composed of 7 stable isotopes, 168Yb, 170Yb, 171Yb, 172Yb, 173Yb, 174Yb, and 176Yb, with 174Yb being the most abundant . 27 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 169Yb with a half-life of 32.026 days, 175Yb with a half-life of 4.185...
and the primary products after are isotopes of hafnium
Isotopes of hafnium
Natural hafnium consists of five stable isotopes and one very long-lived radioisotope, 174Hf, with a half-life of 2×1015 years. In addition, there are 30 other known radionuclides, the most stable of which is 182Hf with a half-life of 8.9×106 years. No other radioisotope has a...
.
Standard atomic mass: 174.967(1) u
Table
| nuclide symbol |
Z(p Proton The proton is a subatomic particle with the symbol or and a positive electric charge of 1 elementary charge. One or more protons are present in the nucleus of each atom, along with neutrons. The number of protons in each atom is its atomic number.... ) |
N(n Neutron The neutron is a subatomic hadron particle which has the symbol or , no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton. With the exception of hydrogen, nuclei of atoms consist of protons and neutrons, which are therefore collectively referred to as nucleons. The number of... ) |
isotopic mass (u) |
half-lifeBold for isotopes with half-lives longer than the age of the universe (nearly stable) | decay mode(s)Abbreviations: EC: Electron capture Electron capture Electron capture is a process in which a proton-rich nuclide absorbs an inner atomic electron and simultaneously emits a neutrino... IT: Isomeric transition Isomeric transition An isomeric transition is a radioactive decay process that involves emission of a gamma ray from an atom where the nucleus is in an excited metastable state, referred to in its excited state, as a nuclear isomer.... |
daughter isotope(s)Bold for stable isotopes |
nuclear spin |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| excitation energy | |||||||||
| 150Lu | 71 | 79 | 149.97323(54)# | 43(5) ms | p Proton emission Proton emission is a type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a nucleus. Proton emission can occur from high-lying excited states in a nucleus following a beta decay, in which case the process is known as beta-delayed proton emission, or can occur from the ground state of very... (80%) |
149Yb | (2+) | ||
| β+ Beta decay In nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle is emitted from an atom. There are two types of beta decay: beta minus and beta plus. In the case of beta decay that produces an electron emission, it is referred to as beta minus , while in the case of a... (20%) |
150Yb | ||||||||
| 150mLu | 34(15) keV | 80(60) µs [30(+95-15) µs] |
(1,2) | ||||||
| 151Lu | 71 | 80 | 150.96758(43)# | 80.6(19) ms | β+ | 151Yb | (11/2-) | ||
| 151mLu | 77(5) keV | 16(1) µs | (3/2+) | ||||||
| 152Lu | 71 | 81 | 151.96412(21)# | 650(70) ms | β+ (85%) | 152Yb | (5-,6-) | ||
| β+, p (15%) | 151Tm | ||||||||
| 153Lu | 71 | 82 | 152.95877(22) | 0.9(2) s | β+ | 153Yb | 11/2- | ||
| α Alpha decay Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle and thereby transforms into an atom with a mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less... |
149Tm | ||||||||
| 153m1Lu | 80(5) keV | 1# s | 1/2+ | ||||||
| 153m2Lu | 2502.5(4) keV | >0.1 µs | 23/2- | ||||||
| 153m3Lu | 2632.9(5) keV | 15(3) µs | 27/2- | ||||||
| 154Lu | 71 | 83 | 153.95752(22)# | 1# s | β+ | 154Yb | (2-) | ||
| 154m1Lu | 58(13) keV | 1.12(8) s | (9+) | ||||||
| 154m2Lu | >2562 keV | 35(3) µs | (17+) | ||||||
| 155Lu | 71 | 84 | 154.954316(22) | 68.6(16) ms | α (76%) | 151Tm | (11/2-) | ||
| β+ (24%) | 155Yb | ||||||||
| 155m1Lu | 20(6) keV | 138(8) ms | α (88%) | 151Tm | (1/2+) | ||||
| β+ (12%) | 155Yb | ||||||||
| 155m2Lu | 1781.0(20) keV | 2.70(3) ms | (25/2-) | ||||||
| 156Lu | 71 | 85 | 155.95303(8) | 494(12) ms | α (95%) | 152Tm | (2)- | ||
| β+ (5%) | 156Yb | ||||||||
| 156mLu | 220(80)# keV | 198(2) ms | α (94%) | 152Tm | (9)+ | ||||
| β+ (6%) | 156Yb | ||||||||
| 157Lu | 71 | 86 | 156.950098(20) | 6.8(18) s | β+ | 157Yb | (1/2+,3/2+) | ||
| α | 153Tm | ||||||||
| 157mLu | 21.0(20) keV | 4.79(12) s | β+ (94%) | 157Yb | (11/2-) | ||||
| α (6%) | 153Tm | ||||||||
| 158Lu | 71 | 87 | 157.949313(16) | 10.6(3) s | β+ (99.09%) | 158Yb | 2- | ||
| α (.91%) | 154Tm | ||||||||
| 159Lu | 71 | 88 | 158.94663(4) | 12.1(10) s | β+ (99.96%) | 159Yb | 1/2+# | ||
| α (.04%) | 155Tm | ||||||||
| 159mLu | 100(80)# keV | 10# s | 11/2-# | ||||||
| 160Lu | 71 | 89 | 159.94603(6) | 36.1(3) s | β+ | 160Yb | 2-# | ||
| α (10−4%) | 156Tm | ||||||||
| 160mLu | 0(100)# keV | 40(1) s | |||||||
| 161Lu | 71 | 90 | 160.94357(3) | 77(2) s | β+ | 161Yb | 1/2+ | ||
| 161mLu | 166(18) keV | 7.3(4) ms | IT Isomeric transition An isomeric transition is a radioactive decay process that involves emission of a gamma ray from an atom where the nucleus is in an excited metastable state, referred to in its excited state, as a nuclear isomer.... |
161Lu | (9/2-) | ||||
| 162Lu | 71 | 91 | 161.94328(8) | 1.37(2) min | β+ | 162Yb | (1-) | ||
| 162m1Lu | 120(200)# keV | 1.5 min | β+ | 162Yb | 4-# | ||||
| IT (rare) | 162Lu | ||||||||
| 162m2Lu | 300(200)# keV | 1.9 min | |||||||
| 163Lu | 71 | 92 | 162.94118(3) | 3.97(13) min | β+ | 163Yb | 1/2(+) | ||
| 164Lu | 71 | 93 | 163.94134(3) | 3.14(3) min | β+ | 164Yb | 1(-) | ||
| 165Lu | 71 | 94 | 164.939407(28) | 10.74(10) min | β+ | 165Yb | 1/2+ | ||
| 166Lu | 71 | 95 | 165.93986(3) | 2.65(10) min | β+ | 166Yb | (6-) | ||
| 166m1Lu | 34.37(5) keV | 1.41(10) min | EC Electron capture Electron capture is a process in which a proton-rich nuclide absorbs an inner atomic electron and simultaneously emits a neutrino... (58%) |
166Yb | 3(-) | ||||
| IT (42%) | 166Lu | ||||||||
| 166m2Lu | 42.9(5) keV | 2.12(10) min | 0(-) | ||||||
| 167Lu | 71 | 96 | 166.93827(3) | 51.5(10) min | β+ | 167Yb | 7/2+ | ||
| 167mLu | 0(30)# keV | >1 min | 1/2(-#) | ||||||
| 168Lu | 71 | 97 | 167.93874(5) | 5.5(1) min | β+ | 168Yb | (6-) | ||
| 168mLu | 180(110) keV | 6.7(4) min | β+ (95%) | 168Yb | 3+ | ||||
| IT (5%) | 168Lu | ||||||||
| 169Lu | 71 | 98 | 168.937651(6) | 34.06(5) h | β+ | 169Yb | 7/2+ | ||
| 169mLu | 29.0(5) keV | 160(10) s | IT | 169Lu | 1/2- | ||||
| 170Lu | 71 | 99 | 169.938475(18) | 2.012(20) d | β+ | 170Yb | 0+ | ||
| 170mLu | 92.91(9) keV | 670(100) ms | IT | 170Lu | (4)- | ||||
| 171Lu | 71 | 100 | 170.9379131(30) | 8.24(3) d | β+ | 171Yb | 7/2+ | ||
| 171mLu | 71.13(8) keV | 79(2) s | IT | 171Lu | 1/2- | ||||
| 172Lu | 71 | 101 | 171.939086(3) | 6.70(3) d | β+ | 172Yb | 4- | ||
| 172m1Lu | 41.86(4) keV | 3.7(5) min | IT | 172Lu | 1- | ||||
| 172m2Lu | 65.79(4) keV | 0.332(20) µs | (1)+ | ||||||
| 172m3Lu | 109.41(10) keV | 440(12) µs | (1)+ | ||||||
| 172m4Lu | 213.57(17) keV | 150 ns | (6-) | ||||||
| 173Lu | 71 | 102 | 172.9389306(26) | 1.37(1) a | EC | 173Yb | 7/2+ | ||
| 173mLu | 123.672(13) keV | 74.2(10) µs | 5/2- | ||||||
| 174Lu | 71 | 103 | 173.9403375(26) | 3.31(5) a | β+ | 174Yb | (1)- | ||
| 174m1Lu | 170.83(5) keV | 142(2) d | IT (99.38%) | 174Lu | 6- | ||||
| EC (.62%) | 174Yb | ||||||||
| 174m2Lu | 240.818(4) keV | 395(15) ns | (3+) | ||||||
| 174m3Lu | 365.183(6) keV | 145(3) ns | (4-) | ||||||
| 175Lu | 71 | 104 | 174.9407718(23) | Observationally StableBelieved to undergo α decay to 171Tm | 7/2+ | 0.9741(2) | |||
| 175m1Lu | 1392.2(6) keV | 984(30) µs | (19/2+) | ||||||
| 175m2Lu | 353.48(13) keV | 1.49(7) µs | 5/2- | ||||||
| 176Luprimordial Primordial nuclide In geochemistry and geonuclear physics, primordial nuclides or primordial isotopes are nuclides found on the earth that have existed in their current form since before Earth was formed. Only 288 such nuclides are known... radionuclide Radionuclide A radionuclide is an atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy available to be imparted either to a newly created radiation particle within the nucleus or to an atomic electron. The radionuclide, in this process, undergoes radioactive decay, and emits gamma... Used in Lutetium-Hafnium dating Radiometric dating Radiometric dating is a technique used to date materials such as rocks, usually based on a comparison between the observed abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope and its decay products, using known decay rates... |
71 | 105 | 175.9426863(23) | 38.5(7)×109 a | β- | 176Hf | 7- | 0.0259(2) | |
| 176mLu | 122.855(6) keV | 3.664(19) h | β- (99.9%) | 176Hf | 1- | ||||
| EC (.095%) | 176Yb | ||||||||
| 177Lu | 71 | 106 | 176.9437581(23) | 6.6475(20) d | β- | 177Hf | 7/2+ | ||
| 177m1Lu | 150.3967(10) keV | 130(3) ns | 9/2- | ||||||
| 177m2Lu | 569.7068(16) keV | 155(7) µs | 1/2+ | ||||||
| 177m3Lu | 970.1750(24) keV | 160.44(6) d | β- (78.3%) | 177Hf | 23/2- | ||||
| IT (21.7%) | 177Lu | ||||||||
| 177m4Lu | 3900(10) keV | 7(2) min [6(+3-2) min] |
39/2- | ||||||
| 178Lu | 71 | 107 | 177.945955(3) | 28.4(2) min | β- | 178Hf | 1(+) | ||
| 178mLu | 123.8(26) keV | 23.1(3) min | β- | 178Hf | 9(-) | ||||
| 179Lu | 71 | 108 | 178.947327(6) | 4.59(6) h | β- | 179Hf | 7/2(+) | ||
| 179mLu | 592.4(4) keV | 3.1(9) ms | IT | 179Lu | 1/2(+) | ||||
| 180Lu | 71 | 109 | 179.94988(8) | 5.7(1) min | β- | 180Hf | 5+ | ||
| 180m1Lu | 13.9(3) keV | ~1 s | IT | 180Lu | 3- | ||||
| 180m2Lu | 624.0(5) keV | >=1 ms | (9-) | ||||||
| 181Lu | 71 | 110 | 180.95197(32)# | 3.5(3) min | β- | 181Hf | (7/2+) | ||
| 182Lu | 71 | 111 | 181.95504(21)# | 2.0(2) min | β- | 182Hf | (0,1,2) | ||
| 183Lu | 71 | 112 | 182.95757(32)# | 58(4) s | β- | 183Hf | (7/2+) | ||
| 184Lu | 71 | 113 | 183.96091(43)# | 20(3) s | β- | 184Hf | (3+) | ||