The recognition

Diplomatic recognition

Diplomatic recognition in international law is a unilateral political act with domestic and international legal consequences, whereby a state acknowledges an act or status of another state or government in control of a state...

 of Israel

Israel

The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...

 in the international community remains an outstanding issue of the Arab–Israeli conflict

Arab–Israeli conflict

The Arab–Israeli conflict refers to political tensions and open hostilities between the Arab peoples and the Jewish community of the Middle East. The modern Arab-Israeli conflict began with the rise of Zionism and Arab Nationalism towards the end of the nineteenth century, and intensified with the...

. Pursuant to the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, which provided for the establishment of a Jewish state

Jewish state

A homeland for the Jewish people was an idea that rose to the fore in the 19th century in the wake of growing anti-Semitism and Jewish assimilation. Jewish emancipation in Europe paved the way for two ideological solutions to the Jewish Question: cultural assimilation, as envisaged by Moses...

, Israel declared its independence at midnight on 14 May 1948. An application for admission to the United Nations was submitted the following day, but was ignored by the Security Council

United Nations Security Council

The United Nations Security Council is one of the principal organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security. Its powers, outlined in the United Nations Charter, include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the establishment of...

. Reactions to the declaration were mixed, as the armed conflict

1948 Palestine war

The 1948 Palestine war refers to the events in the British Mandate of Palestine between the United Nations vote on the partition plan on November 30, 1947, to the end of the first Arab-Israeli war on July 20, 1949.The war is divided into two phases:...

 with the Arab populace continued. The United States recognised the provisional Jewish government as de facto authority of the new Jewish state. The Soviet Union

Soviet Union

The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....

 became the first to extend de jure recognition on 17 May.

Israel's second application to the UN was denied by Security Council vote on 17 December 1948. The application was renewed in 1949, and in May, the General Assembly admitted Israel to the UN through Resolution 273

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 273

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 273 was passed on May 11, 1949 to admit the State of Israel to membership in the United Nations. Admission was made conditional upon implementation of Resolutions 181 of November 29, 1947 and 194 of December 11, 1948 .-Full text:Having received the report...

.

From 1948 to the late 1960s, Israel managed to establish diplomatic relations with almost all nations of Western Europe, North and South America, as well as much of Africa. However, the Six-Day War

Six-Day War

The Six-Day War , also known as the June War, 1967 Arab-Israeli War, or Third Arab-Israeli War, was fought between June 5 and 10, 1967, by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt , Jordan, and Syria...

 and the Arab-Israeli War of 1973 led many African and Asian nations to break ties with Israel, in part owing to considerable pressure and the threat of an oil embargo being placed by oil-rich Arab countries. Israel's recognition of and entering negotiations with the Palestine Liberation Organization

Palestine Liberation Organization

The Palestine Liberation Organization is a political and paramilitary organization which was created in 1964. It is recognized as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people" by the United Nations and over 100 states with which it holds diplomatic relations, and has enjoyed...

 (PLO) led to many African, Asian and even Arab nations restoring diplomatic relations. However, hostile reactions to the 2006 Israeli-Lebanese War and the blockade of the Gaza Strip led to another incidence of multiple states breaking relations with Israel. At present, a total of 33 United Nations member states do not recognise the State of Israel.

List by country

	= States that do not formally recognise Israel.
	= States that have severed or suspended relations.

UN member states

	State	Date of de facto recognition	Date of de jure recognition	Notes
—		—	—	Does not accept Israeli passports.
1		—		Established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1991.
—		—	—	Does not accept Israeli passports.
2
3		—		Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established.
4		—		Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established.
5		—
6		—		Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established.
7
8				Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established. Prior to that, the two countries had maintained consular relations since 1950. Delegations were upgraded to embassy status in 1959.
9		—		Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established.
10		—		Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established.
—		—	—	Israel maintained a representative mission in Manama from 1996 until it was closed in 2000. In October 2009, parliament ruled that any form of relations with Israel or its people (government, business or private) was illegal, and banned the government from establishing diplomatic relations.
—		—	—	Does not accept Israeli passports.
11		—		Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established.
12				Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established.
13		—
14		—		Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established.
15		—		Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established. Relations were severed in October 1973, and resumed in July 1992.
—		—	—	Has diplomatic relations with only 25 countries, and has not established formal diplomatic relations with Israel.
16				Bolivia cut ties with Israel in January 2009.
17		—		Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established.
18				Broke off relations on November 1973, restored in December 1993.
19		—
—		—	—	Does not accept Israeli passports.
20				Severed relations with Israel on 10 June 1967, restored them on 3 May 1990.
21		—		Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established. Relations were severed in October 1973, and re-established in October 1993.
22				Relations were severed in May 1973, and were restored in March 1995.
23		—		Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established. Cambodia broke off relations in 1975; they were restored on 5 October 1993.
24		—		Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established. Relations were severed in October 1973 and were later restored in August 1986.
25
26		—		Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established.
27				Relations were broken in October 1973, were resumed in January 1991.
—			—	Relations were estblished in 1961, but were severed on 28 November 1972. Chad currently does not recognise Israel. In 2005, reports emerged of a mutual intention to renew diplomatic relations.
28		—
29		—		The Republic of China Republic of China The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...  granted de jure recognition to Israel on 1 March 1949. The two states maintained full diplomatic relations until Israel's recognition of the People's Republic of China on 8 January 1950. The PRC, however, did not formally reciprocate until the eventual establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992.
30		—
—		—	—	Does not accept Israeli passports.
31		—		Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established. Broke relations with Israel on 31 December 1972, resumed in August 1991.
32		—		Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established. Ties were severed on 4 October 1973, and restored on 13 May 1982.
33		—
34				Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established. Prior to this date, it had maintained trade relations since 15 February 1961. Relations were severed in November 1973, and did not resume until February 1986.
35		—		Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established.
—				Cuba broke relations with Israel in September 1973, and the current government does not recognise it.
36		—		Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established. They had been agreed to on 17 August 1960, but final establishment was postponed due to pressure from Arab nations.
37		—		Recognition extended under Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia was a sovereign state in Central Europe which existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992... . Relations under Czechoslovakia were severed between June 1967 and February 1990. Diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic were established 1 January 1993.
38
—		—	—	Does not accept Israeli passports.
39		—		Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established.
40		—
41		—
42		—		Signatory to the Khartoum Declaration. Later became the first Arab state to recognise Israel, with the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty.
43		—
44				Relations were broken in October 1973, were resumed in January 1994.
45		—		Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established.
46		—		Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established.
47		—		Prior to granting de jure recognition, Ethiopia had maintained consular relations with Israel since 1956. Relations were broken in October 1973, were resumed in November 1989.
48
49
50
51				Relations were severed in October 1973, were resumed in September 1993.
52				Relations were broken in October 1973, were resumed in September 1992.
53
54
55				Relations were broken in October 1973, were resumed in August 1994.
56
57
58
—		—	—	Broke relations with Israel on 12 June 1967.
59
60				Broke off relations in March 1974, restored in March 1992.
61
62
63
64
65		—
—		—	—	Does not accept Israeli passports.
—			—	Does not accept Israeli passports.
—		—	—	Does not accept Israeli passports.
66
67
68
69
70				Signatory to the Khartoum Declaration. Later became the second Arab state to recognise Israel in the Israel–Jordan peace treaty.
71
72				Severed relation in November 1973, were resumed in December 1988.
73
—		—	—	Does not accept Israeli passports.
74
—		—	—	Does not accept Israeli passports.
75
76		—		Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established. Laos broke off relations in 1973; they were restored on 6 December 1993.
77
—		—	—	Does not accept Israeli passports.
78
79				Relations were severed in November 1973, and resumed in August 1983.
—		—	—	Does not accept Israeli passports.
80
81
82
83
84				Relations were broken in October 1973, were resumed in January 1994.
85
—		—	—	Does not admit Israeli passport holders without written permission from the government.
—		—	—	Does not accept Israeli passports.
—		—	—	Relations were severed on 5 January 1973.
86
87
88
89				Severed relation in July 1976, restored in September 1993.
90
91
92
93
94
95
—			—
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103				In June 2010, Nicaragua suspended diplomatic ties with Israel.
—		—	—	Relations were severed on 4 January 1973.
104				Relations were broken in October 1973, were resumed in May 1992.
105
—			—	Does not accept Israeli passports.
—		—	—	Does not accept Israeli passports and Pakistani passports are "valid for all countries of the World except Israel".
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
—			—	In April 1996, Qatar and Israel agreed to exchange trade representation offices. Trade offices were closed in February 2009. It does not accept Israeli passports.
114
115				Recognition extended as the Soviet Union Soviet Union The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.... . Relations established in January 1991.
116				Relations were severed in October 1973, and were restored in October 1994.
117
118
119
120
121
122
—		—	—	Does not accept Israeli passports.
123				Relations were broken in October 1973, were resumed in August 1994.
124				Recognition extended as Yugoslavia. Diplomatic relations were established 9 October 1991.
125
126				Relations were broken in October 1973, were resumed in May 1992.
127
128				Recognition extended under Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia was a sovereign state in Central Europe which existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992... . Diplomatic relations with Slovakia were established 1 January 1993.
129
130
—		—	—	Does not accept Israeli passports.
131
132				Full diplomatic relations announced; Israel had recognised South Sudan on 10 July 2011.
133
134
—		—	—	Does not accept Israeli passports.
135
136
137
138
—		—	—	Does not accept Israeli passports.
139
140				Relations were broken in October 1973, were resumed in February 1995.
141
142
143				Relations were severed in September 1973, and were restored in June 1987.
144
145
—			—	Does not accept Israeli passports.
146				In September 2011, Turkey downgraded ties with Israel to second secretary level.
147
148
149				Broke relations with Israel on 30 March 1972, were restored in July 1994.
150
—		—	—	Does not accept Israeli passports.
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
—		—	—	Does not accept Israeli passports.
158				Relations were broken in October 1973, were resumed in December 1991.
159

Non-UN member states

State	Date of recognition	Notes

See also

• Foreign relations of Israel
  Foreign relations of Israel
  The foreign relations of Israel refers to diplomatic relations and international agreements between the State of Israel and other countries around the world. Israel joined the United Nations on May 11, 1949. Israel has diplomatic relations with 157 states...
  
  
• International recognition of the State of Palestine
  International recognition of the State of Palestine
  The State of Palestine was proclaimed on 15 November 1988 in Algiers at an extraordinary session in exile of the Palestine National Council. Legal justification for this act was based on United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 of 29 November 1947, which provided for the termination and...
  
  
• List of states with limited recognition