International Socialist Bureau
Encyclopedia
The International Socialist Bureau (French: Bureau Socialiste Internationale) was the permanent organization of the Second International
, established at the Paris congress of 1900. Before this there was no organizational infrastructure to the "Second International" beyond a series of periodical congresses, which weren't even given a uniform name. The host party of the next congress was charged with organizing it.
After the International Socialist Congress of Paris of 1900, a permanent Bureau was established which met periodically in between congresses. A permanent secretariat was also established in Brussels
. There were in all 16 plenary meetings
of the Bureau.
The membership of the bureau was fluid from meeting to meeting, each country sending one to three representatives at a time. Many illustrious figures of the socialist movement, and several future heads of state or government were members at one time or another.
All this information is taken from La Deuxième Internationale, 1889-1914: étude critique des sources, essai bibliographique by Georges Haupt
5th Amsterdam
Consultative members: Garske of the Workers party of Latvia and Lew of the Socialist Party of Armenia
Consultative members Stanislas Kurski; Leo Bergman of the General Jewish Labour Bund; O. Braun of the Latvian Social Democrats
Consultative members Stanislas Kurski; Leo Bergman of the General Jewish Labour Bund; O. Braun of the Latvian Social Demlcrats
12th. Copenhagen
13th. Zurich
15th. London
In the early months of the war the Executive Committee resisted efforts to call a full meeting of the Bureau, feeling that it would have been impossible to get delegates from certain countries together and feeling that an unrepresentative meeting might mean the dissolution of the International altogether. In January and February 1915 the BSI attempted to hold a series of separate, one-one meetings with representatives of the parties in belligerent nations. The French refused to send a delegation to the Hague. The British were at first willing, but opted out after Arthur Henderson became a member of the War Cabinet
. The Belgians were the first to send a delegation, and the German part met with the executive twice.
The BSI was pointedly hostile to the Zimmerwald Conference
. At a speech to the congress of the Dutch party Huysmans ridiculed the Zimmerwaldians for their impatience, as well as for the unrepresentative and "amateur" nature of the conference. Huysmans later reportedly made special trips to Britain and France to dissuade socialists in those countries from attending the Kienthal Conference
. Partly in response to Zimmerwald and Kienthal, though, the Bureau arranged for a meeting of socialists from the neutral countries. Originally scheduled for June 23, this conference finally met at the Hague on July 30-August 2, 1916. Consisting of nine delegates from Argentina, the United States (Algernon Lee
), the Neatherlands, Denmark and Sweden, the conference passed a resolution expressing confidence in the Executive Committee and deprecating any effort to break up the official International
In April 1917, after the March Revolution in Russia, Staunding of Denmark wrote to the BSI stating that if they were unable to summon a general conference of Socialist parties, it would be organized without them. Upon getting this appeal the Dutch members of the Executive Committee left for Stockholm. Huysmans soon joined them setting up the secretariat of the Bureau at the Trade Union House of the Swedish Socialist Party. On May 2 Huysmans and Engberg became the Secretariats representative in a new organization, the
Dutch-Scandinavian Committee which attempted to convene a general socialist conference at Stockholm for the remainder of 1917, without success.
In November 1918 Huysmans worked in concert with the committee appoint by the fourth Inter-Allied Socialist Conference for the convening of a socialist conference of the formerly beligerent nations. The final result of this was the Berne Conference of 1919.
Second International
The Second International , the original Socialist International, was an organization of socialist and labour parties formed in Paris on July 14, 1889. At the Paris meeting delegations from 20 countries participated...
, established at the Paris congress of 1900. Before this there was no organizational infrastructure to the "Second International" beyond a series of periodical congresses, which weren't even given a uniform name. The host party of the next congress was charged with organizing it.
After the International Socialist Congress of Paris of 1900, a permanent Bureau was established which met periodically in between congresses. A permanent secretariat was also established in Brussels
Brussels
Brussels , officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region , is the capital of Belgium and the de facto capital of the European Union...
. There were in all 16 plenary meetings
Plenary session
Plenary session is a term often used in conferences to define the part of the conference when all members of all parties are to attend.These sessions may contain a broad range of content from keynotes to panel discussions and are not necessarily related to a specific style of delivery.The term has...
of the Bureau.
The membership of the bureau was fluid from meeting to meeting, each country sending one to three representatives at a time. Many illustrious figures of the socialist movement, and several future heads of state or government were members at one time or another.
All this information is taken from La Deuxième Internationale, 1889-1914: étude critique des sources, essai bibliographique by Georges Haupt
1st. Brussels; December 30, 1901
| Sec. | Bel. | Fr. | Br. | Ger. | Pol. | Rus. | Ne. | USA | Arg. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Victor Serwy | Edward Anseele Edward Anseele Edward Anseele was a Belgian socialist politician. Although his parents rather belonged to the lower middle class , Edward Anseele became active the early socialist movement... ; Emile Vandervelde Emile Vandervelde thumb|upright|Emile VanderveldeEmile Vandervelde was a Belgian statesman, born at Ixelles. He studied law at the Free University of Brussels and became doctor of laws in 1885 and doctor of social science in 1888.-Activities:Vandervelde became a member of the Parti Ouvrier... |
Édouard Vaillant Édouard Vaillant Marie Édouard Vaillant was a French politician.Born in Vierzon, Cher, son of a lawyer, Édouard Vaillant studied engineering at the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, graduating in 1862, and then law at the Sorbonne. In Paris he knew Charles Longuet, Louis-Auguste Rogeard, and Jules Vallès... ; Alfred Léon Gérault-Richard Alfred Léon Gérault-Richard Alfred Léon Gérault, known as Gérault-Richard , was a French journalist and socialist politician, born at Bonnétable of a peasant family.... |
Henry Hyndman Henry Hyndman Henry Mayers Hyndman was an English writer and politician, and the founder of the Social Democratic Federation and the National Socialist Party.-Early years:... ; Harry Quelch Harry Quelch Henry "Harry" Quelch , known exclusively by his nickname "Harry," was one of the first Marxists in Great Britain. He was a socialist activist, journalist and trade unionist... |
Karl Kautsky Karl Kautsky Karl Johann Kautsky was a Czech-German philosopher, journalist, and Marxist theoretician. Kautsky was recognized as among the most authoritative promulgators of Orthodox Marxism after the death of Friedrich Engels in 1895 until the coming of World War I in 1914 and was called by some the "Pope of... ; Paul Singer |
Cesarine Wojnarowska | B. N. Krichevsky; Georgi Plekhanov Georgi Plekhanov Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov was a Russian revolutionary and a Marxist theoretician. He was a founder of the Social-Democratic movement in Russia and was one of the first Russians to identify himself as "Marxist." Facing political persecution, Plekhanov emigrated to Switzerland in 1880, where... |
Hendrick Van Kol; Pieter Jelles Troelstra Pieter Jelles Troelstra Pieter Jelles Troelstra was a Dutch politician active in the socialist workers' movement. He is most remembered for his fight for universal suffrage and his failed call for revolution at the end of World War I... |
George Herron | Achille Cambier |
2nd. Brussels; December 29, 1902
| Sec. | Bel. | Fr. | Br. | Ger. | Pol. | Rus. | Ne. | Arg. | Austria |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Victor Serwy | Edward Anseele; Emile Vandervelde | Jean Jaures Jean Jaurès Jean Léon Jaurès was a French Socialist leader. Initially an Opportunist Republican, he evolved into one of the first social democrats, becoming the leader, in 1902, of the French Socialist Party, which opposed Jules Guesde's revolutionary Socialist Party of France. Both parties merged in 1905 in... ; Bracke |
Henry Hyndman; Sam Woods Sam Woods Sam Woods was a British trade unionist and politician who served as a Member of Parliament in the 1890s.Born at Peasley Cross in St Helens, Woods began working in coal mining at the age of seven... |
Paul Singer | Cesarine Wojnarowska; B.A. Jedrychovski | B. N. Krichevsky; B. A. Guinzburg | Hendrick Van Kol; Pieter Jelles Troelstra | Alfred Léon Gérault-Richard | Victor Adler Victor Adler ----Victor Adler was an Austrian Social Democratic leader.Born in Prague, Adler received a university degree in Vienna in 1881. He founded the Socialist movement in Austria and created the Marxist journals Gleicheit in 1886 and Arbeiter-Zeitung in 1889... |
3rd. Brussels; July 20, 1903
| Sec. | Bel. | Fr. | Br. | Ger. | Pol. | Rus. | Ne. | USA | Arg. | Den. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Victor Serwy | Edward Anseele; Emile Vandervelde | Édouard Vaillant | Henry Hyndman; Hunter Watts Hunter Watts John Hunter Watts , known as Hunter Watts, was a British socialist activist.Based in Manchester, Watts was an active secularist before joining the Social Democratic Federation . While he was friendly with William Morris, he remained with the SDF when Morris left to found the Socialist League in 1885... |
Wilhelm Pfankuch; Richard Fischer | Cesarine Wojnarowska | B. A. Guinzburg | Hendrick Van Kol; Pieter Jelles Troelstra | Gaylord Wiltshire | Patroni | P. Knudsen |
4th. Brussels; February 7, 1904
| Sec. | Bel. | Fr. | Br. | Ger. | Pol. | Rus. | Ne. | Arg. | Austria |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Victor Serwy | Edward Anseele; Emile Vandervelde | Édouard Vaillant; Bracke; Amilcare Cipriani Amilcare Cipriani Amilcare Cipriani was an Italian anarchist patriot.Cipriani was born in Anzio to a family originally from Rimini... |
Henry Hyndman; Harry Quelch | Karl Kautsky; Paul Singer | Rosa Luxembourg; Walecki Henryk Walecki Maksymilian Horwitz was a leader and theoretician of the Polish communist movement.He was a member of the Polish Socialist Party - Left from 1906 and the Communist Party of Poland from 1918 and sat on its Central Committee and politburo... |
Georgi Plekhanov | Hendrick Van Kol; Pieter Jelles Troelstra | Achille Cambier | Victor Adler |
5th AmsterdamAmsterdamAmsterdam is the largest city and the capital of the Netherlands. The current position of Amsterdam as capital city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands is governed by the constitution of August 24, 1815 and its successors. Amsterdam has a population of 783,364 within city limits, an urban population...
; August 15, 1904
| Sec. | Bel. | Fr. | Br. | Ger. | Pol. | Rus. | Ne. | USA | Arg. | Austria | Den. | Italy | Nor. | Boh. | Jp. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Victor Serwy | Edward Anseele; Emile Vandervelde | Édouard Vaillant; Bracke; Amilcare Cipriani | Henry Hyndman; Ernest Belfort Bax Ernest Belfort Bax Ernest Belfort Bax was a British socialist journalist and philosopher, associated with the Social Democratic Federation .... |
Karl Kautsky | Rosa Luxembourg; Walecki | Georgi Plekhanov | Hendrick Van Kol; Pieter Jelles Troelstra | Morris Hillquit Morris Hillquit Morris Hillquit was a founder and leader of the Socialist Party of America and prominent labor lawyer in New York City's Lower East Side during the early 20th century.-Early years:... |
Achille Cambier; Manuel Ugarte Manuel Ugarte Manuel Ugarte was an Argentine author, writer and member of the Socialist Party.-Biography:Manuel Baldomero Ugarte was born in San José de Flores, now part of the City of Buenos Aires, on 27 February 1875. His father was Floro Ugarte and his mother Sabina Rivero... |
Engelbert Perner-storfer | P. Knudsen | Enrico Ferri Enrico Ferri Enrico Ferri was an Italian criminologist, socialist, and student of Cesare Lombroso. However, whereas Lombroso researched the physiological factors that motivated criminals, Ferri investigated social and economic factors. Ferri was the author of Criminal Sociology in 1884 and the editor for... |
Olav Kringen Olav Kringen Olav Kringen was a Norwegian newspaper editor.He was born at a croft in Sel, and was a manual laborer in Norway before emigrating to the United States in 1887. There, he studied and took a teacher education. He worked as a teacher in Minnesota and Dakota. For the next two years he worked in the... |
Franc Soukup; Anton Nemec | Sen Katayama Sen Katayama Sen Katayama , born Yabuki Sugataro , was an early member of the American Communist Party and co-founder, in 1922, of the Japan Communist Party.... |
6th. Brussels; January 15, 1905
| Sec. | Bel. | Fr. | Br. | Ger. | Pol. | Rus. | Arg. | Austria | Lux. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Victor Serwy | Edward Anseele; Emile Vandervelde | Édouard Vaillant; Bracke; Amilcare Cipriani; Jean Longuet Jean Longuet Jean-Laurent-Frederick Longuet was a French socialist and Karl Marx's grandson.Son of Charles and Jenny Longuet. French lawyer and Socialist who in the First World War held a pacifist position but invariably voted for war credits. Founder and editor of the newspaper Le Populaire... |
Henry Hyndman | Karl Kautsky; August Bebel | Rosa Luxembourg | Pavel Axelrod Pavel Axelrod Pavel Borisovich Axelrod was a Russian Menshevik.- Early life and career :Born Pinches Borutsch in Potscheff near Chernigov and raised to Shklov, a small provincial town in and Mogilev, the biggest town of the three in the Russian Empire , Axelrod was the son of a Jewish innkeeper.In 1875 in... ; Roubanovitch |
Achille Cambier | Victor Adler | Michel Welter Michel Welter Dr. Michel Welter was a Luxembourgian politician, and former leader of the Socialist Party. A member of Luxembourg's Chamber of Deputies, he served as the Director-General for Agriculture, Commerce, and Industry from 24 February 1916 until 3 January 1917, during the German occupation.He was one... |
7th. Brussels; March 4-5, 1906
| Sec. | Bel. | Fr. | Br. | Ger. | Pol. | Rus. | Arg. | Lux. | Boh. | Swiss | Hung. | Fin. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Camille Huysmans Camille Huysmans Jean Joseph Camille Huysmans was a Belgian politician.Huymans studied German philology at the University of Liège. He was a teacher from 1893 until 1897... |
Edward Anseele; Emile Vandervelde | Édouard Vaillant; Jean Jaures | Henry Hyndman; J. Keir Hardie | Karl Kautsky; August Bebel August Bebel Ferdinand August Bebel was a German Marxist politician, writer, and orator. He is best remembered as one of the founders of the Social Democratic Party of Germany.-Early years:... |
Jozef Kwiatek | Roubanovitch | Manuel Ugarte | Michel Welter Michel Welter Dr. Michel Welter was a Luxembourgian politician, and former leader of the Socialist Party. A member of Luxembourg's Chamber of Deputies, he served as the Director-General for Agriculture, Commerce, and Industry from 24 February 1916 until 3 January 1917, during the German occupation.He was one... |
Franc Soukup; Anton Nemec | Jean Sigg | Mano Buchinger | Yrjo Sirola Yrjö Sirola Yrjö Elias Sirola was a Finnish socialist politician, teacher, and newspaper editor... |
Consultative members: Garske of the Workers party of Latvia and Lew of the Socialist Party of Armenia
8th. Brussels; November 10, 1906
| Sec. | Bel. | Fr. | Br. | Ger. | Pol. | Rus. SRs Socialist-Revolutionary Party thumb|right|200px|Socialist-Revolutionary election poster, 1917. The caption in red reads "партия соц-рев" , short for Party of the Socialist Revolutionaries... |
Rus. RSDRP Russian Social Democratic Labour Party The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party , also known as Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party or Russian Social Democratic Party, was a revolutionary socialist Russian political party formed in 1898 in Minsk to unite the various revolutionary organizations into one party... |
Boh. | Sweden | Hungary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Camille Huysmans Camille Huysmans Jean Joseph Camille Huysmans was a Belgian politician.Huymans studied German philology at the University of Liège. He was a teacher from 1893 until 1897... |
Edward Anseele | Édouard Vaillant | Henry Hyndman; J. Keir Hardie | Paul Singer; August Bebel | Hermann Diamand | Roubanovitch | Georgi Plekhanov; Angelica Balabanov | Franc Soukup; Anton Nemec | Hjalmar Branting Hjalmar Branting was a Swedish politician. He was the leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party , and Prime Minister during three separate periods . When Branting came to power in 1920, he was the first Social Democratic Prime Minister of Sweden... |
Jacob Weltner; Max Grossmann |
Consultative members Stanislas Kurski; Leo Bergman of the General Jewish Labour Bund; O. Braun of the Latvian Social Democrats
9th. Brussels; June 9, 1907
| Sec. | Bel. | Fr. | Br. | Ger. | Pol. | Rus. SRs Socialist-Revolutionary Party thumb|right|200px|Socialist-Revolutionary election poster, 1917. The caption in red reads "партия соц-рев" , short for Party of the Socialist Revolutionaries... |
Rus. RSDRP Russian Social Democratic Labour Party The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party , also known as Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party or Russian Social Democratic Party, was a revolutionary socialist Russian political party formed in 1898 in Minsk to unite the various revolutionary organizations into one party... |
Boh. | Ne. | Lux. | Austria | Den. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Camille Huysmans | Edward Anseele; Emile Vandervelde | Édouard Vaillant; Jean Jaures; Jeam Longuet | Henry Hyndman; Bruce Glasier | Paul Singer; August Bebel | Hermann Diamand | Roubanovitch | Martov; Angelica Balabanov | Franc Soukup; Anton Nemec | Hendrick Van Kol; Pieter Jelles Troelstra | Michel Welter | Victor Adler | C. M. Olsen |
Consultative members Stanislas Kurski; Leo Bergman of the General Jewish Labour Bund; O. Braun of the Latvian Social Demlcrats
10th. Brussels; October 10, 1908
| Sec. | Bel. | Fr. | Br. | Ger. | Austria | Pol. | Rus. SRs Socialist-Revolutionary Party thumb|right|200px|Socialist-Revolutionary election poster, 1917. The caption in red reads "партия соц-рев" , short for Party of the Socialist Revolutionaries... |
Rus. RSDRP Russian Social Democratic Labour Party The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party , also known as Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party or Russian Social Democratic Party, was a revolutionary socialist Russian political party formed in 1898 in Minsk to unite the various revolutionary organizations into one party... |
Rus. "SERP Jewish Socialist Workers Party The Jewish Socialist Workers Party , often nicknamed Seymists, was a Jewish socialist political party in the Russian Empire. The party was founded in April 1906, emerging out of the Vozrozhdenie circles. The Vozrozhdenie was a non-Marxist tendency which was led by the nonmarxist thinker and... " |
Rus. "URP Revolutionary Ukrainian Party The Revolutionary Ukrainian Party was a political party in early 20th century Ukraine, founded February 11, 1900 by students in Kharkiv.-History:... " |
Boh. | Ne. | Sweden | Italy | Den. | Hung. | Bulg. | Arm. | Lat. | Bund. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Camille Huysmans | Edward Anseele; Leon Furnemont; Louis de Brouckere | Édouard Vaillant; Angele Roussel; Jeam Longuet | Henry Hyndman; Bruce Glasier | Hermann Molkenbuhr | Victor Adler | Hermann Diamand; Karl Kautsky | Roubanovitch | Lenin | Chaim Zhitlowsky Chaim Zhitlowsky Chaim Zhitlowsky was a Jewish socialist, philosopher, social and political thinker, writer and literary critic born in the Russian Empire .... |
Pereverzev | Franc Soukup; Anton Nemec | Hendrick Van Kol | Hjalmar Branting | Garatti | Thorvald Stauning Thorvald Stauning Thorvald August Marinus Stauning was the first social democratic Prime Minister of Denmark. He served as Prime Minister from 1924 to 1926 and again from 1929 until his death in 1942.... |
Mano Buchinger | Avramoff | Varandian | K. Sutte | B. Nelin; G. Borski |
11th. Brussels; November 7, 1909
| Sec. | Bel. | Fr. | Br. | Ger. | Pol. | Rus. | Boh. | Ne. | Lux. | Austria | Den. | Hu. | USA | Arg. | Swed. | Bulg. | Sp. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Camille Huysmans | Edward Anseele; Emile Vandervelde | Édouard Vaillant; Guesde; Jeam Longuet | Keir Hardie Keir Hardie James Keir Hardie, Sr. , was a Scottish socialist and labour leader, and was the first Independent Labour Member of Parliament elected to the Parliament of the United Kingdom... ; Harry Quelch; G. H. Roberts |
Paul Singer; Hermann Molkenbuhr | Hermann Diamand; Adolf Warski Adolf Warski Adolf Warski, born Jerzy Adolf Warszawski , was a leader and theoretician of the Polish communist movement.... ; Wronsky |
Roubanovitch; Lenin; C. Sutte | Franc Soukup; Anton Nemec | Hendrick Van Kol; Pieter Jelles Troelstra | Michel Welter | Victor Adler | P. Knudsen; Thorvald Stauning | E. Garami | Victor Berger; Kretlow | Achille Cambier | Hjalmar Branting | Breitko Loukov | Fabra Ribas |
12th. CopenhagenCopenhagenCopenhagen is the capital and largest city of Denmark, with an urban population of 1,199,224 and a metropolitan population of 1,930,260 . With the completion of the transnational Øresund Bridge in 2000, Copenhagen has become the centre of the increasingly integrating Øresund Region...
; August 26-31, September 2-3, 1910
| Sec. | Bel. | Fr. | Br. | Ger. | Pol. | Rus. | Boh. | Ne. | Austria | Den. | Hu. | USA | Swed. | Bulg. | Rom. | Serb. | Turk. | Fin. | Nor. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Camille Huysmans | Edward Anseele; Emile Vandervelde; Leon Furnemont | Édouard Vaillant; Guesde; Jeam Jaures; Angele Roussel | Ramsay MacDonald Ramsay MacDonald James Ramsay MacDonald, PC, FRS was a British politician who was the first ever Labour Prime Minister, leading a minority government for two terms.... |
Friedrich Ebert Friedrich Ebert Friedrich Ebert was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany .When Ebert was elected as the leader of the SPD after the death of August Bebel, the party members of the SPD were deeply divided because of the party's support for World War I. Ebert supported the Burgfrieden and... ; Hermann Molkenbuhr |
Hermann Diamand; Karl Kautsky | Roubanovitch; Lenin; T. Medem | Franc Soukup; Anton Nemec | Hendrick Van Kol; Pieter Jelles Troelstra | Victor Adler; Engelbert Perner-storfer; Engelbert; Ferdinand Skaret | P. Knudsen; Thorvald Stauning | Mano Buchinger | Daniel De Leon Daniel De Leon Daniel DeLeon was an American socialist newspaper editor, politician, Marxist theoretician, and trade union organizer. He is regarded as the forefather of the idea of revolutionary industrial unionism and was the leading figure in the Socialist Labor Party of America from 1890 until the time of... ; Morris Hillquit; Victor Berger |
Hjalmar Branting; CGT Wickman Wickman Wickman is a surname, and may refer to:*Bob Wickman , American professional baseball player*Ivar Wickman , Swedish physician who discovered the epidemic and contagious nature of polio*Lance B. Wickman Wickman is a surname, and may refer to:*Bob Wickman (b. 1969), American professional baseball... |
Yanko Sakazov Yanko Sakazov Yanko Ivanov Sakazov was a Bulgarian socialist politician.A native of the northeastern city of Shumen, Sakazov went abroad for studies during his youth, studying in Western Europe and Russia. He was a student of natural sciences, philosophy and history in Germany, biology in England and literature... ; G. Kirkov |
Racovsky Christian Rakovsky Christian Rakovsky was a Bulgarian socialist revolutionary, a Bolshevik politician and Soviet diplomat; he was also noted as a journalist, physician, and essayist... |
Tucovic Dimitrije Tucovic Dimitrije Tucović was a prominent leader and theorist of the socialist movement in the Kingdom of Serbia... |
Varandian | Yrjo Sirola; Vaino Tanner Väinö Tanner Väinö Tanner was a pioneer and leader in the cooperative movement in Finland, and Prime Minister of Finland from 1926 to 1927.... |
Einar Li Einar Li Einar Li was a Norwegian newspaper editor and politician for the Labour and Social Democratic Labour parties. He was also known as a conscientious objector, for which he received prison sentences.-Objector:... ; Magnus Nilssen Magnus Nilssen Magnus Nilssen was Norwegian politician for the Labour and Social Democratic Labour parties.He was born in Lillehammer as a son of shoemaker Mathias Nilssen and his wife Eline Pedersen . He was a first cousin of Marcus Halfdan Kastrud. He finished his appreniceship as a goldsmith in 1889, and... |
13th. ZurichZürichZurich is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zurich. It is located in central Switzerland at the northwestern tip of Lake Zurich...
; September 23-24, 1911
| Sec. | Bel. | Fr. | Br. | Ger. | Pol. | Rus. | Ne. | Swiss. | Austria | Serb. | Italy | Hung. | Boh. | Turk. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Camille Huysmans | Edward Anseele; Emile Vandervelde; Leon Furnemont | Édouard Vaillant; Angele Roussel; Jean Longuet | Harry Quelch | Hermann Molkenbuhr; August Bebel | Rosa Luxembourg; Hermann Diamand | Georgi Plekhanov; Lenin | Pieter Jelles Troelstra | Sgragen; Karl Moor Karl Moor Karl Moor was a Swiss Communist, and a channel for German financing of the 19th century European Bolshevik movement.... ; Bruestein |
Victor Adler | Tucovic | Pompeo Ciotti | Mano Buchinger | Franc Soukup; Anton Nemec | Saul Nahum |
14th. Brussels; October 28-29, 1912
| Sec. | Bel. | Fr. | Br. | Ger. | Pol. | Rus. | Ne. | Swiss. | Austria | Rom. | Italy | Hung. | Boh. | Turk. | Swiss. | Sw. | Den. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Camille Huysmans | Edward Anseele; Emile Vandervelde; Leon Furnemont | Édouard Vaillant; Angele Roussel; Jean Longuet | Harry Quelch; Bruce Glasier; F. W. Goldstone Frank Walter Goldstone Sir Frank Walter Goldstone was a British teacher, trade unionist and politician.-Biography:Goldstone was born in Bishopwearmouth, County Durham on 7 December 1870... |
Hermann Molkenbuhr; Karl Kautsky; Hugo Haase | Rosa Luxembourg; Hermann Diamand | Georgi Plekhanov; Roubanovitch; Merkel | Pieter Jelles Troelstra | Sgragen; Karl Moor Karl Moor Karl Moor was a Swiss Communist, and a channel for German financing of the 19th century European Bolshevik movement.... ; Bruestein |
Victor Adler | Racovsky | G. Agnini; Angelica Balabanov | E. Garami; J. Weltner | Franc Soukup; B Kolar Kolar Kolara is a city in the South Indian state of Karnataka. It is the headquarters of Kolar District. It is known for being one of the gold mining sites in India.... |
Saul Nahum | Fritz Stunder | Branting | Carl Madsen; Thorvald Stuaning |
15th. LondonLondonLondon is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
; December 13-14, 1913
| Bel. | Fr. | Br. | Ger. | Pol. | Rus. | Ne. | Swiss. | Austria | Rom. | Italy | Hung. | Boh. | USA | Sw. | Den. | Nor. | Arg. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Edward Anseele; Emile Vandervelde; Camille Huysmans; Louis Bertrand Louis Bertrand Louis Bertrand was a French novelist, historian and essayist. He was the third member elected to occupy seat 4 of the Académie française in 1925.- External links :... |
Édouard Vaillant; Jean Jaures; Jean Longuet | "a large delegation from the British...parties" | Hermann Molkenbuhr; Karl Kautsky; Friedrich Ebert | Rosa Luxembourg; Hermann Diamand; Lapinski | Tcheidze; Roubanovitch; Litvinov Litvinov Litvinov or Litvinova a Russian last name derived from the word litvin. It is shared by the following people:* Alexander Litvinov , Russian general in the Imperial Russian Army and the Red Army... |
Vliegen | Fritz Stunder | Victor Adler | Racovsky | G. Agnini; Angelica Balabanov | Mano Buchinger | Franc Soukup; B Kolar Kolar Kolara is a city in the South Indian state of Karnataka. It is the headquarters of Kolar District. It is known for being one of the gold mining sites in India.... |
Kate Richards O'Hare Kate Richards O'Hare Kate Richards O'Hare was an American Socialist Party activist, editor, and orator best known for her controversial imprisonment during World War I.-Biography:... |
Branting | Thorvald Stuaning | Jacob Vidnes Jacob Vidnes Jacob Laurentius Vidnes was a Norwegian trade unionist, newspaper editor and politician for the Labour Party.He was born in Vanylven. In 1900 he was a co-founder of Kristiania socialdemokratiske Ungdomslag, for which he served as the first chairman. In 1909 he founded the trade union Norges... |
Ramon Saint-Marie |
16th. Brussels; July 29-30, 1914
| Sec. | Bel. | Fr. | Br. | Ger. | Pol. | Rus. | Ne. | Swiss. | Austria | Rom. | Italy | Hung. | Boh. | Sw. | Den. | Arg. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Camille Huysmans | Edward Anseele; Emile Vandervelde; Louis Bertrand | Édouard Vaillant; Jean Jaures; Jean Longuet; Guesde; Marcel Sembat | Kier Hardie; Bruce Glasier; Dan Irving Dan Irving David Daniel Irving, known as Dan Irving was a British socialist activist and Labour Party Member of Parliament.... |
Hugo Haase; Karl Kautsky; Rosa Luxembourg | Walecki | Pavel Axelrod; Roubanovitch; Winter; O. Braun | Troelstra | R. Grimm; Karl Moor | Victor Adler; Friedrich Adler | Racovsky | Angelica Balabanov; Morgari | Mano Buchinger | B. Nemec | Branting | Thorvald Stuaning | Fabras; Corales |
First World War
In autumn 1914, shortly after the occupation of most of Belgium by German troops, the executive committee decided to move the headquarters from Brussels to the Hague, with the approval of the Belgian Labor Party. The all Belgian Executive Committee also unanimously decided to expand itself by adding three Dutch members, Troelstra, Van Kol and Albarda, with Vleigen and Wibaut as alternates. Camille Huysmans, a Belgian, remained Secretary. This arrangement was approved by all of the affiliated parties, except the French party which decline to vote, believing that the International should have stayed "where it was and what it was".In the early months of the war the Executive Committee resisted efforts to call a full meeting of the Bureau, feeling that it would have been impossible to get delegates from certain countries together and feeling that an unrepresentative meeting might mean the dissolution of the International altogether. In January and February 1915 the BSI attempted to hold a series of separate, one-one meetings with representatives of the parties in belligerent nations. The French refused to send a delegation to the Hague. The British were at first willing, but opted out after Arthur Henderson became a member of the War Cabinet
War Cabinet
A War Cabinet is a committee formed by a government in a time of war. It is usually a subset of the full executive cabinet of ministers. It is also quite common for a War Cabinet to have senior military officers and opposition politicians as members....
. The Belgians were the first to send a delegation, and the German part met with the executive twice.
The BSI was pointedly hostile to the Zimmerwald Conference
Zimmerwald Conference
The Zimmerwald Conference was held in Zimmerwald, Switzerland, from September 5 through September 8, 1915. It was an international socialist conference, which saw the beginning of the end of the coalition between revolutionary socialists and reformist socialists in the Second International.-...
. At a speech to the congress of the Dutch party Huysmans ridiculed the Zimmerwaldians for their impatience, as well as for the unrepresentative and "amateur" nature of the conference. Huysmans later reportedly made special trips to Britain and France to dissuade socialists in those countries from attending the Kienthal Conference
Kienthal Conference
The Kienthal Conference was held from April 24 to 30, 1916. Like its 1915 predecessor in Zimmerwald, it was an international conference of socialists who opposed the First World War.- Background :...
. Partly in response to Zimmerwald and Kienthal, though, the Bureau arranged for a meeting of socialists from the neutral countries. Originally scheduled for June 23, this conference finally met at the Hague on July 30-August 2, 1916. Consisting of nine delegates from Argentina, the United States (Algernon Lee
Algernon Lee
Algernon H. Lee was an American socialist politician and educator, best known as the Director of Education at the Rand School of Social Science for 35 years.-Early years:...
), the Neatherlands, Denmark and Sweden, the conference passed a resolution expressing confidence in the Executive Committee and deprecating any effort to break up the official International
In April 1917, after the March Revolution in Russia, Staunding of Denmark wrote to the BSI stating that if they were unable to summon a general conference of Socialist parties, it would be organized without them. Upon getting this appeal the Dutch members of the Executive Committee left for Stockholm. Huysmans soon joined them setting up the secretariat of the Bureau at the Trade Union House of the Swedish Socialist Party. On May 2 Huysmans and Engberg became the Secretariats representative in a new organization, the
Dutch-Scandinavian Committee which attempted to convene a general socialist conference at Stockholm for the remainder of 1917, without success.
In November 1918 Huysmans worked in concert with the committee appoint by the fourth Inter-Allied Socialist Conference for the convening of a socialist conference of the formerly beligerent nations. The final result of this was the Berne Conference of 1919.
See also
- Neutral Socialist Conferences during the First World WarNeutral Socialist Conferences during the First World WarDuring the First World War there were three conferences of the Socialist parties of the non-belligerent countries.- Lugano, 1914 :The first joint meeting of any of the socialist parties after the out break of the war was held by representatives of the Swiss Social Democratic Party and the Italian...
- International Socialist Commission