Imperial Commissioner
Encyclopedia
Imperial Commissioner is an ambivalent English language
term, used to render foreign language titles of various - mostly gubernatorial - officers whose 'commission
' was in the gift of an Emperor
, including China
, Tsarist Russia and the Holy Roman Empire
.
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
term, used to render foreign language titles of various - mostly gubernatorial - officers whose 'commission
Letters patent
Letters patent are a type of legal instrument in the form of a published written order issued by a monarch or president, generally granting an office, right, monopoly, title, or status to a person or corporation...
' was in the gift of an Emperor
Emperor
An emperor is a monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife or a woman who rules in her own right...
, including China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
, Tsarist Russia and the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a realm that existed from 962 to 1806 in Central Europe.It was ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favour of the princes...
.
- The GermanGerman languageGerman is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union....
title, in both the German Second Reich and the Nazi Third Reich, was usually ReichskommissarReichskommissarReichskommissar , in German history, was an official gubernatorial title used for various public offices during the period of the German Empire and the Nazi Third Reich....
.
- However, Imperial Commissioner can also be used to render Kaiserlicher Kommissar, which in German etymologyEtymologyEtymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time.For languages with a long written history, etymologists make use of texts in these languages and texts about the languages to gather knowledge about how words were used during...
refers to the Emperor, not to the EmpireReichReich is a German word cognate with the English rich, but also used to designate an empire, realm, or nation. The qualitative connotation from the German is " sovereign state." It is the word traditionally used for a variety of sovereign entities, including Germany in many periods of its history...
. This was notably the case for a gubernatorial style in the colonial possession of Jaluit (in the South sea, presently in the Marshall IslandsMarshall IslandsThe Republic of the Marshall Islands , , is a Micronesian nation of atolls and islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, just west of the International Date Line and just north of the Equator. As of July 2011 the population was 67,182...
), which were administered, after a single Kommissar ('Commissioner'; 1885 - 1886, Gustav von Oertzen, b. 18.. - d. 1911), by the following Kaiserliche Kommissare :- 1886 - 5 October 1887 Wilhelm Knappe (b. 1855 - d. 1910)
- 5 October 1887 - 29 March 1889 Franz Leopold Sonnenschein (acting to 14 April 1888) (b. 1857 - d. 1897)
- 29 March 1889 - 14 April 1890 Eugen Brandeis (acting) (b. 1846 - d. 1919) (1st time)
- 14 April 1890 - February 1892 Friedrich Louis Max Biermann (b. 1856 - d. 1929)
- Feb 1892 - 1893 Eugen Brandeis (acting) (2nd time)
- 1893 - 1894 Ernst Schmidt-Dargitz (b. 1859 - d. 1924); thereafter by Landeshauptleute
See also
- CommissionerCommissionerCommissioner is in principle the title given to a member of a commission or to an individual who has been given a commission ....
- Imperial Commissioner