ISO 25178
Encyclopedia
ISO 25178: Geometric Product Specifications (GPS) – Surface texture: areal is an International Organisation for Standardisation collection of international standards relating to the analysis of 3D areal surface texture.
methods, together with the physical calibration standards and calibration software that are required.
A major new feature incorporated into the standard is coverage of non-contact measurement methods, already commonly used by industry, but up until now lacking a standard to support quality audits within the framework of ISO 9000
. For the first time, the standard brings 3D surface metrology
methods into the official domain, following 2D profilometric methods that have been subject to standards for over 30 years. The same thing applies to measurement technologies that are not restricted to contact measurement (with a diamond point stylus
), but can also be optical, such as chromatic confocal gauges and interferometric microscopes.
Other documents are in draft or being drafted and will be published in the next few years. A number of documents that are in draft concern, in particular, other optical measurement technologies (3D confocal microscope, white light interferometric microscope, digital holographic microscope).
A new vocabulary is imposed:
The new authorized filters are described in the series of technical specifications included in ISO/TS 16610. These filters include: the Gaussian filter, the spline filter, robust filters, morphological filters, wavelet filters, cascading filters, etc.
).
of the surface into motifs (dales and hills). Segmentation is carried out using the watersheds method.
http://open-gps.sourceforge.net/.
and defines each of these technologies.
Next, the standard explores a number of these technologies in detail and dedicates two documents to each of them:
.
New features
It is the first international standard taking into account the specification and measurement of 3D surface texture. In particular, the standard defines 3D surface texture parameters and the associated specification operators. It also describes the applicable measurement technologies, calibrationCalibration
Calibration is a comparison between measurements – one of known magnitude or correctness made or set with one device and another measurement made in as similar a way as possible with a second device....
methods, together with the physical calibration standards and calibration software that are required.
A major new feature incorporated into the standard is coverage of non-contact measurement methods, already commonly used by industry, but up until now lacking a standard to support quality audits within the framework of ISO 9000
ISO 9000
The ISO 9000 family of standards relates to quality management systems and is designed to help organizations ensure they meet the needs of customers and other stakeholders . The standards are published by ISO, the International Organization for Standardization, and available through National...
. For the first time, the standard brings 3D surface metrology
Metrology
Metrology is the science of measurement. Metrology includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement. The word comes from Greek μέτρον , "measure" + "λόγος" , amongst others meaning "speech, oration, discourse, quote, study, calculation, reason"...
methods into the official domain, following 2D profilometric methods that have been subject to standards for over 30 years. The same thing applies to measurement technologies that are not restricted to contact measurement (with a diamond point stylus
Stylus (computing)
In computing, a stylus is a small pen-shaped instrument that is used to input commands to a computer screen, mobile device or graphics tablet...
), but can also be optical, such as chromatic confocal gauges and interferometric microscopes.
Structure of the standard
Documents constituting the standard :- Part 1: surface texture indications
- Part 2: terms, definitions and surface texture parameters
- Part 3: specification operators
- Part 6: classification of methods for measuring surface texture
- Part 601: nominal characteristics of contact (stylus) instruments
- Part 602: nominal characteristics of non-contact (confocal chromatic probe) instruments
- Part 603: nominal characteristics of non-contact (wavefront interferometric microscope) instruments
- Part 604: nominal characteristics of non-contact (coherence scanning interferometry ) instruments
- Part 605: nominal characteristics of non-contact (point autofocus profiling ) instruments
- Part 606: nominal characteristics of non-contact (focus variationFocus variationFocus variation is a method to calculate a sharp image and to measure the depth with an optics with limited depth of field.-Algorithm:The algorithm work as follows:# at first images with difference focus are captured...
) instruments - Part 701: calibration and measurement standards for contact (stylus) instruments
Other documents are in draft or being drafted and will be published in the next few years. A number of documents that are in draft concern, in particular, other optical measurement technologies (3D confocal microscope, white light interferometric microscope, digital holographic microscope).
New definitions
The ISO 25178 standard is considered by TC213 as first and foremost providing a redefinition of the foundations of surface texture, based upon the principle that nature is intrinsically 3D. It is anticipated that future work will extend these new concepts into the domain of 2D profilometric surface texture analysis, requiring a total revision of all current surface texture standards (ISO 4287, ISO 4288, ISO 1302, ISO 11562, ISO 12085, ISO 13565, etc.)A new vocabulary is imposed:
- S filter: filter eliminating the smallest scale elements from the surface (or of the shortest wavelength for a linear filter)
- L filter: filter eliminating the largest scale elements from the surface (or of the longest wavelength for a linear filter)
- F operator: operator suppressing nominal form.
- Primary surface: surface obtained after S filtering.
- S-F surface: surface obtained after applying an F operator to the primary surface.
- S-L surface: surface obtained after applying an L filter to the S-F surface.
- Nesting index: index corresponding to the cut-off wavelength of a linear filter, or to the scale of the structuring element of a morphological filter. Under 25178, industry-specific taxonomies such as roughness vs wavinessWavinessWaviness is the measure of the more widely spaced component of surface texture. It is a broader view of roughness because it is more strictly defined as "the irregularities whose spacing is greater than the roughness sampling length"...
are replaced by the more general "nesting index".
The new authorized filters are described in the series of technical specifications included in ISO/TS 16610. These filters include: the Gaussian filter, the spline filter, robust filters, morphological filters, wavelet filters, cascading filters, etc.
Generalities
3D parameters are written with the capital letter S (or V) followed by a suffix of one or two small letters. They are calculated on the entire surface and no more by averaging estimations calculated on a number of base lengths, as is the case for 2D parameters. In contrast with 2D naming conventions, the name of a 3D parameter does not reflect the filtering context. For example, Sa always appears regardless of the surface, whereas in 2D there is Pa, Ra or Wa depending on whether the profile is a primary, roughness or waviness profile.Height parameters
These parameters involve only the statistical distribution of height values along the z axis.| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Sq | Root mean square height of the surface |
| Ssk | Skewness of height distribution |
| Sku | Kurtosis of height distribution |
| Sp | Maximum height of peaks |
| Sv | Maximum height of valleys |
| Sz | Maximum height of the surface |
| Sa | Arithmetical mean height of the surface |
Spatial parameters
These parameters involve the spatial periodicity of the data, specifically its direction.| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Sal | Fastest decay auto-correlation rate |
| Str | Texture aspect ratio of the surface |
| Std | Texture direction of the surface |
Hybrid parameters
These parameters relate to the spatial shape of the data.| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Sdq | Root mean square gradient of the surface |
| Sdr | Developed area ratio |
Functions and related parameters
These parameters are calculated from the material ratio curve (Abbott-Firestone curveAbbott-Firestone curve
The Abbott-Firestone curve or bearing area curve describes the surface texture of an object. The curve could be found from a profile trace by drawing lines parallel to the datum and measuring the fraction of the line which lies within the profile...
).
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Smr | Surface bearing area ratio |
| Sdc | Height of surface bearing area ratio |
| Sxp | Peak extreme height |
| Vm | Material volume at a given height |
| Vv | Void volume at a given height |
| Vmp | Material volume of peaks |
| Vmc | Material volume of the core |
| Vvc | Void volume of the core |
| Vvv | Void volume of the valleys |
Parameters related to segmentation
These parameters are derived from a segmentationSegmentation
Segmentation may mean:*Market segmentation, in economics and marketingBiology*A process of morphogenesis that divides a metazoan body into a series of semi-repetitive segments*Segmentation , a series of semi-repetitive segments...
of the surface into motifs (dales and hills). Segmentation is carried out using the watersheds method.
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| Spd | Density of peaks |
| Spc | Arithmetic mean peak curvature |
| S10z | 10 point height |
| S5p | 5 point peak height |
| S5v | 5 point valley height |
| Sda | Closed dales area |
| Sha | Closed hills area |
| Sdv | Closed dales volume |
| Shv | Closed hills volume |
3D surface texture measurement software
At the moment a consortium of several company are working on a free implementation of the above parameters. This is called OpenGPShttp://open-gps.sourceforge.net/.
3D surface texture measurement instruments
Part 6 of the standard divides the usable technologies into three families:- TopographicalTopographyTopography is the study of Earth's surface shape and features or those ofplanets, moons, and asteroids...
instruments: contact and non-contact 3D profilometers, interferometric and confocal microscopes, structured light projectors, stereoscopic microscopes, etc. - Profilometric instruments: contact and non-contact 2D profilometers, line triangulation lasers, etc.
- Instruments functioning by integration: pneumatic measurement, capacitiveCapacitorA capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric ; for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated...
, by optical diffusion, etc.
and defines each of these technologies.
Next, the standard explores a number of these technologies in detail and dedicates two documents to each of them:
- Part 6xx: nominal characteristics of the instrument
- Part 7xx: calibration of the instrument
Contact profilometer
Parts 601 and 701 describe the contact profilometer, using a diamond point to measure the surface with the assistance of a lateral scanning device.Chromatic confocal gauge
Part 602 describes this type of non-contact profilometer, incorporating a single point white light chromatic confocal sensor. The operating principle is based upon the chromatic dispersion of the white light source along the optical axis, via a confocal device, and the detection of the wavelength that is focused on the surface by a spectrometerSpectrometer
A spectrometer is an instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, typically used in spectroscopic analysis to identify materials. The variable measured is most often the light's intensity but could also, for instance, be the polarization...
.