Huáng bǎi
Encyclopedia
Huáng bǎi or huáng bò (黄檗) is one of the fifty fundamental herbs of traditional Chinese medicine
. Known also as Cortex Phellodendri, it is the bark of one of two species of Phellodendron
tree: Phellodendron amurense
or Phellodendron chinense
.
]
of Heilongjiang province, though other regions of Heilongjiang
, Jilin
, Liaoning
and Inner Mongolia
may also be suitable. These provinces are in the far northeast of China, near the Heilong Jiang river, known in Russian as the Аму́р (Amur River), and Phellodendron amurense is commonly known as the Amur cork tree.
Phellodendron chinense (川黄柏, i.e. "lowland Phellodendron") producing areas include Sichuan
, Hubei
, Guizhou
, Yunnan
, and Guangxi
.
(Pure Brightness), the fifth solar term (April 4–20). It is sun-dried and cut into slices. The bark may be used raw or fried with salt. Typical dosage is 3-10 grams. A variety of methods of water and ethanol extraction may have differing activities (see below) and methods such as "semi-bionic extraction" have been investigated to improve yields. Some pharmacological activities of the bark can be standardized by analyzing the level of berberine
using a monoclonal antibody, thin-layer chromatography, HPLC
, potentiometry, or acidic potassium permanganate
chemiluminescence. There are quantitative differences between the two species of Cortex Phellodendri (P. amurense and chinense) and it has been suggested that they should be used as separate resources in the clinic. An analysis of 31 commercial samples in 1993 found that the total level of five alkaloids in samples of P. wilsonii and P. amurense var. sachalinense was 4.1% (mostly berberine), while the level in P. amurense and Ph. chinense was 1.5%.
The levels of four harmful trace heavy metals (arsenic
, cadmium
, mercury
, and thallium
) in P. chinense for export are limited by the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China and the Green Trade Standard for Importing and Exporting Medicinal Plant and Preparation.
counterpart of humorism
, Wu Xing, as bitter and cold, affecting the kidney, urinary bladder and large intestine meridians
. Is said "to clear heat and dry dampness", and "to reduce fire and release toxins".
. These should be evaluated cautiously, as many of them represent small studies, with little confirmation, and occasionally are subject to conflict of interest, but they are what is available.
In mice with hyperuricemia
, Phellodendron amurense (whether raw or processed with salt) reduced blood uric acid
levels by inhibiting xanthine oxidase
activity.
In vitro studies found that the extract reduced neuronal cell death (apoptosis
) in a tissue culture line treated with a strong toxin (MPTP
). By contrast, it was identified as a possible inducer of apoptosis in HL-60 cells.
Various preparations of the bark showed antioxidant activities, with an 80% ethanol extract of the bark stir-fried with yellow alcohol having the largest effect.
Phellodendron amurense
and Coptis chinensis
were identified from among 297 Chinese medicines as herbs that reduce activation of NF-κB by a liver cell line in response to acetaldehyde
, a breakdown product of ethanol
associated with cirrhosis. NF-κB is part of an inflammatory process, and it is believed that berberine
, a component of the two herbs, is responsible for the effect. Phellodendron amurense also inhibited proinflammatory iNOS and TNF-alpha activity in a glial cell line and has topical anti-inflammatory activity. Phellodendron wilsonii was found to have a hepatoprotective activity in carbon tetrachloride treated rats.
Ethanol extracts, but not water extracts, of huáng bǎi appeared to exert antidiarrheal activity by attenuating ion transport by intestinal epithelium
.
Medicinal extracts of the bark reduced the rate of growth of Candida
, which has been ascribed to berberine and palmatine content. They have also been investigated for use against Mycoplasma hominis
, Propionibacterium acnes
, and Helicobacter pylori
. A bark extract was reported to reduce formation of stomach ulcers in mice under several stresses, due to cytoprotection and reduced secretion of stomach acid. The cytoprotective effect against ulcers is abolished by pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide
, suggesting that sulfhydryl compounds are involved.
A methanol extract (100–400 mg/kg) was found to protect against airway inflammation in response to lipopolysaccharide
treatment of mice.
The extract (379 mg/kg) was found to reduce blood glucose levels and slow the development of diabetic nephropathy
in mice treated with streptozocin to induce diabetes. Similar effects have been attributed to berberine.
Extracts of the bark have been reported to reduce contractions of smooth muscle
of isolated rat prostate
glands. Certain polysaccharide fractions from Phellodendron chinense were reported to increase T cell
activity and reduce cell replication of tumors in mice. A group studying Nexrutine, a brand of fractionated extract, found that it reduced the rate of replication of prostate tumor cells. Tests of Nexrutine (300–600 mg/kg) in a mouse strain designed to develop prostate cancer found a dramatic reduction in palpable tumors. Another brand, Prostant, has been used for chronic prostatitis
Phellodendrine
and magnoflorine from the bark showed an immunosuppressive effect on local graft-versus-host reactions in mice, but phellodendrine does not affect antibody production in mice to SRBC.
Traditional Chinese medicines containing Huáng bǎi include:
Korean medicines include:
Cortex Phellodendri, known in Japanese as Ōbaku
(黄檗) is also among the Kampo herb list
of traditional Japanese medicine. The 1249 treatise Pí Wèi Lùn, known in Japanese as the Hi-i-ron, notably recommended it in combination with sweet Qi-tonics (Hoki-yaku) such as Ginseng and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizome, but these formulations are less prominent in the Nei Wai Shang Bian Huo Lun. Use of the root (Radix Phellodendri) was described in the 1735 Sambutsu-cho.
Use of the herb has been unknown in European medicine.
Traditional Chinese medicine
Traditional Chinese Medicine refers to a broad range of medicine practices sharing common theoretical concepts which have been developed in China and are based on a tradition of more than 2,000 years, including various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage , exercise , and dietary therapy...
. Known also as Cortex Phellodendri, it is the bark of one of two species of Phellodendron
Phellodendron
Phellodendron or Cork-tree, is a genus of deciduous trees in the family Rutaceae, native to east and northeast Asia. It has leathery, pinnate leaves and yellow, clumped flowers. The name refers to the thick and corky bark of some species in the genus.-Cultivation and uses:As an ornamental plant,...
tree: Phellodendron amurense
Phellodendron amurense
Phellodendron amurense Rupr. is a species of tree in the family Rutaceae, commonly called the Amur cork tree. It is a major source of huáng bò , one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine...
or Phellodendron chinense
Phellodendron chinense
Phellodendron chinense is a plant species in the genus Phellodendron.The isocoumarin derivative 3-acetyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dimethoxy-1H-2-benzopyran-1-one can be found in Huáng bǎi , one of the fifty fundamental herbs of traditional Chinese medicine....
.
| Alternate names：huáng bò, yuán bò | |
| Source | |
| Tree bark of the Rutaceae Rutaceae Rutaceae, commonly known as the rue or citrus family, is a family of flowering plants, usually placed in the order Sapindales.Species of the family generally have flowers that divide into four or five parts, usually with strong scents... plants Phellodendron chinense Phellodendron chinense Phellodendron chinense is a plant species in the genus Phellodendron.The isocoumarin derivative 3-acetyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dimethoxy-1H-2-benzopyran-1-one can be found in Huáng bǎi , one of the fifty fundamental herbs of traditional Chinese medicine.... Schneid. or Phellodendron amurense Phellodendron amurense Phellodendron amurense Rupr. is a species of tree in the family Rutaceae, commonly called the Amur cork tree. It is a major source of huáng bò , one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine... |
|
| Medicinal activity | |
| Taste | bitter, cold |
| Tropism | kidney Kidney The kidneys, organs with several functions, serve essential regulatory roles in most animals, including vertebrates and some invertebrates. They are essential in the urinary system and also serve homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid–base balance, and... , urinary bladder Urinary bladder The urinary bladder is the organ that collects urine excreted by the kidneys before disposal by urination. A hollow muscular, and distensible organ, the bladder sits on the pelvic floor... , large intestine Large intestine The large intestine is the third-to-last part of the digestive system — — in vertebrate animals. Its function is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter, and then to pass useless waste material from the body... |
| Efficacy | clears and dries damp heat? (清热燥湿), flushes away fire and removes steam? (泻火除蒸), binds up poison and cures sores? (解毒疗疮) |
| Uses | |
| Indications | Moist heat (下焦湿热症状) |
| Internal use | Pills or powder |
| External use | As suitable |
| Recommendations | |
| Counterindications | Spleen weakness |
| Manufacture | |
| Harvesting | Tree bark collected March to May |
| Storage | Dry and ventilated place |
| Processing | Salt, alcohol, charcoal? methods |
| Chinese medicine chemical ingredient | |
| berberine Berberine Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group of isoquinoline alkaloids. It is found in such plants as Berberis Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group of isoquinoline alkaloids. It is found in such plants as Berberis Berberine is a quaternary... |
|
]
Cultivation
For Phellodendron amurense (关黄柏, i.e. "highland Phellodendron") one of the major producing areas is Taoshan DistrictTaoshan District
The district of Taoshan is an administrative subdivision of the province of Heilongjiang, China. It is under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Qitaihe.- Notes and references :...
of Heilongjiang province, though other regions of Heilongjiang
Heilongjiang
For the river known in Mandarin as Heilong Jiang, see Amur River' is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. "Heilongjiang" literally means Black Dragon River, which is the Chinese name for the Amur. The one-character abbreviation is 黑...
, Jilin
Jilin
Jilin , is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. Jilin borders North Korea and Russia to the east, Heilongjiang to the north, Liaoning to the south, and Inner Mongolia to the west...
, Liaoning
Liaoning
' is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the northeast of the country. Its one-character abbreviation is "辽" , a name taken from the Liao River that flows through the province. "Níng" means "peace"...
and Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country. Inner Mongolia shares an international border with the countries of Mongolia and the Russian Federation...
may also be suitable. These provinces are in the far northeast of China, near the Heilong Jiang river, known in Russian as the Аму́р (Amur River), and Phellodendron amurense is commonly known as the Amur cork tree.
Phellodendron chinense (川黄柏, i.e. "lowland Phellodendron") producing areas include Sichuan
Sichuan
' , known formerly in the West by its postal map spellings of Szechwan or Szechuan is a province in Southwest China with its capital in Chengdu...
, Hubei
Hubei
' Hupeh) is a province in Central China. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Lake Dongting...
, Guizhou
Guizhou
' is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the southwestern part of the country. Its provincial capital city is Guiyang.- History :...
, Yunnan
Yunnan
Yunnan is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the far southwest of the country spanning approximately and with a population of 45.7 million . The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders Burma, Laos, and Vietnam.Yunnan is situated in a mountainous area, with...
, and Guangxi
Guangxi
Guangxi, formerly romanized Kwangsi, is a province of southern China along its border with Vietnam. In 1958, it became the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China, a region with special privileges created specifically for the Zhuang people.Guangxi's location, in...
.
Preparation
Bark is collected during QingmingQingming
Traditional East Asian lunisolar calendars divide a year into 24 solar terms . Qīngmíng or Chīngmíng or Seimei is the 5th solar term. It begins when the Sun reaches the celestial longitude of 15° and ends when it reaches the longitude of 30°...
(Pure Brightness), the fifth solar term (April 4–20). It is sun-dried and cut into slices. The bark may be used raw or fried with salt. Typical dosage is 3-10 grams. A variety of methods of water and ethanol extraction may have differing activities (see below) and methods such as "semi-bionic extraction" have been investigated to improve yields. Some pharmacological activities of the bark can be standardized by analyzing the level of berberine
Berberine
Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group of isoquinoline alkaloids. It is found in such plants as Berberis Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group of isoquinoline alkaloids. It is found in such plants as Berberis Berberine is a quaternary...
using a monoclonal antibody, thin-layer chromatography, HPLC
High-performance liquid chromatography
High-performance liquid chromatography , HPLC, is a chromatographic technique that can separate a mixture of compounds and is used in biochemistry and analytical chemistry to identify, quantify and purify the individual components of the mixture.HPLC typically utilizes different types of stationary...
, potentiometry, or acidic potassium permanganate
Potassium permanganate
Potassium permanganate is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula KMnO4. It is a salt consisting of K+ and MnO4− ions. Formerly known as permanganate of potash or Condy's crystals, it is a strong oxidizing agent. It dissolves in water to give intensely purple solutions, the...
chemiluminescence. There are quantitative differences between the two species of Cortex Phellodendri (P. amurense and chinense) and it has been suggested that they should be used as separate resources in the clinic. An analysis of 31 commercial samples in 1993 found that the total level of five alkaloids in samples of P. wilsonii and P. amurense var. sachalinense was 4.1% (mostly berberine), while the level in P. amurense and Ph. chinense was 1.5%.
The levels of four harmful trace heavy metals (arsenic
Arsenic
Arsenic is a chemical element with the symbol As, atomic number 33 and relative atomic mass 74.92. Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in conjunction with sulfur and metals, and also as a pure elemental crystal. It was first documented by Albertus Magnus in 1250.Arsenic is a metalloid...
, cadmium
Cadmium
Cadmium is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Similar to zinc, it prefers oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds and similar to mercury it shows a low...
, mercury
Mercury (element)
Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is also known as quicksilver or hydrargyrum...
, and thallium
Thallium
Thallium is a chemical element with the symbol Tl and atomic number 81. This soft gray poor metal resembles tin but discolors when exposed to air. The two chemists William Crookes and Claude-Auguste Lamy discovered thallium independently in 1861 by the newly developed method of flame spectroscopy...
) in P. chinense for export are limited by the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China and the Green Trade Standard for Importing and Exporting Medicinal Plant and Preparation.
Traditional attributes
The bark is categorized in a traditional Chinese medicineTraditional Chinese medicine
Traditional Chinese Medicine refers to a broad range of medicine practices sharing common theoretical concepts which have been developed in China and are based on a tradition of more than 2,000 years, including various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage , exercise , and dietary therapy...
counterpart of humorism
Humorism
Humorism, or humoralism, is a now discredited theory of the makeup and workings of the human body, adopted by Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers, positing that an excess or deficiency of any of four distinct bodily fluids in a person directly influences their temperament and health...
, Wu Xing, as bitter and cold, affecting the kidney, urinary bladder and large intestine meridians
Meridian (Chinese medicine)
The meridian is a path through which the life-energy known as "qi" is believed to flow, in traditional Chinese medicine. There is no physically verifiable anatomical or histological basis for the existence of acupuncture points or meridians.- Main concepts :...
. Is said "to clear heat and dry dampness", and "to reduce fire and release toxins".
Physiological effects
A wide range of primary scientific publications have been made about the activities of extracts of Phellodendron bark, primarily from the People's Republic of ChinaPeople's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
. These should be evaluated cautiously, as many of them represent small studies, with little confirmation, and occasionally are subject to conflict of interest, but they are what is available.
In mice with hyperuricemia
Hyperuricemia
Hyperuricemia is a level of uric acid in the blood that is abnormally high. In humans, the upper end of the normal range is 360 µmol/L for women and 400 µmol/L for men.-Causes:...
, Phellodendron amurense (whether raw or processed with salt) reduced blood uric acid
Uric acid
Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3. It forms ions and salts known as urates and acid urates such as ammonium acid urate. Uric acid is created when the body breaks down purine nucleotides. High blood concentrations of uric acid...
levels by inhibiting xanthine oxidase
Xanthine oxidase
Xanthine oxidase Xanthine oxidase Xanthine oxidase (XO (sometimes 'XAO'), a form of xanthine oxidoreductase that generates reactive oxygen species. Is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and can further catalyze the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid...
activity.
In vitro studies found that the extract reduced neuronal cell death (apoptosis
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death that may occur in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation...
) in a tissue culture line treated with a strong toxin (MPTP
MPTP
MPTP is a neurotoxin precursor to MPP+, which causes permanent symptoms of Parkinson's disease by destroying dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain...
). By contrast, it was identified as a possible inducer of apoptosis in HL-60 cells.
Various preparations of the bark showed antioxidant activities, with an 80% ethanol extract of the bark stir-fried with yellow alcohol having the largest effect.
Phellodendron amurense
Phellodendron amurense
Phellodendron amurense Rupr. is a species of tree in the family Rutaceae, commonly called the Amur cork tree. It is a major source of huáng bò , one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine...
and Coptis chinensis
Coptis chinensis
The Chinese goldthread is a species of goldthread native to China.-Etymology:*Coptis chinensis Franch. var. chinensis**The Chinese goldthread (Coptis chinensis) is a species of goldthread native to China.-Etymology:*Coptis chinensis Franch. var. chinensis**The Chinese goldthread (Coptis chinensis)...
were identified from among 297 Chinese medicines as herbs that reduce activation of NF-κB by a liver cell line in response to acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde is an organic chemical compound with the formula CH3CHO or MeCHO. It is one of the most important aldehydes, occurring widely in nature and being produced on a large scale industrially. Acetaldehyde occurs naturally in coffee, bread, and ripe fruit, and is produced by plants as part...
, a breakdown product of ethanol
Ethanol
Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is a psychoactive drug and one of the oldest recreational drugs. Best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, it is also used in thermometers, as a...
associated with cirrhosis. NF-κB is part of an inflammatory process, and it is believed that berberine
Berberine
Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group of isoquinoline alkaloids. It is found in such plants as Berberis Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group of isoquinoline alkaloids. It is found in such plants as Berberis Berberine is a quaternary...
, a component of the two herbs, is responsible for the effect. Phellodendron amurense also inhibited proinflammatory iNOS and TNF-alpha activity in a glial cell line and has topical anti-inflammatory activity. Phellodendron wilsonii was found to have a hepatoprotective activity in carbon tetrachloride treated rats.
Ethanol extracts, but not water extracts, of huáng bǎi appeared to exert antidiarrheal activity by attenuating ion transport by intestinal epithelium
Epithelium
Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body, and also form many glands. Functions of epithelial cells include secretion, selective...
.
Medicinal extracts of the bark reduced the rate of growth of Candida
Candida (genus)
Candida is a genus of yeasts. Many species are harmless commensals or endosymbionts of animal hosts including humans, but other species, or harmless species in the wrong location, can cause disease. Candida albicans can cause infections in humans and other animals, especially in immunocompromised...
, which has been ascribed to berberine and palmatine content. They have also been investigated for use against Mycoplasma hominis
Mycoplasma hominis
Mycoplasma hominis is a strain of bacteria present in the vagina. It may or may not belong to the normal vaginal flora. It is also believed to be a cause of pelvic inflammatory disease. If so, it would be only one of many known causes....
, Propionibacterium acnes
Propionibacterium acnes
Propionibacterium acnes is a relatively slow growing, typically aerotolerant anaerobic gram positive bacterium that is linked to the skin condition acne; it can also cause chronic blepharitis and endophthalmitis, the latter particularly following intraocular surgery...
, and Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori , previously named Campylobacter pyloridis, is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium found in the stomach. It was identified in 1982 by Barry Marshall and Robin Warren, who found that it was present in patients with chronic gastritis and gastric ulcers, conditions that were...
. A bark extract was reported to reduce formation of stomach ulcers in mice under several stresses, due to cytoprotection and reduced secretion of stomach acid. The cytoprotective effect against ulcers is abolished by pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide
N-Ethylmaleimide
N-Ethylmaleimide is an organic compound that is derived from maleic acid. It contains the imide functional group, but more importantly it is an alkene that is reactive toward thiols and is commonly used to modify cysteine residues in proteins and peptides.-Organic chemistry:In the jargon of...
, suggesting that sulfhydryl compounds are involved.
A methanol extract (100–400 mg/kg) was found to protect against airway inflammation in response to lipopolysaccharide
Lipopolysaccharide
Lipopolysaccharides , also known as lipoglycans, are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide joined by a covalent bond; they are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, act as endotoxins and elicit strong immune responses in animals.-Functions:LPS is the major...
treatment of mice.
The extract (379 mg/kg) was found to reduce blood glucose levels and slow the development of diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy , also known as Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome, or nodular diabetic glomerulosclerosis and intercapillary glomerulonephritis, is a progressive kidney disease caused by angiopathy of capillaries in the kidney glomeruli. It is characterized by nephrotic syndrome and diffuse...
in mice treated with streptozocin to induce diabetes. Similar effects have been attributed to berberine.
Extracts of the bark have been reported to reduce contractions of smooth muscle
Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle is an involuntary non-striated muscle. It is divided into two sub-groups; the single-unit and multiunit smooth muscle. Within single-unit smooth muscle tissues, the autonomic nervous system innervates a single cell within a sheet or bundle and the action potential is propagated by...
of isolated rat prostate
Prostate
The prostate is a compound tubuloalveolar exocrine gland of the male reproductive system in most mammals....
glands. Certain polysaccharide fractions from Phellodendron chinense were reported to increase T cell
T cell
T cells or T lymphocytes belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells , by the presence of a T cell receptor on the cell surface. They are...
activity and reduce cell replication of tumors in mice. A group studying Nexrutine, a brand of fractionated extract, found that it reduced the rate of replication of prostate tumor cells. Tests of Nexrutine (300–600 mg/kg) in a mouse strain designed to develop prostate cancer found a dramatic reduction in palpable tumors. Another brand, Prostant, has been used for chronic prostatitis
Prostatitis
Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate gland, in men. A prostatitis diagnosis is assigned at 8% of all urologist and 1% of all primary care physician visits in the United States.-Classification:...
Phellodendrine
Phellodendrine
Phellodendrine is an alkaloid native to phellodendron amurense....
and magnoflorine from the bark showed an immunosuppressive effect on local graft-versus-host reactions in mice, but phellodendrine does not affect antibody production in mice to SRBC.
Combination therapies
In combination with Citrus sinensis extract, it reduced pain and inflammatory markers in arthritis patients, with apparent benefits on weight loss and cardiovascular health.Traditional Chinese medicines containing Huáng bǎi include:
- Sān miáo wánSān miáo wánSān miào wán is a traditional Chinese medicine consisting of three components:* 33% huáng bǎi , also known as Cortex Phellodendri, the bark of Phellodendron chinense Schneid...
- Ankun Zanyu Wan (按坤赞育丸)
- Baidai Wan (白带丸)
- Biyan PianBiyan PianBiyan Pian is a sugar-coated pill with a brown core. It is used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "dispel wind and remove toxic heat from the nose". It is slightly aromatic in odor and bitter in taste. Biyan Pian is used when there is "acute and chronic sinusitis".In 2011, Health Canada issued a...
(鼻炎片) - Dabuyin WanDabuyin WanDabuyin Wan is a dark brownish-black water-honeyed pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "nourish yin and to lower fire". It is used in cases where there is "deficiency of yin accompanied with flaming-up of evil fire manifested by daily recurring fever, night sweating, cough, hemoptysis,...
- Ermiao Wan (二妙丸)
- Fufang Caoshanhu Hanpian (复方草珊瑚含片)
- Guilin Xiguashuang (桂林西瓜霜)
- Gujing Wan (固经丸)
- Heche Dazao Wan (河车大造丸)
- Huanglian Yanggan Wan (黄连羊肝丸)
- Jianbu Wan (健步丸)
- Zhibai Dihuang WanZhibai Dihuang WanZhibai Dihuang Wan is a brownish-black or blackish-brown pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "nourish yin and lower fire". It tastes sweet, sour and slightly bitter...
- Qingfei Yihuo WanQingfei Yihuo WanQingfei Yihuo Wan is a yellowish-brown honeyed pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "remove heat from the lungs, relieve cough, resolve phlegm and relax the bowels". It has a slight odor, and tastes bitter. It is used where there is "heat in the lung marked by cough, yellowish sticky...
- Huanglian Shangqing WanHuanglian Shangqing WanHuanglian Shangqing Wan is a blackish-brown pill used in Traditional Chinese medicine to "remove heat , ease constipation, dispel wind and relieve pain ". It is aromatic, and it tastes bitter...
- Huanglian Jiedutang
- Pentaherbs formula
- Shenbaiye
- Oren-gedoku-to (described by a Japanese source as a traditional Chinese medicine for stomach ulcer)
Korean medicines include:
- Chunghyuldan
- Dae-Jo-Whan
Cortex Phellodendri, known in Japanese as Ōbaku
Obaku
Ōbaku is the Amur Corktree. It may refer to:*Mount Huangbo , a mountain in China's Fujian province, noted for its Buddhist temples*Mount Ōbaku , a mountain in the city of Uji in Japan...
(黄檗) is also among the Kampo herb list
Kampo herb list
Kampō medicine is the Japanese study and adaptation of Traditional Chinese medicine. In 1967, the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare approved 4 kampo medicines for reimbursement under the National Health Insurance program. In 1976, 82 kampo medicines were approved by the Ministry...
of traditional Japanese medicine. The 1249 treatise Pí Wèi Lùn, known in Japanese as the Hi-i-ron, notably recommended it in combination with sweet Qi-tonics (Hoki-yaku) such as Ginseng and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizome, but these formulations are less prominent in the Nei Wai Shang Bian Huo Lun. Use of the root (Radix Phellodendri) was described in the 1735 Sambutsu-cho.
Use of the herb has been unknown in European medicine.
Biochemical analysis
Small molecules found in the bark include:- berberineBerberineBerberine is a quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group of isoquinoline alkaloids. It is found in such plants as Berberis Berberine is a quaternary ammonium salt from the protoberberine group of isoquinoline alkaloids. It is found in such plants as Berberis Berberine is a quaternary...
and oxyberberine - caffeic acid ethyl ester
- isovanillinIsovanillinIsovanillin is a phenolic aldehyde, an organic compound and isomer of vanillin. It is a selective inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase. It is not a substrate of that enzyme, and is metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase into isovanillic acid....
- ferulic acidFerulic acidFerulic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid, a type of organic compound. It is an abundant phenolic phytochemical found in plant cell wall components such as arabinoxylans as covalent side chains. It is related to trans-cinnamic acid. As a component of lignin, ferulic acid is a precursor in the...
- (+/-)-5,5'-dimethoxylariciresinol
- methyl beta-orsellinate
- obacunone
- limoninLimoninLimonin is a limonoid, and a bitter, white, crystalline substance found in citrus and other plants. It is also known as limonoate D-ring-lactone and limonoic acid di-delta-lactone...
and 12alpha-hydroxylimonin - nomilin
- gamma-fagarine
- canthin-6-one
- 4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-quinolone
- palmatinePalmatinePalmatine is a protoberberine alkaloid found in several plants including Phellodendron amurense, Rhizoma coptidis/Coptis Chinensis and Corydalis yanhusuo.It is the major component of the protoberberine extract from Enantia chlorantha....
and oxypalmatine - (+/-)-lyoniresinol
- β-sitosterol
- stigmasterine
- amurenlactone A
- amurenamide A
- phellodensins and phellodenols
- (2R)-sodium 3-phenyllactate
- jatrorrhizineJatrorrhizineJatrorrhizine is a protoberberine alkaloid isolated from Enantia chlorantha and other species. Synonyms that may be encountered include jateorrhizine, neprotin, jatrochizine, jatrorhizine, or yatrorizine. It has been reported to have antiinflammatory effect, and to improve blood flow and mitotic...
- an isocoumarinIsocoumarinIsocoumarin is a lactone, a type of natural organic compound.-Known natural compounds:* Thunberginol A and Bdihydroisocoumarins* Hydrangenol* Phyllodulcin* Thunberginol C, D, E and G...
, 3-acetyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dimethoxy-1H-2-benzopyran-1-one - AlaAlanineAlanine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula CH3CHCOOH. The L-isomer is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the genetic code. Its codons are GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG. It is classified as a nonpolar amino acid...
-ProProlineProline is an α-amino acid, one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids. Its codons are CCU, CCC, CCA, and CCG. It is not an essential amino acid, which means that the human body can synthesize it. It is unique among the 20 protein-forming amino acids in that the α-amino group is secondary...
-TrpTryptophanTryptophan is one of the 20 standard amino acids, as well as an essential amino acid in the human diet. It is encoded in the standard genetic code as the codon UGG...
-CysCysteineCysteine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2SH. It is a non-essential amino acid, which means that it is biosynthesized in humans. Its codons are UGU and UGC. The side chain on cysteine is thiol, which is polar and thus cysteine is usually classified as a hydrophilic amino acid...
, a glutathione S-transferaseGlutathione S-transferaseEnzymes of the glutathione S-transferase family are composed of many cytosolic, mitochondrial, and microsomal proteins. GSTs are present in eukaryotes and in prokaryotes, where they catalyze a variety of reactions and accept endogenous and xenobiotic substrates.GSTs can constitute up to 10% of...
activating peptide
See also
- 黃檗 description in Li ShizhenLi ShizhenLi Shizhen , courtesy name Dongbi , was one of the greatest Chinese herbologists and acupuncturists in Chinese history. His major contribution to medicine was his 27-year work, which is found in his epic book the Bencao Gangmu...
's 1578 materia medica, the Bencao Gangmu (Wikisource: Chinese) autotranslate - 黄柏 entry on Hudong (Chinese) autotranslate
- 黃檗 entry on Baike Baidu (Chinese) http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&ie=UTF-8&sl=zh-CN&tl=en&u=http://baike.baidu.com/view/141708.htm