History of computer hardware in the SFRY
Encyclopedia
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
(SFRY) was a socialist country
that existed in the second half of the 20th century. Being communist meant that strict technology import rules and regulations shaped the development of computer history in the country, unlike in the Western world
. However, since it was a non-aligned country
, it had no ties to the Soviet Bloc either. One of the major ideas contributing to the development of any technology in SFRY was the apparent need to be independent of foreign suppliers for spare parts, fueling domestic computer development.
, at the end of 1962 there were 30 installed electronic computers, in 1966, there were 56, and in 1968 there were 95.
Having received training in Paris
, engineers of Mihailo Pupin Institute from Belgrade
, led by Prof. Dr. Tihomir Aleksić, started a project of designing the first "domestic" computer at the end of 1950s. This was to become a line of CER
(Serbian
Cifarski Elektronski Računar, Cyrillic ЦЕР - Цифарски Електронски Рачунар - Digital Electronic Computer), starting with the model CER-10
in 1960, a primarily vacuum tube
and electronic relays-based computer.
By 1964, CER-20
computer was designed and completed as "electronic bookkeeping machine", as the manufacturer recognized increasing need in accounting market. This special-purpose trend continued with the release of CER-22
in 1967, which was intended for on-line "banking" applications.
There were more CER models, such as CER-12
, CER-2
, and CER-200
, but there is currently little information available on them.
In late 1970s, "Ei-Niš Računarski Centar" from Niš
, Serbia
, started assembling Mainframe computers H6000
under Honeywell license, mainly for banking businesses. Computer initially had a great success that later led into local limited parts production. In addition, the company produced models such as H6 and H66 and was alive as late as early 2000s under name "Bull HN". Models H6 were installed in enterprises (e.g., telecom) for business applications and ran the GCOS
operating system. Also, they were used in education. E.g., one of the built Honeywell H6 was installed in local electronics engineering and trade school "Nikola Tesla" in Niš and was used for training and educational purposes until late 80s and dawn of personal computers.
and a continuous reduction of relative market share for domestic products.
Despite this, since the interest in computer technology grew overall, systems built by the Mihailo Pupin Institute (first CER
, then TIM lines) and Iskra Delta
(e.g. model 800
, derivative of PDP-11
/34 http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=54&st=1) continued to evolve through the 1970s and even the 1980s.
s similar to 1980s home computer
s, such as Ivo Lola Ribar Institute
's Lola 8
, EI's Pecom 32
and 64
http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=332&st=1, PEL Varaždin's Galeb (computer)
and Orao
, Ivel Ultra
and Ivel Z3
, etc. Jožef Stefan Institute
in Ljubljana
made first 16-bit microcomputer PMP-11 under the leadership of Marijan Miletic, former technical director of Iskra-Delta in 1984. It had 8 MHz DEC T-11 CPU, maximum of 64 kB RAM, 10 MB hard disk, 8 " diskette and two RS-232 ports for VT-100 video terminal and COM. Branko Jevtic modified RT-11 operating system so plenty of DEC-11 applications were available. Some 50 machines were made before IBM AT became widely available. Many factors caused them to fail or not even attempt to enter the home computer market:
The end result was that domestic computers were predominantly used in government institutions that were prohibited from purchasing imported equipment. Those computers that could have been connected to existing mainframes and used as terminals were more successful in business environments, while others were used as educational tools in schools.
The government tried to proliferate domestic home computers by introducing the cost and memory size limitations for imports. However, many people imported them nevertheless either illegally or by dividing a single computer into pieces that separately fit within prescribed restrictions. Lack of proper legislation and such grey market
activity only helped the demise of domestic home computer production.
One computer model managed to stand out - Galaksija
. Created by Voja Antonić
, the entire do-it-yourself diagrams and manuals were published in the special issue of popular science magazine "Galaksija" called Računari u vašoj kući (Computers in your home) in December 1983. Although initially unavailable for purchase in assembled form, more than 8,000 enthusiasts built the computer. Many more were later mass-produced for use in schools.
Home computers were widely popular in SFRY - so much so that software (otherwise recorded on cassette tapes) was broadcasted by radio station
s (e.g. Ventilator 202
, Radio Študent Ljubljana etc.). Due to lack of regulation software piracy
was common and pirated software for sale was freely advertised in popular computer magazines of the time, such as Računari, Svet kompjutera
, Moj Mikro
and Revija za mikroračunala. Cheap (pirated) software lead to essentially every home computer owner having access to hundreds, if not thousands of software titles. This would later cause a mixture of both good and bad effects. Development tools were easy to obtain (inexpensive pirated software) generating many widely recognized computer experts but those same experts were unable to succeed in their own, domestic, market due to the same piracy that allowed them to learn their art so well.
and Atari ST
computers. Domestic computer hardware manufacturers produced a number of different IBM AT compatibles, such as TIM-microcomputers and Lira but their success was limited to government-controlled companies that were required to purchase only domestic or legally imported technology.
1964
1966
1967
1971
1979
1980
1983
1984
1985
1986
1988
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was the Yugoslav state that existed from the abolition of the Yugoslav monarchy until it was dissolved in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars. It was a socialist state and a federation made up of six socialist republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,...
(SFRY) was a socialist country
Socialist state
A socialist state generally refers to any state constitutionally dedicated to the construction of a socialist society. It is closely related to the political strategy of "state socialism", a set of ideologies and policies that believe a socialist economy can be established through government...
that existed in the second half of the 20th century. Being communist meant that strict technology import rules and regulations shaped the development of computer history in the country, unlike in the Western world
Western world
The Western world, also known as the West and the Occident , is a term referring to the countries of Western Europe , the countries of the Americas, as well all countries of Northern and Central Europe, Australia and New Zealand...
. However, since it was a non-aligned country
Non-Aligned Movement
The Non-Aligned Movement is a group of states considering themselves not aligned formally with or against any major power bloc. As of 2011, the movement had 120 members and 17 observer countries...
, it had no ties to the Soviet Bloc either. One of the major ideas contributing to the development of any technology in SFRY was the apparent need to be independent of foreign suppliers for spare parts, fueling domestic computer development.
 |
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Early computers
In former YugoslaviaSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was the Yugoslav state that existed from the abolition of the Yugoslav monarchy until it was dissolved in 1992 amid the Yugoslav Wars. It was a socialist state and a federation made up of six socialist republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,...
, at the end of 1962 there were 30 installed electronic computers, in 1966, there were 56, and in 1968 there were 95.
Having received training in Paris
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
, engineers of Mihailo Pupin Institute from Belgrade
Belgrade
Belgrade is the capital and largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkans. According to official results of Census 2011, the city has a population of 1,639,121. It is one of the 15 largest cities in Europe...
, led by Prof. Dr. Tihomir Aleksić, started a project of designing the first "domestic" computer at the end of 1950s. This was to become a line of CER
CER Computers
CER was a series of early computers developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute in the 1960s and 1970s.Models:* CER-10 - 1960, based on vacuum tubes, transistors, electronic relays, and magnetic core memory...
(Serbian
Serbian language
Serbian is a form of Serbo-Croatian, a South Slavic language, spoken by Serbs in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Croatia and neighbouring countries....
Cifarski Elektronski Računar, Cyrillic ЦЕР - Цифарски Електронски Рачунар - Digital Electronic Computer), starting with the model CER-10
CER-10
CER model 10 was a vacuum tube , transistor and relays based computer developed at IBK-Vinca and Mihajlo Pupin Institute in 1960 ref.,]. This was the first digital computer ever developed in SFRY....
in 1960, a primarily vacuum tube
Vacuum tube
In electronics, a vacuum tube, electron tube , or thermionic valve , reduced to simply "tube" or "valve" in everyday parlance, is a device that relies on the flow of electric current through a vacuum...
and electronic relays-based computer.
By 1964, CER-20
CER-20
CER model 20 was an early digital computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute . It was designed as the "electronic bookkeeping machine". First prototype was planned for 1964.-See also:* CER Computers* Mihajlo Pupin Institute* History of computer hardware in the SFRY...
computer was designed and completed as "electronic bookkeeping machine", as the manufacturer recognized increasing need in accounting market. This special-purpose trend continued with the release of CER-22
CER-22
CER model 22 was a transistor based computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute in 1967. It was originally intended for banking applications and was used for data processing and management planning in banks, trade and utility companies in Belgrade.Three CER-22 computers were purchased by...
in 1967, which was intended for on-line "banking" applications.
There were more CER models, such as CER-12
CER-12
CER model 12 was an third generation digital computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute in 1971 and intended for "business and statistical data processing". However, manufacturer also stated, at the time, that having in mind its architecture and performance, it can also be used successfully in...
, CER-2
CER-2
CER model 22 was an early digital computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute in 1960s.-See also:* CER Computers* Mihajlo Pupin Institute...
, and CER-200
CER-200
CER model 200 was an early digital computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute in 1966.-See also:* CER Computers* Mihajlo Pupin Institute* History of computer hardware in the SFRY...
, but there is currently little information available on them.
In late 1970s, "Ei-Niš Računarski Centar" from Niš
Niš
Niš is the largest city of southern Serbia and third-largest city in Serbia . According to the data from 2011, the city of Niš has a population of 177,972 inhabitants, while the city municipality has a population of 257,867. The city covers an area of about 597 km2, including the urban area,...
, Serbia
Serbia
Serbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans...
, started assembling Mainframe computers H6000
Honeywell 6000 series
In 1970 General Electric sold their computing division to Honeywell. GE's 600-series machines were renamed as the Honeywell 6000 series and sold for a number of years.For complete details, see the GE-600 series entry....
under Honeywell license, mainly for banking businesses. Computer initially had a great success that later led into local limited parts production. In addition, the company produced models such as H6 and H66 and was alive as late as early 2000s under name "Bull HN". Models H6 were installed in enterprises (e.g., telecom) for business applications and ran the GCOS
General Comprehensive Operating System
General Comprehensive Operating System is a family of operating systems oriented toward mainframe computers.The original version of GCOS was developed by General Electric from 1962; originally called GECOS...
operating system. Also, they were used in education. E.g., one of the built Honeywell H6 was installed in local electronics engineering and trade school "Nikola Tesla" in Niš and was used for training and educational purposes until late 80s and dawn of personal computers.
Imports
Eventually, the communist government of SFRY allowed foreign computers to be imported under strict conditions. This led to the increasing dominance of foreign mainframesMainframe computer
Mainframes are powerful computers used primarily by corporate and governmental organizations for critical applications, bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing.The term originally referred to the...
and a continuous reduction of relative market share for domestic products.
Despite this, since the interest in computer technology grew overall, systems built by the Mihailo Pupin Institute (first CER
CER Computers
CER was a series of early computers developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute in the 1960s and 1970s.Models:* CER-10 - 1960, based on vacuum tubes, transistors, electronic relays, and magnetic core memory...
, then TIM lines) and Iskra Delta
Iskra Delta
Iskra Delta was a computer manufacturer from Slovenia. It was one of the biggest computer producers in SFR Yugoslavia that saw its own end with the breakup of the country. It started in 1974 as Elektrotehna, Ljubljana representative od Digital Equipment Corporation , USA minicomputer manufacturer...
(e.g. model 800
Iskra Delta 800
Iskra Delta 800 was a PDP-11/34-compatible computer developed by Iskra Delta in 1984.-Specifications:* CPU: J11* RAM: Up to 4 MiB addressable* ROM: 4 KiB* Operating system: Delta/M -External links:*...
, derivative of PDP-11
PDP-11
The PDP-11 was a series of 16-bit minicomputers sold by Digital Equipment Corporation from 1970 into the 1990s, one of a succession of products in the PDP series. The PDP-11 replaced the PDP-8 in many real-time applications, although both product lines lived in parallel for more than 10 years...
/34 http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=54&st=1) continued to evolve through the 1970s and even the 1980s.
Early 1980s: Home computer era
Many companies attempted to produce microcomputerMicrocomputer
A microcomputer is a computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit. They are physically small compared to mainframe and minicomputers...
s similar to 1980s home computer
Home computer
Home computers were a class of microcomputers entering the market in 1977, and becoming increasingly common during the 1980s. They were marketed to consumers as affordable and accessible computers that, for the first time, were intended for the use of a single nontechnical user...
s, such as Ivo Lola Ribar Institute
Ivo Lola Ribar Institute
Ivo Lola Ribar Institute is a Belgrade, Serbia-based manufacturer of heavy machine tools, industrial equipment and industrial computers. It has been named after Croatian People's Hero of Yugoslavia Ivo Lola Ribar, the youngest son of Ivan Ribar.-See also:...
's Lola 8
Lola 8
Lola 8 was a computer developed by Ivo Lola Ribar Institute of SR Serbia in 1982 and announced for release in 1985. As the manufacturer's focus was CNC equipment, Lola 8 was built out of components they used for CNC machines....
, EI's Pecom 32
Pecom 32
Pecom 32 was an educational and/or home computer developed by Elektronska Industrija Niš of Serbia in 1985.-Specifications:* CPU: CPD 1802B 5V7 running at 5 MHz* ROM: 16 KB, with optional 16 KB upgrade containing enhanced editor and assembler...
and 64
Pecom 64
Pecom 64 was an educational and/or home computer developed by Elektronska Industrija Niš of Serbia in 1985.- Specifications :* CPU: CDP 1802B 5V7 running at 2.813 MHz* ROM: 16 KB, with optional 16 KB upgrade containing enhanced editor and assembler...
http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=332&st=1, PEL Varaždin's Galeb (computer)
Galeb (computer)
Galeb was an 8-bit computer developed by the PEL Varaždin company in Yugoslavia in the early 1980s. A grand total of 250 were produced by the end of the summer of 1984, before being replaced by Orao....
and Orao
Orao (computer)
Orao was an 8-bit computer developed by PEL Varaždin in 1984. It was used as a standard primary school computer in Croatia and Vojvodina from 1985 to 1991....
, Ivel Ultra
Ivel Ultra
Ivel Ultra was an Apple II compatible computer developed by Ivasim in 1980s. There are two model of the computer; The first model is brown and the second model is white....
and Ivel Z3
Ivel Z3
Ivel Z3 was an Apple IIe compatible computer developed by Ivasim in 1980s....
, etc. Jožef Stefan Institute
Jožef Stefan Institute
The Jožef Stefan Institute , is the largest research institute in Slovenia. The main research areas are physics, chemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, information technologies, reactor physics, energy and environment...
in Ljubljana
Ljubljana
Ljubljana is the capital of Slovenia and its largest city. It is the centre of the City Municipality of Ljubljana. It is located in the centre of the country in the Ljubljana Basin, and is a mid-sized city of some 270,000 inhabitants...
made first 16-bit microcomputer PMP-11 under the leadership of Marijan Miletic, former technical director of Iskra-Delta in 1984. It had 8 MHz DEC T-11 CPU, maximum of 64 kB RAM, 10 MB hard disk, 8 " diskette and two RS-232 ports for VT-100 video terminal and COM. Branko Jevtic modified RT-11 operating system so plenty of DEC-11 applications were available. Some 50 machines were made before IBM AT became widely available. Many factors caused them to fail or not even attempt to enter the home computer market:
- they were prohibitively expensive for individuals (especially when compared to popular foreign ZX SpectrumZX SpectrumThe ZX Spectrum is an 8-bit personal home computer released in the United Kingdom in 1982 by Sinclair Research Ltd...
, Commodore 64Commodore 64The Commodore 64 is an 8-bit home computer introduced by Commodore International in January 1982.Volume production started in the spring of 1982, with machines being released on to the market in August at a price of US$595...
, etc.) - lack of entertainment and other software meant they were not appealing to majority of contemporary computer enthusiasts
- they were not available in stores
The end result was that domestic computers were predominantly used in government institutions that were prohibited from purchasing imported equipment. Those computers that could have been connected to existing mainframes and used as terminals were more successful in business environments, while others were used as educational tools in schools.
The government tried to proliferate domestic home computers by introducing the cost and memory size limitations for imports. However, many people imported them nevertheless either illegally or by dividing a single computer into pieces that separately fit within prescribed restrictions. Lack of proper legislation and such grey market
Grey market
A grey market or gray market also known as parallel market is the trade of a commodity through distribution channels which, while legal, are unofficial, unauthorized, or unintended by the original manufacturer...
activity only helped the demise of domestic home computer production.
One computer model managed to stand out - Galaksija
Galaksija
The Galaksija was originally a build-it-yourself computer designed by Voja Antonić. It was featured in the special edition Računari u vašoj kući of a popular eponymous science magazine, published late December 1983 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia...
. Created by Voja Antonić
Voja Antonic
Voja Antonić is a Serbian inventor, journalist and writer. He was also a magazine editor and contributed to a number of radio shows but he is best known for creating a build-it-yourself home computer Galaksija and originating a related "Build your own computer Galaksija" initiative with Dejan...
, the entire do-it-yourself diagrams and manuals were published in the special issue of popular science magazine "Galaksija" called Računari u vašoj kući (Computers in your home) in December 1983. Although initially unavailable for purchase in assembled form, more than 8,000 enthusiasts built the computer. Many more were later mass-produced for use in schools.
Home computers were widely popular in SFRY - so much so that software (otherwise recorded on cassette tapes) was broadcasted by radio station
Radio station
Radio broadcasting is a one-way wireless transmission over radio waves intended to reach a wide audience. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast a common radio format, either in broadcast syndication or simulcast or both...
s (e.g. Ventilator 202
Ventilator 202
Ventilator 202 was a live radio show broadcast by Beograd 202 radio station during 1980s and hosted by Zoran Modli. It was one of the most important shows of Belgrade's "202" station and possibly also the most important project of its host. It first aired first June 3, 1979. Zoran Modli was its...
, Radio Študent Ljubljana etc.). Due to lack of regulation software piracy
Copyright infringement of software
Copyright infringement of software=The copyright infringement of software refers to several practices which involve the unauthorized copying of computer software. Copyright infringement of this kind varies globally...
was common and pirated software for sale was freely advertised in popular computer magazines of the time, such as Računari, Svet kompjutera
Svet kompjutera
Svet kompjutera is a computer magazine published in Serbia. It is a computer magazine with the highestcirculation in the country Svet kompjutera (World of Computers) (Started October 1984) is a computer magazine published in Serbia. It is a computer magazine with the highestcirculation in the...
, Moj Mikro
Moj mikro
Moj mikro is a monthly Slovenian computer magazine published by Delo Revije, d. d. It was one of the most popular IT magazines in Yugoslavia during the 80's, spanning a large variety of technology topics....
and Revija za mikroračunala. Cheap (pirated) software lead to essentially every home computer owner having access to hundreds, if not thousands of software titles. This would later cause a mixture of both good and bad effects. Development tools were easy to obtain (inexpensive pirated software) generating many widely recognized computer experts but those same experts were unable to succeed in their own, domestic, market due to the same piracy that allowed them to learn their art so well.
Late 1980s: PC era
The second half of the 1980s saw the rise of popularity of IBM AT compatible and, to a somewhat lesser degree, AmigaAmiga
The Amiga is a family of personal computers that was sold by Commodore in the 1980s and 1990s. The first model was launched in 1985 as a high-end home computer and became popular for its graphical, audio and multi-tasking abilities...
and Atari ST
Atari ST
The Atari ST is a home/personal computer that was released by Atari Corporation in 1985 and commercially available from that summer into the early 1990s. The "ST" officially stands for "Sixteen/Thirty-two", which referred to the Motorola 68000's 16-bit external bus and 32-bit internals...
computers. Domestic computer hardware manufacturers produced a number of different IBM AT compatibles, such as TIM-microcomputers and Lira but their success was limited to government-controlled companies that were required to purchase only domestic or legally imported technology.
Timeline
1960- Mihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin Institute is an institute based in Belgrade, Serbia notable for manufacturing numerous computer systems used in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - especially early CER and later TIM line of computers. It is named after Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin.The Institute is well known in...
releases first digital computer in SFRY - CER-10CER-10CER model 10 was a vacuum tube , transistor and relays based computer developed at IBK-Vinca and Mihajlo Pupin Institute in 1960 ref.,]. This was the first digital computer ever developed in SFRY....
.
1964
- Mihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin Institute is an institute based in Belgrade, Serbia notable for manufacturing numerous computer systems used in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - especially early CER and later TIM line of computers. It is named after Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin.The Institute is well known in...
releases CER-20CER-20CER model 20 was an early digital computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute . It was designed as the "electronic bookkeeping machine". First prototype was planned for 1964.-See also:* CER Computers* Mihajlo Pupin Institute* History of computer hardware in the SFRY...
- "electronic bookkeeping machine"
1966
- Mihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin Institute is an institute based in Belgrade, Serbia notable for manufacturing numerous computer systems used in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - especially early CER and later TIM line of computers. It is named after Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin.The Institute is well known in...
releases CER-200CER-200CER model 200 was an early digital computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute in 1966.-See also:* CER Computers* Mihajlo Pupin Institute* History of computer hardware in the SFRY...
1967
- Mihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin Institute is an institute based in Belgrade, Serbia notable for manufacturing numerous computer systems used in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - especially early CER and later TIM line of computers. It is named after Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin.The Institute is well known in...
releases CER-22CER-22CER model 22 was a transistor based computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute in 1967. It was originally intended for banking applications and was used for data processing and management planning in banks, trade and utility companies in Belgrade.Three CER-22 computers were purchased by...
- "computer for on-line banking applications"
1971
- Mihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin Institute is an institute based in Belgrade, Serbia notable for manufacturing numerous computer systems used in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - especially early CER and later TIM line of computers. It is named after Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin.The Institute is well known in...
releases hybrid computerHybrid computerHybrid computers are computers that exhibit features of analog computers and digital computers. The digital component normally serves as the controller and provides logical operations, while the analog component normally serves as a solver of differential equations.In general, analog computers are...
system HRS-100HRS-100HRS-100, ХРС-100, GVS-100 or ГВС-100, was a third generation hybrid computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute and engineers from USSR in the period from 1968. to 1971. Three systems HRS-100 were deployed in Academy of Sciences of USSR in Moscow and Novosibirsk in 1971. and 1978...
for AN.USSR. - Mihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin Institute is an institute based in Belgrade, Serbia notable for manufacturing numerous computer systems used in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - especially early CER and later TIM line of computers. It is named after Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin.The Institute is well known in...
releases CER-12CER-12CER model 12 was an third generation digital computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute in 1971 and intended for "business and statistical data processing". However, manufacturer also stated, at the time, that having in mind its architecture and performance, it can also be used successfully in...
computer system for business data processing - Mihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin Institute is an institute based in Belgrade, Serbia notable for manufacturing numerous computer systems used in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - especially early CER and later TIM line of computers. It is named after Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin.The Institute is well known in...
releases CER-203CER-203CER model 203 was an early digital computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute in 1971. It was designed to process data of medium sized businesses:...
1979
- Iskradata releases Iskradata 1680Iskradata 1680Iskradata 1680 was a computer developed by Iskradata in 1979....
1980
- Ivo Lola Ribar InstituteIvo Lola Ribar InstituteIvo Lola Ribar Institute is a Belgrade, Serbia-based manufacturer of heavy machine tools, industrial equipment and industrial computers. It has been named after Croatian People's Hero of Yugoslavia Ivo Lola Ribar, the youngest son of Ivan Ribar.-See also:...
releases industrial programmable logic controllerProgrammable logic controllerA programmable logic controller or programmable controller is a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or light fixtures. PLCs are used in many industries and machines...
PA512PA512PA512 was an industrial programmable logic controller - a portable, computer developed by Ivo Lola Ribar Institute of Serbia in 1980. Six years later, an enhacement product was made, LPA512....
1983
- Mihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin Institute is an institute based in Belgrade, Serbia notable for manufacturing numerous computer systems used in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - especially early CER and later TIM line of computers. It is named after Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin.The Institute is well known in...
releases "computer system for real-time generation of images" and a model TIM-001TIM-001TIM-001 was an application development microcomputer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute in 1983/84.-Literature::1. Dragoljub Milićević,Dušan Hristović : Računari TIM, Naučna knjiga, Belgrade 1990. In Serbian language.... - Iskra DeltaIskra DeltaIskra Delta was a computer manufacturer from Slovenia. It was one of the biggest computer producers in SFR Yugoslavia that saw its own end with the breakup of the country. It started in 1974 as Elektrotehna, Ljubljana representative od Digital Equipment Corporation , USA minicomputer manufacturer...
releases Iskra Delta PartnerIskra Delta Partner-Specifications:* CPU: Z80A at 4 MHz* Firmware ROM: 4 KiB* RAM: 2 x 64 KiB* Secondary storage: 5.25" floppy drive* Text mode: 26 lines with 80 characters each* Display: built-in 12 inch green monochrome monitor.* Character set: YUSCII...
Z80A-based computer - Complete build-it-yourself instructions for GalaksijaGalaksijaThe Galaksija was originally a build-it-yourself computer designed by Voja Antonić. It was featured in the special edition Računari u vašoj kući of a popular eponymous science magazine, published late December 1983 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia...
(en.English languageEnglish is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
Galaxy) computer are published in Racunari u vašoj kući magazine.
1984
- Iskra DeltaIskra DeltaIskra Delta was a computer manufacturer from Slovenia. It was one of the biggest computer producers in SFR Yugoslavia that saw its own end with the breakup of the country. It started in 1974 as Elektrotehna, Ljubljana representative od Digital Equipment Corporation , USA minicomputer manufacturer...
releases Iskra Delta 800Iskra Delta 800Iskra Delta 800 was a PDP-11/34-compatible computer developed by Iskra Delta in 1984.-Specifications:* CPU: J11* RAM: Up to 4 MiB addressable* ROM: 4 KiB* Operating system: Delta/M -External links:*...
computer derived from Digital PDP-11PDP-11The PDP-11 was a series of 16-bit minicomputers sold by Digital Equipment Corporation from 1970 into the 1990s, one of a succession of products in the PDP series. The PDP-11 replaced the PDP-8 in many real-time applications, although both product lines lived in parallel for more than 10 years...
/34 - Institute Jozef Stefan releases PMP-11 16-bit microcomputer compatible with DEC RT-11 OS
- PEL Varaždin releases GalebGaleb (computer)Galeb was an 8-bit computer developed by the PEL Varaždin company in Yugoslavia in the early 1980s. A grand total of 250 were produced by the end of the summer of 1984, before being replaced by Orao....
(en.English languageEnglish is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
seagull) computer later to be replaced by OraoOrao (computer)Orao was an 8-bit computer developed by PEL Varaždin in 1984. It was used as a standard primary school computer in Croatia and Vojvodina from 1985 to 1991....
1985
- Mihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin Institute is an institute based in Belgrade, Serbia notable for manufacturing numerous computer systems used in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - especially early CER and later TIM line of computers. It is named after Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin.The Institute is well known in...
releases "Microprocessor post-office computer" TIM-100TIM-100-Technical description of the TIM-100:TIM-100 was a PTT teller microcomputer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute in 1985.It was based on the Intel microprocessors types 80x86 and VLSI circuitry... - Mihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin Institute is an institute based in Belgrade, Serbia notable for manufacturing numerous computer systems used in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - especially early CER and later TIM line of computers. It is named after Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin.The Institute is well known in...
releases application development microcomputer serie TIM-001TIM-001TIM-001 was an application development microcomputer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute in 1983/84.-Literature::1. Dragoljub Milićević,Dušan Hristović : Računari TIM, Naučna knjiga, Belgrade 1990. In Serbian language.... - PEL Varaždin releases OraoOrao (computer)Orao was an 8-bit computer developed by PEL Varaždin in 1984. It was used as a standard primary school computer in Croatia and Vojvodina from 1985 to 1991....
(en.English languageEnglish is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
eagle) computer for use in schools - Galaksija PlusGalaksija PlusGalaksija Plus was an improved version of Galaksija, with 256x208 monochrome graphics mode, 3-voice sound based on AY-3-8910 and 48 KiB RAM.The hardware of Galaksija Plus was created by Nenad Dunjić and software by Milan Tadić in 1985...
(enhanced version of Galaksija) is released - Elektronska Industrija Niš releases Pecom 32Pecom 32Pecom 32 was an educational and/or home computer developed by Elektronska Industrija Niš of Serbia in 1985.-Specifications:* CPU: CPD 1802B 5V7 running at 5 MHz* ROM: 16 KB, with optional 16 KB upgrade containing enhanced editor and assembler...
and Pecom 64Pecom 64Pecom 64 was an educational and/or home computer developed by Elektronska Industrija Niš of Serbia in 1985.- Specifications :* CPU: CDP 1802B 5V7 running at 2.813 MHz* ROM: 16 KB, with optional 16 KB upgrade containing enhanced editor and assembler...
also for use in schools - Ivo Lola Ribar InstituteIvo Lola Ribar InstituteIvo Lola Ribar Institute is a Belgrade, Serbia-based manufacturer of heavy machine tools, industrial equipment and industrial computers. It has been named after Croatian People's Hero of Yugoslavia Ivo Lola Ribar, the youngest son of Ivan Ribar.-See also:...
announced official release of Lola 8Lola 8Lola 8 was a computer developed by Ivo Lola Ribar Institute of SR Serbia in 1982 and announced for release in 1985. As the manufacturer's focus was CNC equipment, Lola 8 was built out of components they used for CNC machines....
for this 1985
1986
- Ivo Lola Ribar InstituteIvo Lola Ribar InstituteIvo Lola Ribar Institute is a Belgrade, Serbia-based manufacturer of heavy machine tools, industrial equipment and industrial computers. It has been named after Croatian People's Hero of Yugoslavia Ivo Lola Ribar, the youngest son of Ivan Ribar.-See also:...
releases industrial programmable logic controllerProgrammable logic controllerA programmable logic controller or programmable controller is a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or light fixtures. PLCs are used in many industries and machines...
LPA512LPA512LPA512 was an industrial programmable logic controller - a small , portable, computer developed by Ivo Lola Ribar Institute of Serbia in 1986 as an enhacement to its prior product, PA512. It was first deployed in Maribor car factory....
1988
- Mihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin Institute is an institute based in Belgrade, Serbia notable for manufacturing numerous computer systems used in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - especially early CER and later TIM line of computers. It is named after Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin.The Institute is well known in...
releases 32-bitBitA bit is the basic unit of information in computing and telecommunications; it is the amount of information stored by a digital device or other physical system that exists in one of two possible distinct states...
computer system TIM-600 - Mihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin InstituteMihajlo Pupin Institute is an institute based in Belgrade, Serbia notable for manufacturing numerous computer systems used in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - especially early CER and later TIM line of computers. It is named after Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin.The Institute is well known in...
releases HD64180HD64180The HD64180 is a Z80-based embedded microprocessor developed by Hitachi with an integrated memory management unit . The Hitachi HD64180 "Super Z80" was later licensed to Zilog and sold by them as the Z64180 and with some enhancements as the Zilog Z180. It has the following features:* Memory...
-based TIM-011TIM-011TIM 011 was an educational or Personal computer for school microcomputer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute of Serbia in 1987. There were about 1.200 TIM-011 computers in Serbian schools in the 1990's.-Specifications:...
computer integrated with green monochrome monitor, for use in schools
See also
- List of computer systems from SFRY
- History of computer hardware in Soviet Bloc countriesHistory of computer hardware in Soviet Bloc countriesThe history of computing hardware in the former Soviet Bloc is somewhat different from that of the Western world. As a result of the CoCom embargo, computers could not be imported in a large scale from capitalist countries...