Henryk III the White
Encyclopedia
Henry III the White (1227/1230 – 3 December 1266) was a Duke of Wrocław from 1248 until his death (as co-ruler with his brother).
He was the third son of Henry II the Pious
, Duke of Wrocław, by his wife Anna
, daughter of King Ottokar I of Bohemia
.
on 9 April 1241, Henry III was still a minor and found himself under the care of the mother together with his youngest brothers Konrad
and Władysław.
In 1242, the unexpected death of his brother Mieszko
, placed him in the second place immediately after his oldest brother Bolesław II the Bald. Since then, he became in the head of the political opposition in the Lower Silesia
against the government of Bolesław II.
-Głogów-Lubusz and Wrocław. Bolesław, as the older brother, had the opportunity to choose his district; he decided on Legnica
, because gold had been discovered in the Kaczawa
and Wierzbiak
Rivers.
Bolesław II may have hoped that Henry III encountered serious difficulties with Wrocław (which he received in the division), so at the end the Duchy would come back to him. These expectations, however, never happened. Henry III was a strong ruler, and almost immediately he could impose his will over the powerful nobility. An additional point of the agreement was the obligation to offer hospitality to the younger brothers, Konrad and Władysław, who were destined to the espiritual career. Henry III's successful attempts to made Władysław entered in the Church had a total contrast with the relations between Bolesław and Konrad. Between them, were several disputes, in particular after Konrad claimed his own district and refused to became a priest. Open war between Henry III (who supported Konrad) and Bolesław II was only a matter of time.
Bolesław II, without funds, began to fear the prospect of an armed conflict with his brothers. In order to obtain the necessary resources to conduct the war, he decided to sell half of Lubusz to the Archbishop of Magdeburg
. Unfortunately for him, Henry III also began to seek an ally in the rulers of Meissen. Defeated, Bolesław II was forced to give the district of Głogów to Konrad, who wished to enforce Henry III's intervention over Legnica in 1250. When Konrad decided on Bolesław II's kidnapping, even to the ruler of Wroclaw, this was too much. All these treatments are not expected to take effect over the Duke of Wroclaw, however, as Henry III in his relations with the brothers now sought to avoid open conflicts. Only in 1253, when the authority of Bolesław II collapsed completely, Henry III helped him to return to his Duchy.
, Wenceslaus I and Ottokar II
(in the years 1251, 1252, 1259, 1261 Henry III was in the royal court in Prague
). The cooperation with the Přemyslids, however, was not having the expected results. After Bohemia decided to interfere in the Babenberg succession of Austria with the support of the English, Henry III decided to reafirm his alliance with them and repudiated his treaty with the rulers of Greater Poland, Przemysł I and Bolesław the Pious and the Árpád dynasty
. They decided to punish Henry III, and during 1253-1254 the Duchy of Wroclaw was sieged and plundered. Attempts to force concessions, either by blackmail (as was the case in 1256, when the sons of Henry II the Pious took the intervention of the papal Curia, but to regain some lost by Boleslaw the Pious) or bribery (the exchange of Dańkow
in 1262, promised by Henry III to Bolesław the Pious and Bolesław V the Chaste if they switched to the Bohemian side) did not yield a positive result.
Another manifestation of Henry III's rule was the intensive German colonization of Lower Silesia
, which significantly contributed to the growth and prosperity of his Duchy. Many cities were founded during this time and in Ostrów Tumski in Wrocław a huge castle was built. Henry III also generously support artists in his court. While the German language
at the court of Henry III was rather difficult to be dominant, for the duke of Wrocław was used almost all the tim. In the 13th century, German was the language of policy, like later in the 17th century was the French and now is the English.
The Polish historian Jerzy Mularczyk, had two possibles leaders of the revolt: first, the Bishop Thomas of Wroclaw, who, taking advantage from Henry III's apparent weakness, tried to strengthen the position of the church; but after watching how the Duke concentrated all the power in his hands and stripped the nobility from his privileges, he feared that this also happened with the Church hierarchy, which certainly he did not permit.
The second possible leader was to be Bolesław II the Bald who hoped, in case of the eventual division of the Duchy of Wroclaw and the expected death of Władysław without heirs -because he follow the spiritual career-, recovered at least 1/3 of Wroclaw (the remaining 2/3 would be retained by Henry III, his other brother Konrad, and their descendants) for him or his successors. The rapprochement between Bishop Thomas and Bolesław II document was proved by a document, in which the Duke of Legnica called Bishop Thomas as his "compater noster", an unusual way to refer to somebody who supposed a close bond between them. However, didn't exist direct evidence for this theory. Of the revolt of the mid-year 1266 little is known, but it certainly failed, as the Duchy was not divided.
The source of the unnatural circumstances of his death suggests that some of the Silesian Dukes maybe conspired against him, and this suggestion is not unfounded. This was proved by the last months of Henry III's life, as he spent all this time fighting against the internal opposition of his rule. Certainly there was a large group of people affected by the Duke's punishment after the end of the revolt who decided to eliminate him from the scene.
The participation of the two possible leaders of the revolt of mid-1266, Bishop Thomas and Boleslaw II the Bald, and seems unlikely. Their benefits from Henry III's death were small: Wrocław passed into the hands of Henry IV, a minor, under the regency of the Archbishop Władysław, which doesn't change the radical politics of his late brother. Henry III's dying request to extend the rule of Władysław's regency was made with the clear purprose to reduce the suspicion of guilt against him. Guilty for his death should therefore be found primarily among those dissatisfied with the rule of knights, or divide Wrocław.
In addition to the Kronika polska, the mysterious death of Henry III was written even on his tombstone: Anno domini Millesimo, Nonas Decembris obiit veneno inclitus dux Wratislaviensis Henricus tertius, secundus filius secundi Henrici, a Thartaris. From there, this information will be received by the Chronicle of the Silesian Dukes and the Genealogy and life of St. Hedwig to Jan Długosz.
The year of Henry III's death is absolutely certain, as is confirmed by all the documentary and oral sources of that time. However, there are disparities about the exact date. 3 December was confirmed as the best, although there are also sources date: 1 December, 5 December and 29 November. Henry III was buried in the Clare Church in Wroclaw, which was still under construction.
and widow of Mieszko II the Fat
, Duke of Opole
. They had two children:
Shortly before his death in 1266, Henry III married secondly with Helena (b. 1247 – d. 12 June 1309), daughter of Albert I, Duke of Saxony
. They had no children.
He was the third son of Henry II the Pious
Henry II the Pious
Henry II the Pious , of the Silesian line of the Piast dynasty was Duke of Silesia at Wrocław and Duke of Kraków and thus High Duke of all Poland as well as Duke of Southern Greater Poland from 1238 until his death. During 1238–1239 he also served as a regent of two other Piast duchies: Sandomierz...
, Duke of Wrocław, by his wife Anna
Anna of Bohemia
Anna of Bohemia was the Duchess consort of Silesia ; she was the daughter of Ottokar I, King of Bohemia and his second wife Constance of Hungary. Her maternal grandparents were Béla III of Hungary and his first wife Agnes of Antioch-Life:Anna was born in Prague...
, daughter of King Ottokar I of Bohemia
Ottokar I of Bohemia
-External links:...
.
Early Years
After the heroic death of his father at the Battle of LegnicaBattle of Legnica
The Battle of Legnica , also known as the Battle of Liegnitz or Battle of Wahlstatt , was a battle between the Mongol Empire and the combined defending forces of European fighters that took place at Legnickie Pole near the city of Legnica in Silesia on 9 April 1241.A combined force of Poles,...
on 9 April 1241, Henry III was still a minor and found himself under the care of the mother together with his youngest brothers Konrad
Konrad I, Duke of Silesia-Glogau
Konrad I of Głogów was Duke of Głogów from 1251 until his death.He was the fourth son of Henry II the Pious, Duke of Wroclaw, by his wife Anna, daughter of King Ottokar I of Bohemia.-Life:...
and Władysław.
In 1242, the unexpected death of his brother Mieszko
Mieszko, Duke of Lubusz
Mieszko of Lubusz was a Piast Duke of Lubusz during 1241–1242. He was the second son of the Silesian duke Henry II the Pious of Wrocław, by his wife Anne Přemysl, daughter of King Ottokar I of Bohemia.-Life:...
, placed him in the second place immediately after his oldest brother Bolesław II the Bald. Since then, he became in the head of the political opposition in the Lower Silesia
Lower Silesia
Lower Silesia ; is the northwestern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia; Upper Silesia is to the southeast.Throughout its history Lower Silesia has been under the control of the medieval Kingdom of Poland, the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy from 1526...
against the government of Bolesław II.
Henry III, Duke of Wroclaw
The first appearance of Henry III as adult was found only in 1247; however, Bolesław II didn't have any intentions to share the power with him. He only changed his mind after the revolt of his brothers, who even captured him. Henry III was made the co-ruler with his older brother. The cooperation between the brothers was not very good and a year later, under pressure from Henry III, they decided to made a division of the districts LegnicaLegnica
Legnica is a town in south-western Poland, in Silesia, in the central part of Lower Silesia, on the plain of Legnica, riverside: Kaczawa and Czarna Woda. Between 1 June 1975 and 31 December 1998 Legnica was the capital of the Legnica Voivodeship. It is currently the seat of the county...
-Głogów-Lubusz and Wrocław. Bolesław, as the older brother, had the opportunity to choose his district; he decided on Legnica
Legnica
Legnica is a town in south-western Poland, in Silesia, in the central part of Lower Silesia, on the plain of Legnica, riverside: Kaczawa and Czarna Woda. Between 1 June 1975 and 31 December 1998 Legnica was the capital of the Legnica Voivodeship. It is currently the seat of the county...
, because gold had been discovered in the Kaczawa
Kaczawa
The Kaczawa is a river in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship in Poland. It springs from the Kaczawskie Mountains near Kaczorów and flows north and northeast through the towns of Świerzawa, Złotoryja and Legnica...
and Wierzbiak
Wierzbiak
Wierzbiak is a river of Poland....
Rivers.
Bolesław II may have hoped that Henry III encountered serious difficulties with Wrocław (which he received in the division), so at the end the Duchy would come back to him. These expectations, however, never happened. Henry III was a strong ruler, and almost immediately he could impose his will over the powerful nobility. An additional point of the agreement was the obligation to offer hospitality to the younger brothers, Konrad and Władysław, who were destined to the espiritual career. Henry III's successful attempts to made Władysław entered in the Church had a total contrast with the relations between Bolesław and Konrad. Between them, were several disputes, in particular after Konrad claimed his own district and refused to became a priest. Open war between Henry III (who supported Konrad) and Bolesław II was only a matter of time.
Bolesław II, without funds, began to fear the prospect of an armed conflict with his brothers. In order to obtain the necessary resources to conduct the war, he decided to sell half of Lubusz to the Archbishop of Magdeburg
Magdeburg
Magdeburg , is the largest city and the capital city of the Bundesland of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Magdeburg is situated on the Elbe River and was one of the most important medieval cities of Europe....
. Unfortunately for him, Henry III also began to seek an ally in the rulers of Meissen. Defeated, Bolesław II was forced to give the district of Głogów to Konrad, who wished to enforce Henry III's intervention over Legnica in 1250. When Konrad decided on Bolesław II's kidnapping, even to the ruler of Wroclaw, this was too much. All these treatments are not expected to take effect over the Duke of Wroclaw, however, as Henry III in his relations with the brothers now sought to avoid open conflicts. Only in 1253, when the authority of Bolesław II collapsed completely, Henry III helped him to return to his Duchy.
Alliance with Bohemia and War against the Greater Poland Dukes
Between the 1250s and 1260s Henry III became the most powerful Piast Duke of Lower Silesia. Consequently, it was not surprising that he was active in international politics. Henry III made alliances with his relatives, the Dukes of Opole and Głogów, and with the Kings of BohemiaBohemia
Bohemia is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands. It is located in the contemporary Czech Republic with its capital in Prague...
, Wenceslaus I and Ottokar II
Ottokar II of Bohemia
Ottokar II , called The Iron and Golden King, was the King of Bohemia from 1253 until 1278. He was the Duke of Austria , Styria , Carinthia and Carniola also....
(in the years 1251, 1252, 1259, 1261 Henry III was in the royal court in Prague
Prague
Prague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city is home to about 1.3 million people, while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of over 2.3 million...
). The cooperation with the Přemyslids, however, was not having the expected results. After Bohemia decided to interfere in the Babenberg succession of Austria with the support of the English, Henry III decided to reafirm his alliance with them and repudiated his treaty with the rulers of Greater Poland, Przemysł I and Bolesław the Pious and the Árpád dynasty
Árpád dynasty
The Árpáds or Arpads was the ruling dynasty of the federation of the Hungarian tribes and of the Kingdom of Hungary . The dynasty was named after Grand Prince Árpád who was the head of the tribal federation when the Magyars occupied the Carpathian Basin, circa 895...
. They decided to punish Henry III, and during 1253-1254 the Duchy of Wroclaw was sieged and plundered. Attempts to force concessions, either by blackmail (as was the case in 1256, when the sons of Henry II the Pious took the intervention of the papal Curia, but to regain some lost by Boleslaw the Pious) or bribery (the exchange of Dańkow
Danków
Danków may refer to the following places:*Danków, Greater Poland Voivodeship *Danków, Silesian Voivodeship *Danków, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship *Danków, Lubusz Voivodeship...
in 1262, promised by Henry III to Bolesław the Pious and Bolesław V the Chaste if they switched to the Bohemian side) did not yield a positive result.
Internal politics and relations with the nobility
In the internal politics, Henry III stood on guard to defend the prerogatives of the Piast dynasty, and the church actively supported him, because Henry III supported Bishop Thomas of Wroclaw against Boleslaw II in their disputes. This particular policy was not pleasing the Wroclaw nobility; by 1266 several riots erupted among the nobles and knights, which contributed to the premature death of the Duke.Another manifestation of Henry III's rule was the intensive German colonization of Lower Silesia
Lower Silesia
Lower Silesia ; is the northwestern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia; Upper Silesia is to the southeast.Throughout its history Lower Silesia has been under the control of the medieval Kingdom of Poland, the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy from 1526...
, which significantly contributed to the growth and prosperity of his Duchy. Many cities were founded during this time and in Ostrów Tumski in Wrocław a huge castle was built. Henry III also generously support artists in his court. While the German language
German language
German is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union....
at the court of Henry III was rather difficult to be dominant, for the duke of Wrocław was used almost all the tim. In the 13th century, German was the language of policy, like later in the 17th century was the French and now is the English.
The Revolt of 1266
The dictatorial internal politics of Henry III led to a rebellion of the townspeople. The pretext emerged in the mid-year 1266 when they tried to forced a division of the Duchy of Wrocław between Henry III and his brother Archbishop Władysław of Salzburg. Władysław was not the head of the revolt and this was total surprise to him. His origins are certainly among the nobility.The Polish historian Jerzy Mularczyk, had two possibles leaders of the revolt: first, the Bishop Thomas of Wroclaw, who, taking advantage from Henry III's apparent weakness, tried to strengthen the position of the church; but after watching how the Duke concentrated all the power in his hands and stripped the nobility from his privileges, he feared that this also happened with the Church hierarchy, which certainly he did not permit.
The second possible leader was to be Bolesław II the Bald who hoped, in case of the eventual division of the Duchy of Wroclaw and the expected death of Władysław without heirs -because he follow the spiritual career-, recovered at least 1/3 of Wroclaw (the remaining 2/3 would be retained by Henry III, his other brother Konrad, and their descendants) for him or his successors. The rapprochement between Bishop Thomas and Bolesław II document was proved by a document, in which the Duke of Legnica called Bishop Thomas as his "compater noster", an unusual way to refer to somebody who supposed a close bond between them. However, didn't exist direct evidence for this theory. Of the revolt of the mid-year 1266 little is known, but it certainly failed, as the Duchy was not divided.
Death
Henry III wasn't time to celebrate his success, because only a few months later he suddenly died with only thirty-nine years old. Like is common in such situations, soon began the rumours about poisoning. This is reflected, in the Kronika polska written by the cisternian monk Engelbert around 1283-1285.The source of the unnatural circumstances of his death suggests that some of the Silesian Dukes maybe conspired against him, and this suggestion is not unfounded. This was proved by the last months of Henry III's life, as he spent all this time fighting against the internal opposition of his rule. Certainly there was a large group of people affected by the Duke's punishment after the end of the revolt who decided to eliminate him from the scene.
The participation of the two possible leaders of the revolt of mid-1266, Bishop Thomas and Boleslaw II the Bald, and seems unlikely. Their benefits from Henry III's death were small: Wrocław passed into the hands of Henry IV, a minor, under the regency of the Archbishop Władysław, which doesn't change the radical politics of his late brother. Henry III's dying request to extend the rule of Władysław's regency was made with the clear purprose to reduce the suspicion of guilt against him. Guilty for his death should therefore be found primarily among those dissatisfied with the rule of knights, or divide Wrocław.
In addition to the Kronika polska, the mysterious death of Henry III was written even on his tombstone: Anno domini Millesimo, Nonas Decembris obiit veneno inclitus dux Wratislaviensis Henricus tertius, secundus filius secundi Henrici, a Thartaris. From there, this information will be received by the Chronicle of the Silesian Dukes and the Genealogy and life of St. Hedwig to Jan Długosz.
The year of Henry III's death is absolutely certain, as is confirmed by all the documentary and oral sources of that time. However, there are disparities about the exact date. 3 December was confirmed as the best, although there are also sources date: 1 December, 5 December and 29 November. Henry III was buried in the Clare Church in Wroclaw, which was still under construction.
Marriages and Issue
On 2 June 1252, Henry III married firstly with Judith (b. 1222/25 – d. 4 December 1257/65?), daughter of Duke Konrad I of MasoviaKonrad I of Masovia
Konrad I of Masovia , from the Polish Piast dynasty, was the sixth Duke of Masovia from 1194 until his death and High Duke of Poland from 1229 to 1232.-Life:...
and widow of Mieszko II the Fat
Mieszko II the Fat
Mieszko II the Fat was a Duke of Opole-Racibórz since 1230 until his death, and Duke of Kalisz-Wieluń during 1234–1239 ....
, Duke of Opole
Opole
Opole is a city in southern Poland on the Oder River . It has a population of 125,992 and is the capital of the Upper Silesia, Opole Voivodeship and, also the seat of Opole County...
. They had two children:
- Hedwig (b. ca. 1256 – d. aft. 14 December 1300), married firstly by 1271/72 to Henry, Lord of Pleissnerland -eldest son of Albert II, Margrave of MeissenAlbert II, Margrave of MeissenAlbert II, the Degenerate was a Margrave of Meissen, Landgrave of Thuringia and Count Palatine of Saxony...
-, and secondly in 1283 with Otto I, Prince of Anhalt-AscherslebenOtto I, Prince of Anhalt-AscherslebenOtto I, Prince of Anhalt-Aschersleben was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Aschersleben....
. - Henry IV Probus (b. ca. 1258 – d. 24 June 1290).
Shortly before his death in 1266, Henry III married secondly with Helena (b. 1247 – d. 12 June 1309), daughter of Albert I, Duke of Saxony
Albert I, Duke of Saxony
Albert I was a Duke of Saxony, Angria, and Westphalia; Lord of Nordalbingia; Count of Anhalt; and Prince-elector and Archmarshal of the Holy Roman Empire...
. They had no children.