Helicarionidae
Encyclopedia
Helicarionidae is a family
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...

 of air-breathing land snail
Land snail
A land snail is any of the many species of snail that live on land, as opposed to those that live in salt water and fresh water. Land snails are terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have shells, It is not always an easy matter to say which species are terrestrial, because some are more or less...

s or semi-slug
Semi-slug
Semi-slugs, also spelled semislugs, are land gastropods whose shells are too small for them to retract into, but the shell is not quite vestigial...

s, terrestrial
Terrestrial animal
Terrestrial animals are animals that live predominantly or entirely on land , as compared with aquatic animals, which live predominantly or entirely in the water , or amphibians, which rely on a combination of aquatic and terrestrial habitats...

 pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicarionoidea
Helicarionoidea
Helicarionoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the limacoid clade.-Families:There are three families within the superfamily Helicarionoidea:* Helicarionidae* Ariophantidae...

.

Distribution

Distribution of Helicarionidae include eastern Palearctic
Palearctic
The Palearctic or Palaearctic is one of the eight ecozones dividing the Earth's surface.Physically, the Palearctic is the largest ecozone...

, Malagasy
Malagasy people
The Malagasy ethnic group forms nearly the entire population of Madagascar. They are divided into two subgroups: the "Highlander" Merina, Sihanaka and Betsileo of the central plateau around Antananarivo, Alaotra and Fianarantsoa, and the côtiers elsewhere in the country. This division has its...

, India, south-eastern Asia and Australian.

Anatomy

Species of snails within this family make and use love dart
Love dart
A love dart is a hard, long, sharp, calcareous or chitinous dart which some hermaphroditic land snails and slugs create. Love darts are made in sexually mature animals only, and are used as part of the sequence of events during courtship, before actual mating takes place...

s made of chitin
Chitin
Chitin n is a long-chain polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine, a derivative of glucose, and is found in many places throughout the natural world...

.

In this family, the number of haploid chromosome
Chromosome
A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions.Chromosomes...

s lies between 21 and 30 (according to the values in this table).

Taxonomy

The following two subfamilies have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)
Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda as it was revised by Philippe Bouchet and Jean-Pierre Rocroi is currently the most up-to-date overall system for classifying gastropod mollusks...

:
  • subfamily Helicarioninae Bourguignat, 1877 - synonyms: Pseudotrochatellinae A. J. Wagner, 1905; Ereptinae Godwin-Austen, 1908; Xestinae Gude & B. B. Woodward, 1921; Sesarinae Thiele, 1931; Nitoridae Iredale, 1937; Epiglyptidae Iredale, 1944; Gudeoconchidae Iredale, 1944
  • subfamily Durgellinae Godwin-Austen, 1888
    • tribe Durgellini Godwin-Austen, 1888 - synonyms: Sitalinae Godwin-Austen, 1900; Sophininae W. Blanford & Godwin-Austen, 1908; Satiellini Schileyko, 2003
    • tribe Girasiini Collinge, 1902

Genera

Genera within the family Helicarionidae include:

subfamily Helicarioninae
  • Epiglypta Pilsbry, 1893
  • Erepta
    Erepta
    Erepta is a genus of air-breathing land snails, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae.- Species :Species in the genus Erepta include:* Erepta mutans* Erepta nevilli...

    Albers, 1850
  • Gudeoconcha Iredale, 1914
  • Helicarion
    Helicarion
    Helicarion is a genus of air-breathing land snails or semislugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae.Helicarion is the type genus of the family Helicarionidae.-Species:...

    Férussac, 1821 - type genus of the family Helicarionidae
  • Nitor
    Nitor
    Nitor is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Helicarionidae.-Species:Species within the genus Nitor include:* Nitor circumcincta * Nitor medioximus Iredale, 1941...

    Gude, 1911
  • Pseudotrochatella G. Nevill, 1881
  • Sesara Albers, 1860
  • Xesta Albers, 1850


subfamily Durgellinae
  • tribe Durgellini
    • Durgella Blanford, 1863 - type genus of the subfamily Durgellinae
    • Satiella Godwin-Austen, 1908
    • Sitala
      Sitala
      Sitala is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae. Sitala is the type genus of Sitalinae, that is a synonym of Durgellini.-Species:Species within the genus Sitala include:...

      H. Adams, 1865
    • Sophina Benson, 1859

  • tribe Girasiini
    • Girasia Gray, 1855 - type genus of the tribe Girasiini


subfamily ?
  • Advena
  • Atrichotoxon
    Atrichotoxon
    Atrichotoxon is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae....

  • Buffetia
    Buffetia
    Buffetia is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae....

  • Diastole
    Diastole (gastropod)
    Diastole is a genus of air-breathing land snails or semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae.- Species :Species in the genus Diastole include: * Diastole glaucina Baker, 1938...

  • Dolapex
    Dolapex
    Dolapex is a genus of air-breathing land snails or semislugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae....

  • Elisolimax
    Elisolimax
    Elisolimax is a genus of air-breathing land snails or semislugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae.-Species:Species within the genus Elisolimax include:* Elisolimax flavescens...

  • Harmogenanina
    Harmogenanina
    Harmogenanina is a genus of air-breathing land snails or semislugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae.-Species:Species within the genus Harmogenanina include:* Harmogenanina argentea...

  • Iredaleoconcha
    Iredaleoconcha
    Iredaleoconcha is a genus of air-breathing land snails or semislugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae.This genus was named in honor of the malacologist Tom Iredale.-References:*...

  • Kaliella
    Kaliella
    Kaliella is a genus of air-breathing land snails or semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae.- Distribution :The distribution of the genus Kaliella includes:* Hong Kong* Uganda * ...-Species:...

  • Lutilodix
    Lutilodix
    Lutilodix is a genus of air-breathing land snails or semislugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae.-References:*...

  • Mathewsoconcha
    Mathewsoconcha
    Mathewsoconcha is a genus of air-breathing land snails or semislugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae.-References:*...

  • Mysticarion
    Mysticarion
    Mysticarion is a genus of air-breathing, tree-dwelling land snails, terrestrial arboreal pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Helicarionidae.-Species:Species within the genus Mysticarion include:...

  • Nancibella
    Nancibella
    Nancibella is a genus of air-breathing land snails or semislugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae.-References:*...

  • Ovachlamys
  • Panulena
    Panulena
    Panulena is a genus of air-breathing land snails or semislugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae....

  • Philonesia
    Philonesia
    Philonesia is a genus of air-breathing land snails or semislugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae.-Species:Species within the genus Philonesia include:* Philonesia filiceti* Philonesia pitcairnensis...

  • Pittoconcha
    Pittoconcha
    Pittoconcha is a is a genus of air-breathing land snails or semislugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae.-References:*...

  • Quintalia
    Quintalia
    Quintalia is a genus of gastropod in the Helicarionidae family.- Species :It contains the following species:* Quintalia flosculus* Quintalia stoddartii...

  • Thapsia
    Thapsia
    Thapsia is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae. This species is found in tropical western Africa, from Senegal to Gabon....

  • Trichotoxon
    Trichotoxon
    Trichotoxon is a genus of gastropod in the Helicarionidae family.It contains the following species:* Trichotoxon martensi...

  • Tubuaia
    Tubuaia
    Tubuaia is a genus of gastropod in the Helicarionidae family.It contains the following species:* Tubuaia fosbergi...

  • Zingis
    Zingis
    Zingis is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helicarionidae.-Species:Species in the genus Zingis include:* Zingis nyassana * Zingis radiolata von Martens...


Cladogram

The following cladogram
Cladogram
A cladogram is a diagram used in cladistics which shows ancestral relations between organisms, to represent the evolutionary tree of life. Although traditionally such cladograms were generated largely on the basis of morphological characters, DNA and RNA sequencing data and computational...

 shows the phylogenic relationships of this family to other families within the limacoid clade
Limacoid clade
The limacoid clade is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing land snails, semislugs and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the informal group Sigmurethra.- Distribution :...

:

External links

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