Hamburg School of Astrology
Encyclopedia
The Hamburg School of Astrology originated in Hamburg, Germany, and revolved around the research and teachings of surveyor/astrologer
/amateur astronomer
Alfred Witte
. The term Hamburg School of Astrology originated in 1923 at the Second German Astrological Congress in Leipzig, Germany, where the astronomer/astrologer
Dr. Wilhelm Hartmann was a participant.
Early students of Alfred Witte were Friedrich Sieggrün and Ludwig Rudolph. In his search for Pluto
, Witte claimed four planets beyond Pluto, and Sieggrün claimed yet another four. These bodies are in the Transneptunian
regions, where many planetary discoveries are being validated today. These astrologically derived transneptunian factors have as of 2009 neither been proven nor disproven to be among what astronomers have generically labeled Transneptunians, or Kuiper Belt
, Scattered Disk Objects, or Oort Cloud
phenomena, as further research on this region remains to be done. Witte promoted the use of the transneptunian hypothetical planets, meaning none of the Witte transneptunian planets were astronomically verifiable at the time in which he discovered them nor have they been verified by astronomers at any time since he proposed their existence. Witte’s transneptunian planets were, Cupido, Hades, Zeus and Kronos. In 1924, Sieggrün expanded the list of transneptunian hypothetical planets to include Apollon, Admetos, Vulkanus and Poseidon, beyond what Witte himself perceived to exist.
Ludwig Rudolph printed and published Witte's findings, the core of which were published in the Rulebook for Planetary Pictures (Regelwerk für Planetenbilder) in 1932. An increasing amount of the research
of the Hamburg School revolved around work with astrological midpoints and use of the extra planets
.
Unfortunately, Witte and Rudolph were pursued by the Gestapo
as enemies of the Third Reich. Alfred Witte committed suicide
before being sent to a concentration camp, and Ludwig Rudolph was indeed interned, the Rulebook for Planetary Pictures banned and burned by the Nazis
.
Reinhold Ebertin
, a (unofficial) student of Hamburg School methods, eliminated the use of the hypothetical trans-neptunian objects while maintaining the core teachings of the Hamburg School, renamed them "Cosmobiology
" , and published them in The Combination of Stellar Influences
in 1940, last updated in English
in 1972.
After the fall of the Third Reich
, the Hamburg School reconvened, and Ludwig Rudolph, having survived concentration-camp internment, played the key role in perpetuating the teachings of the Hamburg School. The Hamburg School astrologer Hermann Lefeldt combined Witte's theories with more astrological traditions such as the use of astrological houses
. However, other Hamburg practitioners maintained their focus on working only with astrological midpoints http://www.aquamoonlight.co.uk/midpoints.html, abandoning traditional practices
, including the 12 houses and rulerships; and among these astrologers is former Hamburg School Vice-President Ruth Brummund
, who went on to form the new School of Uranische Astrology (Uranian astrology
) in Germany.
Astrologer
An astrologer practices one or more forms of astrology. Typically an astrologer draws a horoscope for the time of an event, such as a person's birth, and interprets celestial points and their placements at the time of the event to better understand someone, determine the auspiciousness of an...
/amateur astronomer
Astronomer
An astronomer is a scientist who studies celestial bodies such as planets, stars and galaxies.Historically, astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky, while astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena and the differences between them using...
Alfred Witte
Alfred Witte
Alfred Witte was a German surveyor, astrologer, an amateur astronomer, and the founder of the Hamburg School of Astrology...
. The term Hamburg School of Astrology originated in 1923 at the Second German Astrological Congress in Leipzig, Germany, where the astronomer/astrologer
Astrology and astronomy
Astrology and astronomy were archaically one and the same discipline , and were only gradually recognized as separate in Western 17th century philosophy ....
Dr. Wilhelm Hartmann was a participant.
Early students of Alfred Witte were Friedrich Sieggrün and Ludwig Rudolph. In his search for Pluto
Pluto
Pluto, formal designation 134340 Pluto, is the second-most-massive known dwarf planet in the Solar System and the tenth-most-massive body observed directly orbiting the Sun...
, Witte claimed four planets beyond Pluto, and Sieggrün claimed yet another four. These bodies are in the Transneptunian
Trans-Neptunian object
A trans-Neptunian object is any minor planet in the Solar System that orbits the Sun at a greater distance on average than Neptune.The first trans-Neptunian object to be discovered was Pluto in 1930...
regions, where many planetary discoveries are being validated today. These astrologically derived transneptunian factors have as of 2009 neither been proven nor disproven to be among what astronomers have generically labeled Transneptunians, or Kuiper Belt
Kuiper belt
The Kuiper belt , sometimes called the Edgeworth–Kuiper belt, is a region of the Solar System beyond the planets extending from the orbit of Neptune to approximately 50 AU from the Sun. It is similar to the asteroid belt, although it is far larger—20 times as wide and 20 to 200 times as massive...
, Scattered Disk Objects, or Oort Cloud
Oort cloud
The Oort cloud , or the Öpik–Oort cloud , is a hypothesized spherical cloud of comets which may lie roughly 50,000 AU, or nearly a light-year, from the Sun. This places the cloud at nearly a quarter of the distance to Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to the Sun...
phenomena, as further research on this region remains to be done. Witte promoted the use of the transneptunian hypothetical planets, meaning none of the Witte transneptunian planets were astronomically verifiable at the time in which he discovered them nor have they been verified by astronomers at any time since he proposed their existence. Witte’s transneptunian planets were, Cupido, Hades, Zeus and Kronos. In 1924, Sieggrün expanded the list of transneptunian hypothetical planets to include Apollon, Admetos, Vulkanus and Poseidon, beyond what Witte himself perceived to exist.
Ludwig Rudolph printed and published Witte's findings, the core of which were published in the Rulebook for Planetary Pictures (Regelwerk für Planetenbilder) in 1932. An increasing amount of the research
Research
Research can be defined as the scientific search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or develop new theories, usually using a scientific method...
of the Hamburg School revolved around work with astrological midpoints and use of the extra planets
Trans-Neptunian object
A trans-Neptunian object is any minor planet in the Solar System that orbits the Sun at a greater distance on average than Neptune.The first trans-Neptunian object to be discovered was Pluto in 1930...
.
Unfortunately, Witte and Rudolph were pursued by the Gestapo
Gestapo
The Gestapo was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. Beginning on 20 April 1934, it was under the administration of the SS leader Heinrich Himmler in his position as Chief of German Police...
as enemies of the Third Reich. Alfred Witte committed suicide
Suicide
Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death. Suicide is often committed out of despair or attributed to some underlying mental disorder, such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, alcoholism, or drug abuse...
before being sent to a concentration camp, and Ludwig Rudolph was indeed interned, the Rulebook for Planetary Pictures banned and burned by the Nazis
Nazism
Nazism, the common short form name of National Socialism was the ideology and practice of the Nazi Party and of Nazi Germany...
.
Reinhold Ebertin
Reinhold Ebertin
Dr. Reinhold Ebertin was a German physician and astrologer.-Life and work:Ebertin utilized the research on astrological midpoints of Hamburg School surveyor and astrologer Alfred Witte first published in 1928 in Witte's Regelwerk für Planetenbilder. Shortly after Witte's death in 1941, Ebertin...
, a (unofficial) student of Hamburg School methods, eliminated the use of the hypothetical trans-neptunian objects while maintaining the core teachings of the Hamburg School, renamed them "Cosmobiology
Cosmobiology
Historically, the term 'Kosmobiologie' was used by the German medical astrologer Friedrich Feerhow and Swiss statistician Karl Krafft in a more general sense "to designate that branch of astrology working on scientific foundations and keyed to the natural sciences"....
" , and published them in The Combination of Stellar Influences
The Combination of Stellar Influences
The Combination of Stellar Influences is an astrological reference and research text first published in 1940 by the German astrologer Reinhold Ebertin, derived largely from material in the Rulebook for Planetary Pictures by Alfred Witte which was published in 1932 but was banned by the Third...
in 1940, last updated in English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
in 1972.
After the fall of the Third Reich
Battle of Berlin
The Battle of Berlin, designated the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation by the Soviet Union, was the final major offensive of the European Theatre of World War II....
, the Hamburg School reconvened, and Ludwig Rudolph, having survived concentration-camp internment, played the key role in perpetuating the teachings of the Hamburg School. The Hamburg School astrologer Hermann Lefeldt combined Witte's theories with more astrological traditions such as the use of astrological houses
House (astrology)
Most horoscopic traditions of astrology systems divide the horoscope into a number of houses whose positions depend on time and location rather than on date. In Hindu astrological tradition these are known as Bhāvas. The houses of the horoscope represent different spheres of life, described in...
. However, other Hamburg practitioners maintained their focus on working only with astrological midpoints http://www.aquamoonlight.co.uk/midpoints.html, abandoning traditional practices
Western astrology
Western astrology is the system of astrology most popular in Western countries. Western astrology is historically based on Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos , which in turn was a continuation of Hellenistic and ultimately Babylonian traditions....
, including the 12 houses and rulerships; and among these astrologers is former Hamburg School Vice-President Ruth Brummund
Ruth Brummund
Ruth Brummund is a German astrologer involved in astrological research. Prior to that she was a chemist.-Life:Brummund was born in Johannisburg , East Prussia...
, who went on to form the new School of Uranische Astrology (Uranian astrology
Uranian astrology
Uranian astrology is a relatively recent methodological approach to astrology based on teachings of German surveyor/astrologer Alfred Witte , founder of the Hamburg School of Astrology. Witte revived and further developed the use of mathematical midpoints...
) in Germany.
See also
- Astrological aspects
- AstrologyAstrologyAstrology consists of a number of belief systems which hold that there is a relationship between astronomical phenomena and events in the human world...
- CosmobiologyCosmobiologyHistorically, the term 'Kosmobiologie' was used by the German medical astrologer Friedrich Feerhow and Swiss statistician Karl Krafft in a more general sense "to designate that branch of astrology working on scientific foundations and keyed to the natural sciences"....
- Natal chartNatal chartIn astrology, a natal chart is a stylized map of the universe with the "native" at the center. It is calculated for the exact time and location of the native's birth for the purposes of gaining insight into the native's personality and potential...
- Uranian astrologyUranian astrologyUranian astrology is a relatively recent methodological approach to astrology based on teachings of German surveyor/astrologer Alfred Witte , founder of the Hamburg School of Astrology. Witte revived and further developed the use of mathematical midpoints...