Habronema
Encyclopedia
Habronema muscae is an internal stomach
parasite that is most commonly found in Horses.
s lay eggs
within the horse's stomach. The eggs are later excreted through the feces
. The eggs hatch quickly after they are passed out of the horse.
e are ingested by the maggots of different types of flies
that lay there in the feces (such as houseflies, and stable fly
). The larvae infect the maggots for about one week, or when the maggots mature into the adult fly
. The larvae migrate into the mouthparts
of the fly, where they are passed on to the horse when they feed around the horse’s moist areas such as wounds, nostrils, lips, and eyes. If the larvae are deposited into the open wounds, or broken skin they can cause ulcerated irritation called “summer sores”. They may also invade the eye and the eye membrane causing a persistent conjunctivitis
case. If the larvae find their way up through the nose they can migrate into the lungs and cause tiny abscesses around where they imbed themselves in the lungs tissue.
again.
Morphology:
Adult has two lateral lips, dorsal and ventral lips may also be present. Buccal capsule cylindrical, chitinous. Oesophagous is divided into two parts, a short anterior muscular and long posterior glandular portion, intestine simple without any diverticula. Male: Spicules unequal, gubernaculum present and bears 4 pairs of preanal, 1 pair adanal and 2 pairs of postanal pedunculated papillae, 3 pairs of sessile papillae also present, tail spirally twisted.
in large numbers digestion can be affected. With even larger numbers the passing of food can be completely blocked.
, and larva
e in the horse. The eggs can be disposed by proper sanitation
, and manure disposal. The eggs can be properly disposed of by manure control, because the eggs are passed out of the horse in feces. The other stage is when the larvae are swallowed by the horse. You can stop the cycle by properly de-worming. Those are the two stages in which you can intervene the life cycle of Habronema.
), adult pinworms, adult safaris, neck threadworms, and bots
. Ivermectin works by disrupting the flow of a chemical called GABA
. GABA is a neuromuscular chemical that is found naturally throughout the body. The disruption of the GABA in a parasite causes paralysis
in the parasites, and death soon follows. In mammals GABA is only found in the central nervous system
, (brain
and spinal cord
) and is protected from the ivermectin.
. Proper control of the fly population (house flies, horse fly, and face fly can all carry Habronema) can decrease the possibility of your horse being infected by habronema. Those are the two most efficient ways to control the parasite habronema.
that is a fermentation
product of the microorganism
Streptomyces avermitilis. Ivermectin disrupts the flow of the neuro-muscular chemical GABA. In parasites GABA is found throughout the body, but in mammals it is protected by the central nervous system and the spinal column. In parasites the ivermectin affects the flow of GABA and causes paralysis and brings death quickly to the parasite. In sleeping sickness disease the horse’s protective layer around the spinal cord is temporarily broken down. Horses with sleeping sickness shouldn’t take ivermectin. Ivermectin doesn’t work against parasites that don’t have GABA such as tapeworms, and flukes.
was introduced in 1997; its brand name is Quest
. Moxidectin interferes with the chloride
channel neurotransmission
in the parasite. This results in paralysis and death. The Moxidectin works just like the Ivermectin but disrupts a different neurological chemical. Moxidectin was the first anthelmintic
that was approved for encysted cyathostomes.
Stomach
The stomach is a muscular, hollow, dilated part of the alimentary canal which functions as an important organ of the digestive tract in some animals, including vertebrates, echinoderms, insects , and molluscs. It is involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication .The stomach is...
parasite that is most commonly found in Horses.
Eggs
The adult wormParasitism
Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. Traditionally parasite referred to organisms with lifestages that needed more than one host . These are now called macroparasites...
s lay eggs
Egg (biology)
An egg is an organic vessel in which an embryo first begins to develop. In most birds, reptiles, insects, molluscs, fish, and monotremes, an egg is the zygote, resulting from fertilization of the ovum, which is expelled from the body and permitted to develop outside the body until the developing...
within the horse's stomach. The eggs are later excreted through the feces
Feces
Feces, faeces, or fæces is a waste product from an animal's digestive tract expelled through the anus or cloaca during defecation.-Etymology:...
. The eggs hatch quickly after they are passed out of the horse.
Larvae
After the eggs are hatched in the feces, the larvaLarva
A larva is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle...
e are ingested by the maggots of different types of flies
Fließ
Fließ is a municipality in the Landeck district and is located5 km south of Landeck on the upper course of the Inn River. It has 9 hamlets and was already populated at the roman age; the village itself was founded around the 6th century. After a conflagration in 1933 Fließ was restored more...
that lay there in the feces (such as houseflies, and stable fly
Stable fly
Stomoxys calcitrans is commonly called the stable fly, barn fly, biting house fly, dog fly, or power mower fly. Unusually for a member of the family Muscidae, but like other members of the genus, Stomoxys calcitrans sucks blood from mammals.-External links:* * * hosted by the...
). The larvae infect the maggots for about one week, or when the maggots mature into the adult fly
Fly
True flies are insects of the order Diptera . They possess a pair of wings on the mesothorax and a pair of halteres, derived from the hind wings, on the metathorax...
. The larvae migrate into the mouthparts
Insect mouthparts
Insects exhibit a range of mouthparts, adapted to particular modes of feeding. The earliest insects had chewing mouthparts...
of the fly, where they are passed on to the horse when they feed around the horse’s moist areas such as wounds, nostrils, lips, and eyes. If the larvae are deposited into the open wounds, or broken skin they can cause ulcerated irritation called “summer sores”. They may also invade the eye and the eye membrane causing a persistent conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis refers to inflammation of the conjunctiva...
case. If the larvae find their way up through the nose they can migrate into the lungs and cause tiny abscesses around where they imbed themselves in the lungs tissue.
Adults
When the larvae are licked and swallowed by the horse they travel to the stomach and imbed themselves into the mucus exudates. If the larvae make it into the stomach, after they are in the lungs or in the skin, they begin to mature. Once the larvae are imbedded in the stomach, they begin to mature. Once they are matured, the adults begin to migrate through the horse and begin to make eggs which will start the Life cycleBiological life cycle
A life cycle is a period involving all different generations of a species succeeding each other through means of reproduction, whether through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction...
again.
Morphology:
Adult has two lateral lips, dorsal and ventral lips may also be present. Buccal capsule cylindrical, chitinous. Oesophagous is divided into two parts, a short anterior muscular and long posterior glandular portion, intestine simple without any diverticula. Male: Spicules unequal, gubernaculum present and bears 4 pairs of preanal, 1 pair adanal and 2 pairs of postanal pedunculated papillae, 3 pairs of sessile papillae also present, tail spirally twisted.
Skin
If the larvae which are in the mouthparts of the immediate host are deposited in the open skin well the fly feeds it can cause summer sores. Summer sores are ulcerated irritations. These lesions can cause soreness and itchiness and become covered in a reddish-yellow tissue.Eyes
If the worms get deposited into the eye or the area around the eye it can cause a persistent case of conjunctivitis.Respiratory System
If the larvae travel through the nose, into the pulmonary system and then the lungs, they can cause abscesses in the lung tissue where they imbed themselves in the lungs tissue.Digestive System
When the adult worms imbed themselves into the mucus lining of the stomachStomach
The stomach is a muscular, hollow, dilated part of the alimentary canal which functions as an important organ of the digestive tract in some animals, including vertebrates, echinoderms, insects , and molluscs. It is involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication .The stomach is...
in large numbers digestion can be affected. With even larger numbers the passing of food can be completely blocked.
Interventation
The stages of Habronema that you can intervene are the eggsEgg (biology)
An egg is an organic vessel in which an embryo first begins to develop. In most birds, reptiles, insects, molluscs, fish, and monotremes, an egg is the zygote, resulting from fertilization of the ovum, which is expelled from the body and permitted to develop outside the body until the developing...
, and larva
Larva
A larva is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle...
e in the horse. The eggs can be disposed by proper sanitation
Sanitation
Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes. Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems are human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic...
, and manure disposal. The eggs can be properly disposed of by manure control, because the eggs are passed out of the horse in feces. The other stage is when the larvae are swallowed by the horse. You can stop the cycle by properly de-worming. Those are the two stages in which you can intervene the life cycle of Habronema.
Indications
A common de-wormer that is effective against Habronema is ivermectin. Common brand names for ivermectin include: Zimecterin, Rotation 1, and Eqvalan. The indications for ivermectin are the disposal of the parasites: Large strongyles, small strongyles, stomach worm (Habronema, and TrichostrongylusTrichostrongylus
Trichostrongylus species are nematodes , which are ubiquitous among herbivores worldwide, including cattle, sheep, donkeys, goats, deer, and rabbits ....
), adult pinworms, adult safaris, neck threadworms, and bots
Bots
Bots may refer to:* BOTS!!, a massively multiplayer online game distributed by Acclaim Games* Bots , open source EDI translator * Bots , a Dutch language folk rock group* British overseas territories...
. Ivermectin works by disrupting the flow of a chemical called GABA
Gabâ
Gabâ or gabaa, for the people in many parts of the Philippines), is the concept of a non-human and non-divine, imminent retribution. A sort of negative karma, it is generally seen as an evil effect on a person because of their wrongdoings or transgressions...
. GABA is a neuromuscular chemical that is found naturally throughout the body. The disruption of the GABA in a parasite causes paralysis
Paralysis
Paralysis is loss of muscle function for one or more muscles. Paralysis can be accompanied by a loss of feeling in the affected area if there is sensory damage as well as motor. A study conducted by the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation, suggests that about 1 in 50 people have been diagnosed...
in the parasites, and death soon follows. In mammals GABA is only found in the central nervous system
Central nervous system
The central nervous system is the part of the nervous system that integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies of bilaterian animals—that is, all multicellular animals except sponges and radially symmetric animals such as jellyfish...
, (brain
Brain
The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals—only a few primitive invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, sea squirts and starfishes do not have one. It is located in the head, usually close to primary sensory apparatus such as vision, hearing,...
and spinal cord
Spinal cord
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain . The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system...
) and is protected from the ivermectin.
Counter Indictations
Ivermectin is not effective against tapeworms and flukes since they don’t have the chemical GABA. Other horses that have the infectious disease called " sickness" should not be given ivermectin. Sleeping Sickness which temporarily breaks down the protective layer of the central nervous system causes the ivermectin to affect GABA. Therefore horses with sleeping sickness should not take ivermectin.Control
There are two ways to control Habronema. The first way was stated earlier, by proper disposal of manure, since the eggs are excreted through the feces. The other way was control of fly population. The larvae are picked up by flies when they feed in the feces. The flies act as in intermediate host for the parasites, until they can find a permanent hostHost (biology)
In biology, a host is an organism that harbors a parasite, or a mutual or commensal symbiont, typically providing nourishment and shelter. In botany, a host plant is one that supplies food resources and substrate for certain insects or other fauna...
. Proper control of the fly population (house flies, horse fly, and face fly can all carry Habronema) can decrease the possibility of your horse being infected by habronema. Those are the two most efficient ways to control the parasite habronema.
Ivermectin
Ivermectin, with brand names such as Eqvalan, Zimecterin, and Rotation 1, is an antibioticAntibiotic
An antibacterial is a compound or substance that kills or slows down the growth of bacteria.The term is often used synonymously with the term antibiotic; today, however, with increased knowledge of the causative agents of various infectious diseases, antibiotic has come to denote a broader range of...
that is a fermentation
Fermentation (biochemistry)
Fermentation is the process of extracting energy from the oxidation of organic compounds, such as carbohydrates, using an endogenous electron acceptor, which is usually an organic compound. In contrast, respiration is where electrons are donated to an exogenous electron acceptor, such as oxygen,...
product of the microorganism
Microorganism
A microorganism or microbe is a microscopic organism that comprises either a single cell , cell clusters, or no cell at all...
Streptomyces avermitilis. Ivermectin disrupts the flow of the neuro-muscular chemical GABA. In parasites GABA is found throughout the body, but in mammals it is protected by the central nervous system and the spinal column. In parasites the ivermectin affects the flow of GABA and causes paralysis and brings death quickly to the parasite. In sleeping sickness disease the horse’s protective layer around the spinal cord is temporarily broken down. Horses with sleeping sickness shouldn’t take ivermectin. Ivermectin doesn’t work against parasites that don’t have GABA such as tapeworms, and flukes.
Moxidectin
MoxidectinMoxidectin
Moxidectin is a parasiticide used for the prevention and control of heartworm and intestinal worms, and can be found in treatments prescribed for animals such as dogs, cats, horses, cattle and sheep. It is also used for the prevention of red mite in caged birds...
was introduced in 1997; its brand name is Quest
Quest
In mythology and literature, a quest, a journey towards a goal, serves as a plot device and as a symbol. Quests appear in the folklore of every nation and also figure prominently in non-national cultures. In literature, the objects of quests require great exertion on the part of the hero, and...
. Moxidectin interferes with the chloride
Chloride
The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine, a halogen, picks up one electron to form an anion Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl contain chloride ions and can also be called chlorides. The chloride ion, and its salts such as sodium chloride, are very soluble in water...
channel neurotransmission
Neurotransmission
Neurotransmission , also called synaptic transmission, is the process by which signaling molecules called neurotransmitters are released by a neuron , and bind to and activate the receptors of another neuron...
in the parasite. This results in paralysis and death. The Moxidectin works just like the Ivermectin but disrupts a different neurological chemical. Moxidectin was the first anthelmintic
Anthelmintic
Anthelmintics or antihelminthics are drugs that expel parasitic worms from the body, by either stunning or killing them. They may also be called vermifuges or vermicides .-Pharmaceutical classes:...
that was approved for encysted cyathostomes.