Gustav Adolf Lammers Heiberg
Encyclopedia
Gustav Adolf Lammers Heiberg (22 April 1875 – 1948) was a Norwegian barrister and politician for the Labour Party
.
as a son of barrister Anton Vilhelm Heiberg (1831–1885) and his wife Antonie Magdalene Fossum. He was a first cousin of Eivind
, Jacob
, Gunnar
and Inge Heiberg and a first cousin once removed of Hans Heiberg
.
He married twice. His first marriage, to Signe Konow, lasted from April 1904 to her death in April 1920. In 1921 he married Etty Roll, from Molde
, a daughter of Ferdinand Nicolai Roll
and sister of Nini Roll Anker
. They settled in Vestre Aker
.
cases.
Heiberg was a member of the Labour Party since 1898, and served as a member of the executive committee of Kristiania city council from 1911 to 1919. Here, he was especially preoccupied with improving housing conditions in the city. He stood for parliamentary election in 1912
, but was not elected. When the radical wing assumed control of the party at the 1918 national convention, he became tired from the ensuing disagreements in his party, and left politics to pursue his professional career.
In 1921 he was hired as city lawyer. He was involved in several high-profile cases, notably as a defender during the Impeachment
trial of Abraham Berge
in 1926 and 1927. Berge was a former Prime Minister, and his cabinet members Odd S. Klingenberg
, Christian F. Michelet
, Cornelius Middelthon
, Johan H. Rye Holmboe
, Anders Venger
and Karl Wilhelm Wefring
also stood for trial. They were not convicted. This has been the last impeachment trial in Norway.
During the German occupation of Norway, Heiberg was incarcerated at Grini as a "hostage", from 14 April 1942 to 22 October 1942. In 1945 Heiberg was named as chairman of the commission Undersøkelseskommisjonen av 1945
that scrutinized the actions of the Norwegian government in 1940. The other commission members were Arnold Holmboe
, Ole Hallesby
, Ernst Fredrik Eckhoff
, Nils Nilsen Thune
, Arne Bergsgård
and Sverre Steen
, and the secretary was Helge Sivertsen
. The background for the commission was the German invasion of Norway
on 9 April 1940, and the question was raised whether Norway could have avoided it through a different foreign
and security policy
. Second, the actions of Norwegian authorities between 9 April and 25 September 1940 were investigated, both regarding the three branches of government (Parliament, Government, Supreme Court) that eventually laid down their offices, but also the Administrative Council
as well as other relevant civil and military bodies.
Heiberg was also a founder of Folketeaterbevegelsen in 1929, together with Sverre Iversen
, Fernanda Nissen
and Kyrre Grepp
, whose goal was to draw "broad masses of laborers and functionaries" into the theatre audience, as well as to establish a people's theatre. Folketeatret
was finally established in 1952. Heiberg did not live to see this as he died in 1948.
Norwegian Labour Party
The Labour Party is a social-democratic political party in Norway. It is the senior partner in the current Norwegian government as part of the Red-Green Coalition, and its leader, Jens Stoltenberg, is the current Prime Minister of Norway....
.
Personal life
He was born in KristianiaOslo
Oslo is a municipality, as well as the capital and most populous city in Norway. As a municipality , it was established on 1 January 1838. Founded around 1048 by King Harald III of Norway, the city was largely destroyed by fire in 1624. The city was moved under the reign of Denmark–Norway's King...
as a son of barrister Anton Vilhelm Heiberg (1831–1885) and his wife Antonie Magdalene Fossum. He was a first cousin of Eivind
Eivind Heiberg
Eivind Heiberg was a Norwegian engineer and railway director. He is known as the chairman of Skabo Jernbanevognfabrik from 1899 to 1924, the Federation of Norwegian Manufacturing Industries from 1906 to 1912, the Norwegian Employers' Confederation from 1912 to 1917, the Norwegian State Railways...
, Jacob
Jacob Vilhelm Rode Heiberg
Jacob Vilhelm Rode Heiberg was a Danish civil servant and burgomaster in Norway.He was born in Vallø, Denmark as the son of judge Edvard Omsen Heiberg...
, Gunnar
Gunnar Heiberg
Gunnar Edvard Rode Heiberg was a Norwegian poet, playwright, journalist and theatre critic.-Personal life:...
and Inge Heiberg and a first cousin once removed of Hans Heiberg
Hans Heiberg
Hans Heiberg was a Norwegian journalist, literary critic, theatre critic, essayist, novelist, playwright, translator and theatre director.-Early and personal life:...
.
He married twice. His first marriage, to Signe Konow, lasted from April 1904 to her death in April 1920. In 1921 he married Etty Roll, from Molde
Molde
is a city and municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is part of the Romsdal region. The municipality is located on the Romsdal Peninsula, surrounding the Fannefjord and Moldefjord...
, a daughter of Ferdinand Nicolai Roll
Ferdinand Nicolai Roll
Ferdinand Nicolai Roll was a Norwegian jurist and politician for the Conservative Party.He was born in Trondhjem as the son of judge and politician Jacob Roll and his third wife Nicoline Selmer. He had three siblings. Like his father, he took a law education, enrolling as a student in 1847 and...
and sister of Nini Roll Anker
Nini Roll Anker
Nini Roll Anker was a Norwegian novelist and playwright. She was born in Molde, as the daughter of stipendiary magistrate and later member of parliament and minister Ferdinand Nicolai Roll. She was married twice, first to land owner Peter Martin Anker, and later to engineer Johan August Anker...
. They settled in Vestre Aker
Vestre Aker
Vestre Aker is a borough of the city of Oslo, Norway.The previous municipality Aker was merged into the city of Oslo in 1948.The borough of Vestre Aker was organized as part of the 1 January 2004 reform. Previous boroughs...
.
Career
Heiberg enrolled as a student in 1894 and graduated with the cand.jur. degree in 1897. He chaired Norwegian Students' Society from 1901 to 1902. After some years as a junior employee in a lawyer's office, he opened his own lawyer's office in Kristiania in 1902. From 1903 he was entitled to work with Supreme CourtSupreme Court of Norway
The Supreme Court of Norway was established in 1815 on the basis of the Constitution of Norway's §88, prescribing an independent judiciary. It is located in Oslo and is Norway's highest court...
cases.
Heiberg was a member of the Labour Party since 1898, and served as a member of the executive committee of Kristiania city council from 1911 to 1919. Here, he was especially preoccupied with improving housing conditions in the city. He stood for parliamentary election in 1912
Norwegian parliamentary election, 1912
-Results: Liberal Left Party is part of coalition with Conservative Party Labour Democrats is part of coalition with Liberal Party-References:**...
, but was not elected. When the radical wing assumed control of the party at the 1918 national convention, he became tired from the ensuing disagreements in his party, and left politics to pursue his professional career.
In 1921 he was hired as city lawyer. He was involved in several high-profile cases, notably as a defender during the Impeachment
Impeachment (Norway)
In Norway, impeachment, also known as the Constitutional Court of the Realm , is a judicial process with the power to convict Members of Parliament, Members of the Council of State and Supreme Court Justices for criminal acts performed in line of duty. Impeachment is based on the Constitution of...
trial of Abraham Berge
Abraham Berge
Abraham Theodor Berge was a Norwegian politician representing Venstre, the social liberal party, and later Frisinnede Venstre, a right-of-centre party...
in 1926 and 1927. Berge was a former Prime Minister, and his cabinet members Odd S. Klingenberg
Odd Sverressøn Klingenberg
Odd Sverressøn Klingenberg was the Norwegian Minister of Social Affairs 1920-1921, 1923 and 1923-1924 in addition to mayor of Trondheim 1911-1916....
, Christian F. Michelet
Christian Fredrik Michelet
Christian Fredrik Michelet was a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party.He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Akershus in 1910, and was re-elected in 1913, 1916 and 1919....
, Cornelius Middelthon
Cornelius Middelthon
Cornelius Middelthon was the Norwegian Minister of Labour 1920-1921 and 1923-1924....
, Johan H. Rye Holmboe
Johan Henrik Rye Holmboe
Johan Henrik Rye Holmboe was a Norwegian businessperson and politician for the Liberal Left Party. He was a city council member in Tromsø for 42 years, a three-term member of Parliament, Minister of Provisioning from 1920 to 1921, and Minister of Trade from 1923 to 1924.-Personal life:He was born...
, Anders Venger
Anders Venger
Anders Venger was Norwegian Minister of Agriculture in 1923 and 1923-1924, as well as head of the Ministry of Education and Church Affairs in 1923, and Minister of Labour in 1926....
and Karl Wilhelm Wefring
Karl Wilhelm Wefring
Karl Wilhelm Wefring was the Norwegian Minister of Defense 1920-1921, 1923-1924 and 1926....
also stood for trial. They were not convicted. This has been the last impeachment trial in Norway.
During the German occupation of Norway, Heiberg was incarcerated at Grini as a "hostage", from 14 April 1942 to 22 October 1942. In 1945 Heiberg was named as chairman of the commission Undersøkelseskommisjonen av 1945
Undersøkelseskommisjonen av 1945
Undersøkelseskommisjonen av 1945 was a commission appointed by the Parliament of Norway in 1945 and chaired by Gustav Heiberg, given the task to investigate the role of the three branches of power; the Norwegian Parliament, Government and Supreme Court as well as the Administrative Council in 1940...
that scrutinized the actions of the Norwegian government in 1940. The other commission members were Arnold Holmboe
Arnold Holmboe
Arnold Holmboe was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party. He was mayor of Tromsø, two-term member of the Norwegian Parliament as well as Minister of Justice from 1922 to 1923 and Minister of Finance from 1924 to 1926....
, Ole Hallesby
Ole Hallesby
Ole Kristian Hallesby was an influential conservative Norwegian Lutheran pietist who taught at the Free Faculty of Theology from 1909 to 1952....
, Ernst Fredrik Eckhoff
Ernst Fredrik Eckhoff
Ernst Fredrik Eckhoff was a Norwegian judge.He was born in 1905 as a son of jurist Nicolay Kristian Schreuder Eckhoff . He was a second cousin of legal academic Torstein Eckhoff, designer Tias Eckhoff and actor Johannes Eckhoff, and a grandnephew of architect Niels Stockfleth Darre Eckhoff. He was...
, Nils Nilsen Thune
Nils Nilsen Thune
Nils Nilsen Thune was a Norwegian jurist and civil servant.He was born in Vang, Oppland, and was a son of Nils Throndsen Thune. He graduated with the cand.jur. degree in 1902. He was hired in the Trondhjem police in 1911, and became police inspector in the city in 1916 and an assessor in 1920...
, Arne Bergsgård
Arne Bergsgård
Arne Bergsgård was a Norwegian historian, born in Vestre Slidre. He was a board member of Noregs Mållag from 1929 to 1936. He earned his dr.philos. degree in 1933, with a thesis on Ole Gabriel Ueland, and was appointed professor in 1935. During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany he joined...
and Sverre Steen
Sverre Steen
Sverre Steen was a Norwegian historian, a professor at the University of Oslo, and known to the public through his radio series Langsomt ble landet vårt eget...
, and the secretary was Helge Sivertsen
Helge Sivertsen
Helge Sivertsen was a Norwegian discus thrower and politician. He was born in Mandal, but represented Inderøy IL in athletics competitions. His party affiliation was to the Labour Party....
. The background for the commission was the German invasion of Norway
Operation Weserübung
Operation Weserübung was the code name for Germany's assault on Denmark and Norway during the Second World War and the opening operation of the Norwegian Campaign...
on 9 April 1940, and the question was raised whether Norway could have avoided it through a different foreign
Foreign policy
A country's foreign policy, also called the foreign relations policy, consists of self-interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve its goals within international relations milieu. The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries...
and security policy
Security policy
Security policy is a definition of what it means to be secure for a system, organization or other entity. For an organization, it addresses the constraints on behavior of its members as well as constraints imposed on adversaries by mechanisms such as doors, locks, keys and walls...
. Second, the actions of Norwegian authorities between 9 April and 25 September 1940 were investigated, both regarding the three branches of government (Parliament, Government, Supreme Court) that eventually laid down their offices, but also the Administrative Council
Administrative Council (Norway)
The Administrative Council was a council established by the Supreme Court to govern Norway. The council was established on 15 April 1940, replacing Quisling's First Cabinet, and sat until 25 September, when it was replaced by the Reichskommissariat Norwegen headed by Josef Terboven. The council...
as well as other relevant civil and military bodies.
Heiberg was also a founder of Folketeaterbevegelsen in 1929, together with Sverre Iversen
Sverre Iversen
Sverre Johan Iversen was Norwegian trade unionist, civil servant and politician for the Labour and Social Democratic Labour parties....
, Fernanda Nissen
Fernanda Nissen
Petra Gregorine Fernanda Nissen was a Norwegian journalist, literary critic, theatre critic, politician and feminist pioneer.-Early and personal life:...
and Kyrre Grepp
Kyrre Grepp
Kyrre Grepp Norwegian politician, leader of the Norwegian Labour Party. Grepp became a Communist by the end of his life and was active in the Comintern.A street is named after Grepp in the Sagene borough of Oslo....
, whose goal was to draw "broad masses of laborers and functionaries" into the theatre audience, as well as to establish a people's theatre. Folketeatret
Folketeatret
Folketeatret is a theatre in Oslo, Norway. The building has existed longer than the theatre, and been used as a movie theatre and opera house....
was finally established in 1952. Heiberg did not live to see this as he died in 1948.