George Lewis (trombonist)
Encyclopedia
Trombone
The trombone is a musical instrument in the brass family. Like all brass instruments, sound is produced when the player’s vibrating lips cause the air column inside the instrument to vibrate...
player, composer, and scholar in the fields of jazz and experimental music. He has been a member of the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians
Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians
The Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians is a non-profit organization, founded in Chicago, Illinois, United States, by pianist/composer Muhal Richard Abrams, pianist Jodie Christian, drummer Steve McCall, and composer Phil Cohran....
(AACM) since 1971, and is a pioneer of computer music
Computer music
Computer music is a term that was originally used within academia to describe a field of study relating to the applications of computing technology in music composition; particularly that stemming from the Western art music tradition...
.
Biography
Lewis graduated from Yale UniversityYale University
Yale University is a private, Ivy League university located in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1701 in the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States...
with a degree in philosophy. In the 1970s, he succeeded Rhys Chatham
Rhys Chatham
Rhys Chatham is an American composer, guitarist, and trumpet player, primarily active in avant-garde and minimalist music. He is best known for his "guitar orchestra" compositions...
as the music director of The Kitchen
The Kitchen
The Kitchen is a non-profit, multi-disciplinary art and performance space located at at 512 West 19th Street, between Tenth and Eleventh Avenues in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City...
. Since 2004, he has served as a professor at Columbia University
Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York is a private, Ivy League university in Manhattan, New York City. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the...
in New York City
New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...
, having previously taught at the University of California, San Diego
University of California, San Diego
The University of California, San Diego, commonly known as UCSD or UC San Diego, is a public research university located in the La Jolla neighborhood of San Diego, California, United States...
. Lewis is married to koto player Miya Masaoka
Miya Masaoka
Miya Masaoka is an American musician and composer who performs on the 17-string Japanese koto zither, often augmenting it with string preparations and electronic triggers...
. They have a son together. In 2002 Lewis received a MacArthur Fellowship.
In addition to his own recordings, he has recorded or performed with musicians including Anthony Braxton
Anthony Braxton
Anthony Braxton is an American composer, saxophonist, clarinettist, flautist, pianist, and philosopher. Braxton has released well over 100 albums since the 1960s...
, John Zorn
John Zorn
John Zorn is an American avant-garde composer, arranger, record producer, saxophonist and multi-instrumentalist. Zorn is a prolific artist: he has hundreds of album credits as performer, composer, or producer...
, Roscoe Mitchell
Roscoe Mitchell
Roscoe Mitchell is an African American composer, jazz instrumentalist and educator, mostly known for being "a technically superb—if idiosyncratic—saxophonist." He has been called "one of the key figures" in avant-garde jazz who has been "at the forefront of modern music" for the past...
, Douglas Ewart
Douglas Ewart
Douglas R. Ewart is a multi-instrumentalist and instrument builder. He plays sopranino and alto saxophones, clarinets, bassoon, flute, bamboo flutes , and didgeridoo; as well as Rastafarian hand drums .Ewart emigrated to the United States in June 1963 and became...
, Laurie Anderson, Muhal Richard Abrams
Muhal Richard Abrams
Muhal Richard Abrams is an American educator, administrator, composer, arranger, clarinetist, cellist, and jazz pianist in the Free jazz medium. Abrams compresses both contemporary and traditional ideas into lean, elegant pieces.- Biography :Abrams attended DuSable High School in Chicago...
, Count Basie
Count Basie
William "Count" Basie was an American jazz pianist, organist, bandleader, and composer. Basie led his jazz orchestra almost continuously for nearly 50 years...
, Gil Evans
Gil Evans
Gil Evans was a jazz pianist, arranger, composer and bandleader, active in the United States...
, Nicole Mitchell
Nicole Mitchell (musician)
Nicole Mitchell is an American jazz flautist and former president of the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians .-Biography:...
, Karl E. H. Seigfried
Karl E. H. Seigfried
Karl E. H. Seigfried is a German-American jazz, rock, and classical bassist, guitarist, composer, bandleader, writer and educator based in Chicago....
, Fred Anderson
Fred Anderson (musician)
Fred Anderson was an American jazz tenor saxophonist who was based in Chicago, Illinois. With a distinctive forward-bent playing posture, Anderson's playing was rooted in the swing music and hard bop idioms, but also incorporated innovations from free jazz, rendering him, as critics Ron Wynn and...
, Conny Bauer
Conny Bauer
Konrad "Conny" Bauer is a free jazz trombonist. He is the brother of the trombonist Hannes Bauer....
, Evan Parker
Evan Parker
Evan Shaw Parker is a British free-improvising saxophone player from the European free jazz scene.Recording and performing prolifically with many collaborators, Parker was a pivotal figure in the development of European free jazz and free improvisation, and has pioneered or substantially expanded...
, and Bertram Turetzky
Bertram Turetzky
Bertram Turetzky is a contemporary American double bass soloist, teacher, and author of The Contemporary Contrabass , a book that looked at a number of new and interesting ways of playing the double bass including featuring it as a solo performance vehicle with no other instrumental...
. He was also a sometime member of the ICP Orchestra (Instant Composer's Pool).
Lewis has long been active in creating and performing with interactive computer systems, most notably his software called Voyager, which "listens to" and reacts to live performers. Between 1988 and 1990, Lewis collaborated with video artist Don Ritter
Don Ritter
Don Ritter is a Canadian installation artist and writer living in Berlin, Germany. He has been active in the field of new media art since the mid-1980s. His work consists primarily of large interactive video and sound installations that audiences control through their body position, body movement...
to create performances of interactive music and interactive video controlled by Lewis’s improvised trombone. Lewis and Ritter presented over 20 performances at venues in North America and Europe, including Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville
Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville
The Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville is an annual international music festival held in Victoriaville, Quebec that showcases contemporary music.-External links:*...
, Verona Jazz Festival, Art Institute of Chicago
Art Institute of Chicago
The School of the Art Institute of Chicago is one of America's largest accredited independent schools of art and design, located in the Loop in Chicago, Illinois. It is associated with the museum of the same name, and "The Art Institute of Chicago" or "Chicago Art Institute" often refers to either...
, The Kitchen
The Kitchen
The Kitchen is a non-profit, multi-disciplinary art and performance space located at at 512 West 19th Street, between Tenth and Eleventh Avenues in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City...
(NYC), New Music America
New Music America
New Music America was an American festival of experimental or Downtown new music.The festival began at The Kitchen in New York City in 1979. In this first year, the festival was actually called New Music New York....
1989 (NYC), The Alternative Museum
The Alternative Museum
The Alternative Museum was founded in 1975 by artists for artists and the broader New York City community in the United States. Its primary purpose was to present works of art created by artists of conscience through exhibitions of contemporary art, world music concerts, performances and panel...
(NYC), A Space (Toronto), and the MIT Media Lab
MIT Media Lab
The MIT Media Lab is a laboratory of MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Devoted to research projects at the convergence of design, multimedia and technology, the Media Lab has been widely popularized since the 1990s by business and technology publications such as Wired and Red Herring for a...
(Cambridge).
In 2008 Lewis published a book-length history of the AACM
Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians
The Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians is a non-profit organization, founded in Chicago, Illinois, United States, by pianist/composer Muhal Richard Abrams, pianist Jodie Christian, drummer Steve McCall, and composer Phil Cohran....
titled A Power Stronger Than Itself: The AACM and American Experimental Music (University of Chicago Press).
Appearances
In 1992 Lewis collaborated with Canadian artist Stan DouglasStan Douglas
Stan Douglas is an artist based in Vancouver, British Columbia. He has exhibited internationally, including Documenta IX, 1992, Documenta X, 1997, Documenta XI, 2002 and the Venice Biennale in 1990, 2001 and 2005...
on the video installation Hors-champs which was featured at documenta 9
Documenta
documenta is an exhibition of modern and contemporary art which takes place every five years in Kassel, Germany. It was founded by artist, teacher and curator Arnold Bode in 1955 as part of the Bundesgartenschau which took place in Kassel at that time...
in Kassel
Kassel
Kassel is a town located on the Fulda River in northern Hesse, Germany. It is the administrative seat of the Kassel Regierungsbezirk and the Kreis of the same name and has approximately 195,000 inhabitants.- History :...
, Germany. The installation features Lewis in an improvisation of Albert Ayler's
Albert Ayler
Albert Ayler was an American avant-garde jazz saxophonist, singer and composer.Ayler was among the most primal of the free jazz musicians of the 1960s; critic John Litweiler wrote that "never before or since has there been such naked aggression in jazz" He possessed a deep blistering tone—achieved...
"Spirits Rejoice" with musicians Douglas Ewart
Douglas Ewart
Douglas R. Ewart is a multi-instrumentalist and instrument builder. He plays sopranino and alto saxophones, clarinets, bassoon, flute, bamboo flutes , and didgeridoo; as well as Rastafarian hand drums .Ewart emigrated to the United States in June 1963 and became...
, Kent Carter and Oliver Johnson.
Lewis is featured extensively in Unyazi of the Bushveld (2005), a documentary about the first symposium of electronic music held in Africa, directed by Aryan Kaganof
Aryan Kaganof
Aryan Kaganof is a South African film maker, novelist, poet and fine artist. In 1999 he changed his name to Aryan Kaganof.-Filmography:...
.
Lewis gave an invited keynote lecture and performance at NIME-06, the sixth international conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression
New Interfaces for Musical Expression
New Interfaces for Musical Expression, also known as NIME, is an international conference dedicated to scientific research on the development of new technologies for musical expression and artistic performance...
, which was held at IRCAM
IRCAM
IRCAM is a European institute for science about music and sound and avant garde electro-acoustical art music. It is situated next to, and is organizationally linked with, the Centre Pompidou in Paris...
, Paris, in June 2006.
In 2008 his work "Morning Blues for Yvan" was featured on the compilation album Crosstalk: American Speech Music
Crosstalk: American Speech Music
Crosstalk: American Speech Music is a compilation album of speech-based music by various composers, poets, visual artists and DJs.- Track listing :# "Declaratives in First Person" – 5:04# "Electroprayer 5.0" Crosstalk: American Speech Music is a compilation album of speech-based music by various...
(Bridge Records) produced by Mendi + Keith Obadike
Mendi & Keith Obadike
Mendi Obadike and Keith Obadike are a married Igbo Nigerian American couple who create music and art. They were both born in 1973. Their music, live art, and conceptual Internet artworks have been exhibited internationally. Mendi is a poet and Keith is a composer and sound designer...
.
As leader
- Solo Trombone Record (Sackville, 1976)
- Shadowgraph (Black Saint, 1977)
- Chicago Slow Dance (Lovely, 1977)
- George Lewis - Douglas Ewart (Black Saint, 1978)
- Homage to Charles ParkerHomage to Charles ParkerHomage to Charles Parker is an album by American jazz trombonist/composer George Lewis recorded in 1979 for the Italian Black Saint label.-Reception:...
(Black Saint, 1979) - From Saxophone & Trombone (Incus, 1980) with Evan ParkerEvan ParkerEvan Shaw Parker is a British free-improvising saxophone player from the European free jazz scene.Recording and performing prolifically with many collaborators, Parker was a pivotal figure in the development of European free jazz and free improvisation, and has pioneered or substantially expanded...
- Voyager (Avant, 1993)
- Changing with the Times (New World, 1996)
- Endless Shout (Tzadik, 2000)
- The Shadowgraph Series: Compositions for Creative Orchestra (Spool, 2003)
- Sequel (for Lester Bowie) (Intakt, 2006)
As co-leader
- Elements of Surprise (1976) with Anthony BraxtonAnthony BraxtonAnthony Braxton is an American composer, saxophonist, clarinettist, flautist, pianist, and philosopher. Braxton has released well over 100 albums since the 1960s...
- Duo (Black Saint, 1979) with Douglas EwartDouglas EwartDouglas R. Ewart is a multi-instrumentalist and instrument builder. He plays sopranino and alto saxophones, clarinets, bassoon, flute, bamboo flutes , and didgeridoo; as well as Rastafarian hand drums .Ewart emigrated to the United States in June 1963 and became...
- Company, Fables with Derek Bailey, Evan ParkerEvan ParkerEvan Shaw Parker is a British free-improvising saxophone player from the European free jazz scene.Recording and performing prolifically with many collaborators, Parker was a pivotal figure in the development of European free jazz and free improvisation, and has pioneered or substantially expanded...
, and Dave HollandDave HollandDave Holland is an English jazz double bassist, composer and bandleader who has been performing and recording for five decades. He has lived in the United States for 40 years.... - YankeesYankees (album)-Track listing:# "City, City, City" - 8:29# "The Legend of Enos Slaughter" - 9:27# "Who's on First?" - 3:15# "On Golden Pond" - 17:49# "The Warning Track" - 5:47-Personnel:*Derek Bailey – guitar*John Zorn – alto*George Lewis – trombone...
(Celluloid, 1983) with John ZornJohn ZornJohn Zorn is an American avant-garde composer, arranger, record producer, saxophonist and multi-instrumentalist. Zorn is a prolific artist: he has hundreds of album credits as performer, composer, or producer...
and Bailey - Hook, Drift & Shuffle (Incus, 1985) with Parker, Barry GuyBarry GuyBarry John Guy is a British composer and double bass player. His range of interests encompasses early music, contemporary composition, jazz and improvisation, and he has worked with a wide variety of orchestras in the UK and Europe...
and Paul LyttonPaul LyttonPaul Lytton is an English free jazz percussionist.Lytton began on drums at age 16. He played jazz in London in the late 1960s while taking lessons on the tabla from P.R. Desai. In 1969 he began experimenting with free improvisational music, working in a duo with saxophonist Evan Parker. After... - News for LuluNews for Lulu (album)News for Lulu is an album of hard bop compositions performed by John Zorn, George Lewis and Bill Frisell. The album features tunes by Kenny Dorham, Hank Mobley, Freddie Redd and Sonny Clark recorded in the studio and live at the Willislau Jazz Festival. The original cover photograph features the...
(hat Hut, 1988) with Zorn and Bill FrisellBill FrisellWilliam Richard "Bill" Frisell is an American guitarist and composer.One of the leading guitarists in jazz since the late 1980s, Frisell's eclectic music touches on progressive folk, classical music, country music, noise and more... - More News for LuluMore News for Lulu (album)More News for Lulu is the second album of hard bop compositions performed by John Zorn, George Lewis and Bill Frisell. Like the previous News for Lulu it features tunes by Kenny Dorham, Hank Mobley, Freddie Redd and Sonny Clark but also contains with one tune each by Misha Mengelberg and Big John...
(hat Hut, 1992; recorded 1989) with Zorn and Frisell - Duo (Donaueschingen) 1976 (hat Hut, 1994; recorded 1976) with Braxton
- Slideride (hat Hut, 1994) with Ray AndersonRay Anderson (musician)Ray Anderson is an independent jazz trombone and trumpet player. Anderson is a boisterous trombonist who is masterful at multiphonics. Trained by the Chicago Symphony trombonists, he is regarded as pushing the limits of the instrument. He is a contemporary and colleague of trombonist/composer...
, Craig Harris, and Gary Valente - Triangulation (9 Winds, 1996) with Vinny GoliaVinny GoliaVinny Golia is an American composer and multi-instrumentalist specializing in woodwind instruments. He performs in the genres of contemporary music, jazz, free jazz, and free improvisation....
and Bertram TuretzkyBertram TuretzkyBertram Turetzky is a contemporary American double bass soloist, teacher, and author of The Contemporary Contrabass , a book that looked at a number of new and interesting ways of playing the double bass including featuring it as a solo performance vehicle with no other instrumental... - The Usual Turmoil and Other Duets (Music & Arts, 1998) with Miya MasaokaMiya MasaokaMiya Masaoka is an American musician and composer who performs on the 17-string Japanese koto zither, often augmenting it with string preparations and electronic triggers...
- Conversations (Incus, 1998) with Turetzky
- The Storming of the Winter Palace (Intakt, 1988) with Irene SchweizerIrène SchweizerIrène Schweizer is a notable Swiss jazz and free improvising pianist. She was born in Schaffhausen, in 1941.She has performed and recorded numerous solo piano performances as well as performing as part of the Feminist Improvising Group, whose members include Lindsay Cooper, Maggie Nichols, Georgie...
, Maggie NicolsMaggie NicolsMaggie Nicols , is a Scottish free-jazz and improvising vocalist, dancer, and performer.-Early life and career:...
, Joëlle LéandreJoëlle LéandreJoëlle Léandre is a double bassist, vocalist, and composer active in new music and free improvisation....
, and Günter SommerGünter SommerGünter Baby Sommer is a German jazz drummer.He studied music in Dresden. He rose to fame in the GDR. He is part of the European free jazz avantgarde. He was part of the trio with Conny Bauer and Peter Kowald... - Streaming (Pi, 2006) with Muhal Richard AbramsMuhal Richard AbramsMuhal Richard Abrams is an American educator, administrator, composer, arranger, clarinetist, cellist, and jazz pianist in the Free jazz medium. Abrams compresses both contemporary and traditional ideas into lean, elegant pieces.- Biography :Abrams attended DuSable High School in Chicago...
and Roscoe MitchellRoscoe MitchellRoscoe Mitchell is an African American composer, jazz instrumentalist and educator, mostly known for being "a technically superb—if idiosyncratic—saxophonist." He has been called "one of the key figures" in avant-garde jazz who has been "at the forefront of modern music" for the past...
As sideman
- Roscoe Mitchell Quartet, Roscoe Mitchell Quartet (Sackville, 1975)
- Anthony Braxton, Creative Orchestra Music 1976 (Arista)
- Anthony Braxton, The Montreux-Berlin Concerts (Arista)
- Roscoe Mitchell, NonaahNonaahNonaah is a double album recorded in 1976-77 by Roscoe Mitchell. It was originally released on the Nessa label in 1977 and features solo, duo, trio and quartet performances by Mitchell, Anthony Braxton, Malachi Favors Muhal Richard Abrams, George Lewis, Henry Threadgill, Joseph Jarman, and Wallace...
(Nessa, 1977) - Roscoe Mitchell, L-R-G/The Maze/S II Examples (Nessa, 1979)
- Roscoe Mitchell Creative Orchestra, Sketches from Bamboo (Moers, 1979)
- Leo Smith Creative Orchestra, Budding of a Rose (Moers, 1979)
- Muhal Richard Abrams, SpihumonestySpihumonestySpihumonesty is an album by Muhal Richard Abrams which was released on the Italian Black Saint label in 1979 and features performances by Abrams, George Lewis, Roscoe Mitchell, Amina Claudine Myers, Youseff Yancy and Leonard Jones with vocals by Jay Clayton.-Track listing:# "Triverse" - 6:01#...
(Black Saint, 1979) - Sam Rivers, ContrastsContrasts (Sam Rivers album)Contrasts is an album by American jazz saxophonist Sam Rivers featuring performances recorded in 1979 and released on the ECM label.-Reception:...
(ECM, 1979) - Muhal Richard Abrams, Mama and DaddyMama and DaddyMama and Daddy is an album by Muhal Richard Abrams which was released on the Italian Black Saint label in 1980 and features performances of four of Abrams' compositions by a big band. The Allmusic review calls the album "a first-rate big band/large group session from 1980, with Muhal Richard...
(Black Saint, 1980) - David Murray Octet, MingMing (album)Ming is the third album by David Murray to be released on the Italian Black Saint label and the first to feature his Octet. It was released in 1980 and features performances by Murray, Henry Threadgill, Olu Dara, Lawrence "Butch" Morris, George Lewis, Anthony Davis, Wilbur Morris and Steve...
(Black Saint, 1980) - John Zorn, ArcheryArchery (album)Archery is an album by John Zorn featuring his early "game piece" composition of the same name. The album was first released on Parachute Records in 1982 and later released on Tzadik Records with additional rehearsal takes, , as a part of the The Parachute Years Box Set in 1997 and as a triple CD...
(Parachute, 1981) - Anthony Davis/James Newton Quartet, Hidden Voices (India Navigation)
- Anthony Davis, Episteme (Gramavision)
- Anthony Davis, Variations in Dream Time (Gramavision)
- Anthony Davis, Hemispheres (Gramavision)
- David Murray Octet, HomeHome (David Murray album)Home is the fourth album by David Murray to be released on the Italian Black Saint label and the second to feature his Octet. It was released in 1982 and features performances by Murray, Henry Threadgill, Olu Dara, Lawrence "Butch" Morris, George Lewis, Anthony Davis, Wilbur Morris and Steve...
(Black Saint, 1982) - John Lindberg Trio, Give and TakeGive and Take (John Lindberg album)Give and Take is an album by American jazz double-bassist John Lindberg with George Lewis and Barry Altschul recorded in 1982 for the Italian Black Saint label.-Reception:The Allmusic review awarded the album 4 stars....
(Black Saint, 1982) - Anthony Braxton, Four Compositions (Quartet) 1983Four Compositions (Quartet) 1983Four Compositions 1983 is an album by American saxophonist and composer Anthony Braxton recorded in 1983 for the Italian Black Saint label.-Reception:The Allmusic review awarded the album 4 stars....
(Black Saint, 1983) - Steve Lacy Seven, Prospectus (hat Hut, 1984)
- Misha Mengelberg et al., Change of Season (Soul Note, 1985)
- Steve Lacy Nine, Futurities (hat Hut, 1985)
- ICP Orchestra, ICP Plays Monk (1986)
- ICP Orchestra, Bospaadje Konijnehol I (1986)
- Richard Teitelbaum, Concerto Grosso (hat Hut, 1988)
- Anthony Braxton, Ensemble (Victoriaville) 1988 (Victo, 1989)
- Leroy Jenkins, Space Minds, New Worlds, Survival of America (Tomato, 1989)
- Anthony Braxton, Dortmund (Quartet) 1976 (hat Hut, 1991; recorded 1976)
- Misha Mengelberg et al., Dutch Masters (1991)
- Gil Evans Big Band, Lunar Eclypse (New Tone, 1993; recorded 1981)
- Anthony Braxton, Creative Orchestra (Köln) 1978 (hat Hut, 1995; recorded 1978)
- Bert Turetzky & Mike Wolford, Transition and Transformation (9 Winds)
- Globe Unity Orchestra, 20th Anniversary (FMP, 1993; recorded 1986)
- India Cooke, "India Cooke RedHanded" (Music & Arts, 1996)
- Roscoe Mitchell, Nine to Get ReadyNine to Get ReadyNine to Get Ready is an album by jazz saxophonist and composer Roscoe Mitchell recorded in 1997 and released on the ECM label.-Reception:The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 3 stars stating "The performances are mostly concise, emphasize ensembles and are sometimes surprisingly...
(ECM, 1997) - Steve Lacy Seven, Clichés (hat Hut, 1997; recorded 1992)
- Evod Magek, Through Love to Freedom (Black Pot, 1998)
- Miya Masaoka Orchestra, What Is the Difference Between Stripping and Playing the Violin? (Victo, 1998)
- Anthony Braxton, News from the '70s (New Tone, 1999; recorded 1971-1976)
- Anthony Braxton, Quintet (Basel) 1977 (hat Hut, 2000; recorded 1977)
- ICI Ensemble, ICI Ensemble & George Lewis (PAO, 2007)
- Globe Unity Orchestra, Globe Unity — 40 Years (Intakt, 2007)
External links
- Audio Recordings of WCUW Jazz Festivals - Jazz History Database
- George Lewis faculty profile from Columbia University site
- George Lewis on the Voyager interactive computer system.
Interviews
- Casserley, Lawrence. “Person to... person?” Interview with George Lewis, discussing computer music and other topics, including improvisation and Voyager.
- Golden, Barbara. “Conversation with George Lewis.” eContact! 12.2 — Interviews (2) (April 2010). Montréal: CECCanadian Electroacoustic CommunityFounded in 1986, La Communauté électroacoustique canadienne / The Canadian Electroacoustic Community is Canada’s national electroacoustic / computer music / sonic arts organization and as such is dedicated to promoting this progressive art form in its broadest definition: from “pure” acousmatic...
. - Peterson, Lloyd. “Interview with George Lewis.” Ken Vandermark website.